Including Packet Loss Research Articles

Detection of black hole attacks in vehicle-to-vehicle communications using ad hoc networks and on demand protocols

PurposeThe potential of vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) to improve driver and passenger safety and security has made them a hot topic in the field of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). VANETs have different characteristics and system architectures from mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), with a primary focus on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. But protecting VANETs from malicious assaults is crucial because they can undermine network security and safety.Design/methodology/approachThe black hole attack is a well-known danger to VANETs. It occurs when a hostile node introduces phony routing tables into the network, potentially damaging it and interfering with communication. A safe ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol has been created in response to this issue. By adding cryptographic features for source and target node verification to the route request (RREQ) and route reply (RREP) packets, this protocol improves upon the original AODV routing system.FindingsThrough the use of cryptographic-based encryption and decryption techniques, the suggested method fortifies the VANET connection. In addition, other network metrics are taken into account to assess the effectiveness of the secure AODV routing protocol under black hole attacks, including packet loss, end-to-end latency, packet delivery ratio (PDR) and routing request overhead. Results from simulations using an NS-2.33 simulator show how well the suggested fix works to enhance system performance and lessen the effects of black hole assaults on VANETs.Originality/valueAll things considered, the safe AODV routing protocol provides a strong method for improving security and dependability in VANET systems, protecting against malevolent attacks and guaranteeing smooth communication between cars and infrastructure.

Consensus issues in multi-agent-based distributed control with communication link impairments

In multi-agent systems, achieving consensus among autonomous agents is a fundamental problem with wide-ranging applications, from autonomous robotics to distributed sensor networks. However, the real-world deployment of such systems often involves communication links prone to impairments, including packet loss, delays, and network congestion. These communication challenges present formidable obstacles to achieving consensus reliably and efficiently. In this paper, consensus protocols were introduced for network with and without communication impairments and convergence analysis were provided in all the cases. The intricate dynamics of consensus issues in multi-agent-based distributed control under the influence of communication link impairments, connectivity and consensus protocol were established. Undirected communication graphs used to model the topology for agents’ connectivity is significant to addressing consensus issues of communicating agents. The paper also discusses the tradeoffs and design considerations in developing consensus strategies resilient to communication failures while optimizing performance. Simulation results show that an isolated agent in a network can achieve consensus only when there is a reference value. It was also established that communication impairments significantly degrade the performance of distributed agents in a network.

HWMP-based secure communication of multi-agent systems

Multi-agent systems (MAS), known for their autonomy, fault tolerance, and flexible collaboration capabilities, are widely used in various fields. Communication security is one of the most critical problems of MAS tasks. Once a malicious attacker invades agents in the system, it brings massive threats to the entire system. It tampers with routing messages, discards packets, and paralyzes the communication network. To implement collaboration tasks of MASs safely and efficiently, this work makes security improvements on the hybrid wireless mesh protocol (HWMP) with an additional authentication system. We enhance the proactive and reactive mode of the HWMP and apply it to an integrated system, i.e., the MAS formation control as a proper instance. We present a HWMP-based secure communication model (HSCM) for MASs. The theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate a significant enhancement in network performance under various threats, including packet loss rate, throughput, etc. The results indicate that HSCM plays a significant role in resisting common attacks (such as black hole and flooding attacks) when compared to multi-agent systems without any security protection. There is an approximate 30% increase in packet delivery rate, a substantial enhancement in throughput, and a reduction in routing overhead. The latency also fluctuates within reasonable bounds. Our solution provides secure communication for formation control under malicious attacks.

Comparative Evaluation of Host-Based Translator Mechanisms for IPv4-IPv6 Communication Performance Analysis With Different Routing Protocols

The impending exhaustion of internet protocol (IP) version four (IPv4) addresses necessitates a transition to the more expansive IP version six (IPv6) protocol. However, this shift faces challenges due to the widespread legacy of IPv4 infrastructure and resistance among organizations to overhaul networks. Host-based translators offer a critical bridging solution by enabling IPv6-only devices to communicate with IPv4-only devices through software-level protocol translation. This paper comprehensively evaluates four pivotal host-based translator mechanisms—bump-in-the-stack (BIS), bump-in-the-application programming interface (API) (BIA), BIA version 2 (BIAv2), and bump-in-the-host (BIH). Using simulated networks with diverse configurations of IPv4/IPv6 applications, hosts, and routing protocols, the authors assessed performance through metrics including packet loss, convergence time, traffic throughput, and overhead. The results reveal variability in effectiveness across both translators and scenarios. BIAv2 demonstrated advantages in throughput and overhead due to stateless mapping. The research underscores the importance of selecting the optimal translation approach for specific network environments and goals. It guides smoother IPv6 adoption by demonstrating how host-based translators can facilitate coexistence during transition. Further exploration of performance tradeoffs can continue guiding effective deployment strategies.

