Including Hydrogen Storage Research Articles

Prediction of the optimal hydrogen storage in high entropy alloys

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in nature, characterized by its vast resources, recyclability, and environmentally friendly. Also, it can exist in various forms, such as gas, liquid, or solid, to meet different storage needs. In solid-state storage, the hydrogen storage alloys have received widespread attention due to hydrogen is stored in the form of hydrides. In recent years, high entropy alloys (HEAs), as a new type of novel alloy design concept have attracted a lot of attention in many fields including hydrogen storage due to their unique structures and excellent properties. Moreover, the freedom of element selection leads to various types of HEAs, further enhancing the potential for their application in hydrogen storage. This article focuses on the hydrogen storage performance of HEAs and provides a comprehensive overview of the hydrogen storage mechanism, thermodynamics, and kinetics. Additionally, we summarize and compare the hydrogen storage capacities of previously published HEAs and introduce two empirical parameters, valence electron concentration (VEC) and atomic size difference (δ), and their relationship with hydrogen storage capacity. By applying the K-means clustering algorithm, we conclude that the optimal hydrogen storage capacity of HEAs occurs when 4 <VEC < 6 and 5.3 % <δ < 7.5 %. This finding offers valuable guidance for the future design of efficient hydrogen storage HEAs.

Oahu as a case study for island electricity systems relying on wind and solar generation instead of imported petroleum fuels

A macro-scale electricity model was used to evaluate whether wind and solar generation, combined with short- and long-duration energy storage, could cost-effectively provide 100% of Oahu's electricity. A least-cost renewable electricity system was developed with 100% of hourly averaged demand met, based on 14 consecutive years of hourly wind and solar resource and electricity demand data. The system used current asset costs for wind generation, solar generation, short-duration battery storage, and long-duration hydrogen energy storage. Our results indicate that Oahu could transition to an electricity system reliant on wind and solar generation and battery and hydrogen storage with electricity costs lower than today's electricity costs. For Oahu, a least-cost wind-solar-battery electricity system that would have met 100% of hourly averaged demand would have a system cost of $0.2458 per kWh. In comparison, from October 2022 through September 2023, electricity generation costs from the petroleum-dominated electricity system on Oahu were between $0.2126/kWh and $0.2987/kWh. This wind-solar-battery system would require 332 km2 (21.4%) of Oahu's land. Moreover, including hydrogen storage as a second form of energy storage led to reductions in system cost and land use. At current asset costs, a least-cost wind-solar-battery‑hydrogen electricity system that would have met 100% of hourly averaged demand would have a system cost of $0.1673/kWh and require 265 km2 (17.1%) of Oahu's land. This case study indicates that other isolated regions with similar resource profiles and a reliance on imported petroleum fuels could realize a decrease in electricity system costs when switching to renewables in conjunction with short- and long-duration energy storage, at current asset costs, while meeting demand in full over extended periods of renewable resource variability.

Exploring the prospects and challenges of underground hydrogen storage for a sustainable energy future

Compared to fossil fuel-based energy sources, renewable energy sources are gaining momentum worldwide due to climate control agreements. The Hydrogen Energy Roadmap proposes to generate hydrogen using renewable energy sources such as hydro, biomass, and solar. However, renewable energy source like hydrogen often has an unstable flow of energy supply, which can lead to temporary underproduction of the required supply. Underground storage options like depleted gas or oil reservoirs, aquifers, and salt caverns are used to address this issue. These underground gas storage alternatives have been used for various applications, including hydrogen storage. Underground hydrogen storage is possible in two geological sites: porous media and cave storage. Salt caverns are suitable for seasonal hydrogen storage at high pressures, while aquifers have the potential for hydrogen storage due to their widespread distribution. However, it is crucial to note that adequate reservoir properties and an impermeable layer are necessary for hydrogen storage in underground structures to prevent gas migration. Microbial and geochemical activities, often overlooked but crucial in hydrogen storage, can pose challenges due to their existence.

Research on hydrogen leakage and diffusion mechanism in hydrogenation station

As a clean, efficient and sustainable energy carrier, hydrogen energy has been accepted as one of the main directions of future energy development. In this paper, a hydrogenation station providing compressed hydrogen outside was adopted as the research object. Based on finite element method and virtual nozzle model, the influence of leakage of main equipment in hydrogenation station on the distribution of combustible hydrogen was investigated, including hydrogen storage tank group, tube trailer, compressor chamber and hydrogenator. The results showed that the shape and volume of the combustible hydrogen cloud generated by the leak were influenced by obstacles, hydrogen storage pressure, and wind velocity. The disturbance of external wind and the decrease in hydrogen storage pressure will have a positive impact on the reduction of leaked volume. The diffusion of combustible hydrogen clouds can be exacerbated by complex structure of obstacles, while partition wall in the adopted hydrogenation station model can limit the combustible hydrogen cloud in the process area. These conclusions can provide guidance and reference for the risk prevention measures of hydrogenation station.