Intelligent Deployment of Delay-Sensitive Service Function Chain Based on Parallelization and Improved Cuckoo Search Algorithm

As one of the key focuses in 6G research, the space–air–ground integrated network incorporates a variety of technological frameworks. Network function virtualization allows network functions to be deployed on general servers in the form of software and creates a service function chain (SFC) according to user service requirements. In recent years, the deployment of SFC has become popular research due to the increasing demand for low delay in network application scenarios. Low delay is a crucial indicator of the quality of service, especially for delay-sensitive applications. To address this issue, we propose a method for the deployment of delay-sensitive SFC based on parallelization and the improved cuckoo search (ICS) algorithm (DDSSFC-PICS). This method optimizes the composition and deployment of SFC jointly. First, the serial structure of the SFC is transformed into a parallel structure by determining the dependency of virtual network functions, which reduces the length of the SFC and thereby reduces delay. Second, with the optimization goal of minimizing network delay, a parallel SFC deployment model is established under constraints including packet loss rate and resource availability. Finally, the ICS algorithm is applied for optimization, where delay is used as the fitness measure. By improving the Lévy flight step size and drawing inspiration from the whale algorithm, the performance of the cuckoo search (CS) algorithm is enhanced, leading to a further reduction in delay. The simulation results show that using the same CS deployment method, parallelized SFC has a significantly lower delay compared to serial SFC. Furthermore, the DDSSFC-PICS reduces the delay by 22.58% and 19.02%, respectively, compared with the CS deployment and particle swarm optimization SFC deployment methods.

Analisis Quality of Service (QoS) Performa Jaringan Internet Wireless LAN PT. Bhineka Swadaya Pertama

In the current era of digitalization, the use of ISPs or Internet Service Providers is very commonly used in the business world because they have effective and flexible services because they can be used wirelessly or without cables to meet their needs. Currently, there are many connection service providers in Indonesia, First Media is one of several existing ISPs. First Media offers a stable and fast internet connection, unlimited internet without quota and unlimited download speed of up to 10 Mbps and 768 Kbps upload speed, and has several other features that can be used wirelessly or without cable as needed. The use of wireless-based networks in general must have a service standard known as Quality Of Service (QOS). QoS is used in measuring the performance of an internet network in order to provide even better service. In conducting internet network analysis, Quality Of Service (QOS) parameters are needed which include packet loss, delay/latency, Throughput, Jitter, it will produce information in the form of network analysis results and the results of this analysis can be used as recommendations so that in the future it can develop internet networks to be more good again and can support the addition of other services. The purpose of this research is to analyze the Quality Of Service (QOS) of the internet network at PT. Bhineka Swadaya Pertama and knowing the quality of the Wireless Lan internet network at "PT. The First Unity of Self-Help”. From the results of this study it is hoped that the quality level of the LAN network at PT. Bhineka Swadaya Pertama and can check the Quality of Service of the LAN network at PT. Bhinneka Swadaya First. Keywords: Network Performance, Quality of Service (QOS), Wireless Lan

Use of QUIC for AMQP in IoT networks

The use of IoT devices is expanding every day in today’s environment. An interoperable protocol like AMQP is essential for supporting multiple IoT use cases and interconnecting IoT devices from different vendors. Many IoT applications are sensitive to delays, which researchers are working to avoid as much as possible. One of the main sources of the delay is the underlying transport layer protocol, such as TCP or UDP. TCP is more reliable than UDP, although it is slower due to the three-way handshake and the use of TLS for security. QUIC, a new transport layer protocol standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force, combines the finest aspects of UDP and TCP to provide quick and reliable communication. We use the Go programming language to integrate AMQP 1.0 with QUIC to reduce latency and improve battery life. The Docker tool is used to containerize the AMQP 1.0 Broker, Sender, and Receiver implementations, and various scenarios are tested in the NS3 simulator. The findings demonstrated that even though Round Trip Time was 71% higher for QUIC, using QUIC at the transport level improved Startup Latency and Total Communication Time by 62% and 22%, respectively. The proposed scheme (AMQP 1.0 over QUIC) transported 3.5 times more data than the existing scheme (AMQP 1.0 over TCP), but QUIC’s throughput was 7 times higher, which shorten the communication time and 31% less energy was consumed. Furthermore, metrics including Packet Loss, Delay, and Channel Bandwidth were used to compare the two schemes. The results showed that, with the exception of the low channel bandwidth scenario, the proposed scheme consistently outperformed the existing scheme.

H∞ Control for the Nonlinear Markov Networked Control System in the Presence of Data Packet Loss and DoS Attacks via Observer

The H∞ control issue for nonlinear Markov networked control systems in the presence of data packet loss and periodic denial‐of‐service (DoS) attacks is researched in this paper. First, two Bernoulli random variables are used to describe the packet loss between sensor to controller and controller to actuator. Considering the impact of DoS attacks, the probability of packet loss is set to be different during the attack sleeping interval and the attack active interval. Secondly, an observer is constructed on the controller side, and a comprehensive mathematical model including packet loss and DoS attacks is established. The sufficient conditions for the stochastic stability of the system are derived by the Lyapunov theory, and the design method of the controller and the minimum disturbance suppression performance index are also provided. Finally, a numerical example is utilized to reveal the applicability of the approach.

Analysis and Implementation of Raspberry Pi Based Wireless Access Point and User Access Notification Using Telegram

Internet network technology has become a human need in almost every activity. Communities in areas experiencing a lack of fiber optic network infrastructure need a tool to access the internet that can be used together in an affordable and efficient manner. This study tries to provide a solution to these problems. Raspberry Pi-based Wireless Access Point uses a USB modem which functions to build a Wireless Local Area Network. Then, a network quality test is carried out by calculating QoS on network traffic including packet loss, throughput and latency with scenarios based on a distance of 0 meter, 4 meter and 8 meter between the Wireless Access Point and the client by conducting online meetings and video streaming. Furthermore, to make it easier to monitor the Raspberry Pi device that acts as a Wireless Access Point, it will send user information that is connected via the Telegram bot.

Analisis Perbandingan Quality of Service (QOS) Jaringan 4G LTE Provider Digital Kota Tangerang

The telecommunication access needs is growing rapidly, this is directly proportional to the development of the modern technological which is very high. Tangerang city is the largest city in Banten with a large number of residents so that the need for internet services is quite high, in addition, Covid-19 pandemic encourages everyone to work from home raises awareness of the need for good and fast internet services to help the implementation of work smoothly, therefore it is necessary to test the quality of internet services provided by internet service providers can be considered in the selection of cellular operators for users and recommendations for improving service quality by ISP. Quality of service is the ability of a network to be able to provide good services, parameters include packet loss, throughput, delay and jitter. The research conducted on three digital provider namely By.U, Live on and MPWR. The tests conducted at five different locations and three different times using wireshark. The test results showed that the quality of internet service in fifth area was fairly good condition only that By.U had poor jitter values when streaming in the afternoon Cibodas and MPWR had a smaller throughput average value in Karawaci area.

Improving Performance of Association Control in IEEE 802.11ah-Based Massive IoT Networks

With the rise of massive Internet-of-Things (mIoT) applications, the IEEE 802.11ah standard is gaining more attention for implementation in wireless networks. Unbalanced distribution of the traffic load among the access points (APs) is a problem that results in performance degradation of such networks, including packet loss and delay, which are essential for some mission-critical applications. In this article, we present a novel solution for user-AP association in IEEE 802.11ah networks. Assuming that the network is carrying complex traffic, we limit the number of devices associated with each AP to keep the blocking probability under the desired value. Also, two mechanisms are proposed to limit the delay of packets by restricting the number of stations associated with an AP and to determine the transmission range of APs for covering a specific number of stations. Our simulations demonstrate that the proposed method can enhance the throughput and energy efficiency in the network and also limit the blocking probability and delay of packets in the network by restricting the number of IoT devices associated with an AP. As a result, the proposed method facilitates ultrareliable low-latency communications (URLLCs) by limiting the number of associated stations in IEEE 802.11ah networks.