Hydrogen storage metal-organic frameworks: From design to synthesis

For many years, there has been great interest in metal-organic frameworks, or MOFs. MOFs are a family of crystalline hybrid organic-inorganic compounds made up of strong coordination interactions connecting metal molecules to organic ligands. Due to their vast specific surface area, structural diversity, and adjustable pore size and functionality, they are highly advantageous in a variety of applications, including hydrogen storage. As a result, MOFs have been thoroughly researched. This study examines the drawbacks of traditional hydrogen storage methods before concentrating on MOFs’ potential as a cutting-edge material to get around these issues. The work also illustrates the benefits of MOFs in enhancing hydrogen adsorption performance by examining the synthesis techniques, functionalization tuning strategies, and their use with metal nanoparticle composites. Simultaneously, the significance of fine-tuning the functionalization and optimizing the performance of MOFs is underscored, and their potential to foster hydrogen-based economic growth is anticipated.

КРИТЕРИАЛЬНАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ОЦЕНКИ УРОВНЯ ПОЖАРНОЙ ОПАСНОСТИ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ ВОДОРОДНОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ

The work is aimed at the solving the problem of fire safety by quantitative risk assessment during the operation of process equipment where hydrogen-containing gas is used, transported or stored. Such process areas mainly include hydrogen storage tanks, electrolysis plants, rooms containing hydrogen receivers, hydrogen compressor stations, etc. The list of hydrogen gas fire hazard indicators is presented in the work, the ways of definition of these indicators (parameters of criterial model) for a technological site are described, on the basis of the developed program for electronic computing machine the method of reference of technological object to a certain risk category is offered. This model is applicable only for closed technological sites where apparatuses and (or) pipelines in which hydrogen-containing gas with purity not less than 99,9 % is circulating are placed.

Controlling Photoinduced H2 Release from Freestanding Borophane Sheets Under UV Irradiation by Tuning B–H Bonds

AbstractHydrogen boride (HB), a freestanding 2D hydrogenated‐borophene (borophane) polymorph, is synthesized via ion exchange. HB sheets with a B/H atomic ratio of 1.0 are confirmed to contain three‐center–two‐electron B–H–B bonds and two‐center–two‐electron terminal B–H bonds. The optical properties of HB sheets are expected to be tunable by changing the BHB/BH bond ratio, which alters the electronic structure of HB sheets; however, this is not yet achieved. This study demonstrates that controlling the BHB/BH bond ratio in the HB sheets is possible without altering the hydrogen content by adjusting the volume of ion‐exchange resin during synthesis, thus enabling the tuning of the photoinduced H2 release under UV irradiation. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensity correlates with the absorbance ratio of the BHB and BH vibrational modes. Increasing the BHB/BH bond ratio enhances the luminescence intensity, whereas reducing it enhances the photoinduced H2 release rate under UV irradiation. The ability to control the BHB/BH bond ratio of HB sheets provides new avenues for optimizing their properties for various applications, including hydrogen storage and photocatalysis.

Optimization of hydrogen fuel cell economy for next generation power supply

We are all very concerned about the diminishing sources of conventional energy sources. The rate at which fossil fuels are consumed exceeds the rate at which they are produced naturally. The result will be a global fuel shortage, which will cause numerous issues in various industries. The second factor is the pollution that these sources add to our environment, which gets worse as more of them are used, which lowers the standard of living on this planet. There is ongoing research into alternative fuel sources to address the global energy crisis and supply us with clean energy.Like electricity, hydrogen is an energy carrier capable of carrying enormous amounts of energy, potential replacement for fossil fuels in the transportation sector is hydrogen, which is favorable from an environmental standpoint. Using hydrogen in conjunction with fuel cells will be especially beneficial. In low-temperature operation, fuel cells operate more efficiently than typical battery/internal combustion engine combos and don't emit nitrogen oxides. Currently Steam-Methane Reforming [SMR] is the widely used hydrogen production technology. Which yields Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide as the by-products along with hydrogen. Even with Carbon Capture and Storage [CCS] such methods of hydrogen production cause the Greenhouse gas emissions, simultaneously increasing the cost of production.Many challenging scientific and technological issues will need to be solved in order to make a move into a hydrogen economy from the existing fossil fuel, including hydrogen storage and production, which will take decades to complete. As a result, hydrogen is still the fuel of the future rather than the present. Hydrogen is not a substitute for fuel; rather, it is a form of energy that must be converted into hydrogen starting with chemicals rich in hydrogen.