QoS-Driven Load Balancing in Hybrid LiFi and WiFi Networks

This work studies the quality of service (QoS) performance of wireless networks that integrate light fidelity (LiFi) and wireless fidelity (WiFi). While the hybrid network is potential for improving network capacity, load balancing becomes essential and challenging due to the nature of heterogeneous access points (APs). A number of studies have been conducted to address this issue, focusing on maximising the network capacity with user fairness constraints. However, in practice, QoS metrics including packet loss ratio and latency are important to network services. In this paper, QoS-driven load balancing is studied for hybrid LiFi and WiFi networks (HLWNets) in two scenarios: single-AP association (SA) and multi-AP association (MA). In each case, an optimisation problem is formulated to minimise the packet loss ratio and latency, and a low-complexity iterative algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. Results show that the novel methods, especially MA, can effectively balance the traffic loads among the APs and improve the QoS performance. In addition, the more subflows the better performance MA provides. Targeting the same level of QoS, MA can achieve a system throughput up to 160% higher than the signal strength strategy and 130% higher than the proportional fairness load balancing.

A Study of Data Augmentation for ASR Robustness in Low Bit Rate Contact Center Recordings Including Packet Losses

Client conversations in contact centers are nowadays routinely recorded for a number of reasons—in many cases, just because it is required by current legislation. However, even if not required, conversations between customers and agents can be a valuable source of information about clients or future clients, call center agents, markets trends, etc. Analyzing these recordings provides an excellent opportunity to be aware about the business and its possibilities. The current state of the art in Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) allows this information to be effectively extracted and used. However, conversations are usually stored in highly compressed ways to save space and typically contain packet losses that produce short interruptions in the speech signal due to the common use of Voice-over-IP (VoIP) in these systems. These effects, and especially the last one, have a negative impact on ASR performance. This article presents an extensive study on the importance of these effects on modern ASR systems and the effectiveness of using several techniques of data augmentation to increase their robustness. In addition, ITU-T G.711, a well-known Packet Loss Concealment (PLC) method is applied in combination with data augmentation techniques to analyze ASR performance improvement on signals affected by packet losses.

Intelligent Transmission Control for Efficient Operations in SDN

Although the Software-Defined Network (SDN) is a well-controlled and efficient network but the complexity of open flow switches in SDN causes multiple issues. Many solutions have been proposed so far for the prevention of errors and mistakes in it but yet, there is still no smooth transmission of pockets from source to destination specifically when irregular movements follow the destination host in SDN, the errors include packet loss, data compromise etc. The accuracy of packets received at their desired destination is possible if networks for pockets and hosts are monitored instead of analysis of network snapshot statistically for the state, as these approaches with open flow switches, discover bugs after their occurrence. This article proposes a design to achieve the said objective by defining the Intelligent Transmission Control Layer (ITCL) layer. It monitors all the connections of end hosts at their specific locations and performs necessary settlements when the connection state changes for one or multiple hosts. The layer informs the controller regarding any state change at one period and controller collects information of end nodes reported via ITCL. Then, updates flow tables accordingly to accommodate a location-change scenario with a route-change policy. ICTL is organized on prototype-based implementation using the popular POX platform. In this paper, it has been discovered that ITCL produces efficient performance in the trafficking of packets and controlling different states of SDN for errors and packet loss.

FUZZY LOGIC BASED IMPROVED MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROLLER FOR CONGESTION CONTROL AND PREDICTION THE SYSTEMS IN WSNS

in resource-constrained networks, particularly those with limited bandwidth to manage high-volume data transmission, network congestion is a major issue, resulting in poor quality of service, including packet loss and delay throughput. Due to self-contained batteries that limit sensor node lifetime, this issue is important in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with limitations and restrictions, such as limited processing power, memory, and transmission. By determining a path that avoids congested highways, the network can be extended. As a result, we present a WSN route determination architecture that is congestion-aware. The architecture is divided into three stages: In a top-down hierarchical structure, the first path is created. Energy-aware assisted routing for route derivation. Exponential smoothing is used to forecast congestion, but the final parameters for route determination are not taken into account. We use fuzzy logic systems to evaluate proper weights for a variety of factors, including shop count, remaining energy, buffer occupancy, and forwarding rate, as well as a bat algorithm to optimize the weight over the membership functions. Eventually proposed model shows the high throughput, low packet loss, save energy, and extending network lifetime.

An MMT-Based Hierarchical Transmission Module for 4K/120fps Temporally Scalable Video

High frame rate (HFR) video is attracting strong interest since it is considered as a next step toward providing Ultra-High Definition video service. For instance, the Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) standard, the latest broadcasting standard in Japan, defines a 120 fps broadcasting format. The standard stipulates temporally scalable coding and hierarchical transmission by MPEG Media Transport (MMT), in which the base layer and the enhancement layer are transmitted over different paths for flexible distribution. We have developed the first ever MMT transmitter/receiver module for 4K/120fps temporally scalable video. The module is equipped with a newly proposed encapsulation method of temporally scalable bitstreams with correct boundaries. It is also designed to be tolerant to severe network constraints, including packet loss, arrival timing offset, and delay jitter. We conducted a hierarchical transmission experiment for 4K/120fps temporally scalable video. The experiment demonstrated that the MMT module was successfully fabricated and capable of dealing with severe network constraints. Consequently, the module has excellent potential as a means to support HFR video distribution in various network situations.

Congestion Control Mechanism Based on Dual Threshold DI-RED for WSNs

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), traffic flow congestion can reduce network performance. We propose a congestion control method for WSNs that use a cache state with a dual threshold in the router buffer to control congestion. In addition, the congestion is controlled by the channel transmission state that is monitored by the queuing variation tendency and the transmission rate. Based on the active queue management mechanism, a dual threshold with the double index random early detection (DI-RED) model is established to improve network performance. We also present the congestion control algorithm of DI-RED model to ensure the perfect actualization. By solving the DI-RED model, a series of channel indicators is obtained, including packet loss rate, average queue length, delay and throughput. Simulation results show that the proposed DI-RED model is more stable and demonstrates better control, which can overcome the parameter sensitivity of the RED mechanism. The proposed model realises a reasonable tradeoff between network performance and packet dropping probability, which effectively avoids degraded network performance caused by pursuing a lower packet dropping probability. The results are important when selecting a congestion control mechanism and parameter settings for WSNs.

Influence and Optimization of Packet Loss on the Internet-Based Geographically Distributed Test Platform for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Powertrain Systems

In view of recent developments in fuel cell electric vehicle powertrain systems, Internet-based geographically distributed test platforms for fuel cell electric vehicle powertrain systems become a development and validation trend. Due to the involvement of remote connection and the Internet, simulation with connected models can suffer great uncertainty because of packet loss. Such a test platform, including packet loss characteristics, was built using MATLAB/Simulink for use in this paper. The simulation analysis results show that packet loss affects the stability of the whole test system. The impact on vehicle speed is mainly concentrated in the later stage of simulation. Aiming at reducing the effect of packet loss caused by Internet, a robust model predictive compensator was designed. Under this compensator, the stability of the system is greatly improved compared to the system without a compensator.

Investigation of Internet of Things Handover Process for Information Centric Networking and Proxy Mobile Internet Protocol

IoT (Internet of Things) technically connects billions of entities to the Internet. The IoT is divided between the technology and the service itself. As a result, great efforts are needed to join data from many contexts and services. This reason has motivated proposals to develop solutions that can overcome existing issues of limitations for mobility, security, reliability and scalability of IoT. These billions of devices are interconnected to each other either using unicast, multicast or broadcast communications, and mixture of static and mobile communications. This paper aims to investigate the parameters of mobility performance in handover process for mobile multicast IoT environment. Investigation is done quantitatively by evaluating the parameters of handover process for IoT in two networking protocols that are possible to support acceptable mobility performance for IoT. The protocols are ICN (Information Centric Networking) and Proxy Mobile Internet Protocol. The evaluation parameters include packet loss and service recovery time. The metrics are extracted from the handover process flow for each network protocol topology. The service recovery time parameter is assumed as the time duration for each message to travel from sender to receiver, while packet loss parameter depends on the packet arrival rate and service recovery time. The results show that the ICN performs better than Proxy Mobile Internet Protocol.

Congestion Control in Wireless Network using TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC)

Throughout the years in wireless networks, congestion control has been widely explored. With the point of improving execution and performance in wireless network many techniques and methods have been built up over the years. It is very necessary to solve the issue of congestion control for the quick extension and execution of wireless technology. When a network link or node carries more data than its capacity then network congestion will occurs. In queueing theory and network congestion it reduces the quality of service. Normal impacts of congestion control include packet loss, blocking of new connections and queueing delay. As a result of congestion is to increment in offered load either just to a little increment or even a reduction in system throughput [1].There are many ways to control the congestion in wireless networks. We studied different techniques in this paper and also work through applying TCP friendly rate control.