A review on BCC-structured high-entropy alloys for hydrogen storage

Recently, high entropy alloys (HEAs) with body-centred cubic (BCC) single phase structures have attracted wide attention in many fields including hydrogen storage, due to their unique structural characteristics and excellent performance. Its novel design concept provides more possibilities for the investigation of advanced hydrogen storage materials, in which several remarkable research works have been published, providing opportunities for the design of hydrogen storage materials with unprecedented properties. In this review, we combed through the definition and criteria of high entropy alloys, and summarized the current research status of body-centred cubic-structured high entropy alloys for hydrogen storage from multiple perspectives of composition designs, synthesis processes, and hydrogen storage properties. Moreover, the possible application scenarios and future research directions are analysed.

Exploring the adsorption behavior of molecular hydrogen on CHA-zeolite by comparing the performance of various force field methods.

Molecular hydrogen (H2) adsorption plays a crucial role in numerous applications, including hydrogen storage and purification processes. Understanding the interaction of H2 with porous materials is essential for designing efficient adsorption systems. In this study, we investigate H2 adsorption on CHA-zeolite using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and force field-based molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Firstly, we employ DFT calculations to explore the energetic properties and adsorption sites of H2 on the CHA-zeolite framework. The electronic structure and binding energies of H2 in various adsorption configurations are analyzed, providing valuable insights into the nature of the adsorption process. Subsequently, force field methods are employed to perform extensive MD simulations, allowing us to study the dynamic behavior of H2 molecules adsorbed on the CHA-zeolite surface. The trajectory analysis provides information on the diffusion mechanisms and mobility of H2 within the porous structure, shedding light on the transport properties of the adsorbed gas. Furthermore, the combination of DFT and MD results enables us to validate and refine the force field parameters used in simulations, improving the accuracy of the model, and enhancing our understanding of the H2-CHA interactions. Our comprehensive investigation into molecular hydrogen adsorption on CHA-zeolite using density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations yields valuable insights into the fundamental aspects of the adsorption process. These findings contribute to the development of advanced hydrogen storage and separation technologies, paving the way for efficient and sustainable energy applications.

Green and renewable resources: an assessment of sustainable energy solution for Far North Queensland, Australia

Remote communities, which do not have a connection to the national grid in Far North Queensland (FNQ), depend on dirty and costly diesel generators to meet their energy demands. The cost of power generation is considerable in those areas, because the diesel fuel must be carried by truck or ship and a fuel reserve must be held on-site in case of expected demand or weather closure. Moreover, Australia has an energy security issue in relation to liquid fuels. Australia is reliant on imported fuel such as diesel to fill the shortage, as domestic production and supply are unable to fulfil domestic demand. As a result, by deploying hybrid integrated renewable energy systems in remote areas, isolated communities may lower their power prices, enjoy a more secure and dependable source of electricity and minimise their carbon footprint by eliminating or reducing the usage of diesel. In this study, an extensive literature review has been conducted focussing on renewable resources for Australia and Far North Queensland, different hybrid energy systems including energy storage, and finally highlights the alternative clean and renewable energy options for Far North Queensland (FNQ) remote communities. In addition, this study has performed an assessment of renewable energy available from solar and wind resources considering climatic, geographical and economic aspects for FNQ. The literature review and the assessment show that solar and wind resources including hydrogen storage have significant potential for energy solution of FNQ. The assessment results indicate that selected regions of FNQ have suitable land area of 142,294.86 km2 (55.94% of total selected areas) for solar and 144,563.80 km2 (56.83% of total selected areas) for wind. The total calculated potential power can be 14,448 GW from solar PV and 1040.97 GW from wind energy. This study provides a significant pathway for parties interested in investing in renewable energy in FNQ. Moreover, knowing a land’s suitability will increase confidence and hence speed up the renewable energy investment.

Spatially and temporally heterothermic kinetic model of hydrogen absorption and desorption in metals with heat transport

Numerical modelling of hydrogen transport is effective for designing and optimizing various energy systems, including hydrogen storage devices, fuel cells, and nuclear fusion reactors. In the present study, we propose and demonstrate a spatiotemporally heterothermic, autonomous kinetic model of hydrogen absorption and desorption in metals for precise simulations. Our bidirectional transport model comprises elementary mass transfer processes of surface adsorption and desorption, subsurface transport, and bulk diffusion. Also implemented are heat generation and conduction stemming from the absorption enthalpy, to determine the evolution of temperature distribution in the metal body, as well as the hydrogen concentration profile. Simulations by our transport model reproduce experimental hydrogen absorption and desorption curves for various temperature levels and metal scales with a single identical set of numerical equations and kinetic parameters, to thus verify the validity of the model.

Interaction of ferric ions with europium metal organic framework and application to mineral processing sensing

ABSTRACT Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have numerous practical applications including hydrogen storage, drug delivery, separation processes and sensing. Sensing is particularly important in the mineral processing sector, where the success of mineral leaching processes depends upon the development of reliable and efficient methods for the detection of ferric ions (Fe). Here, we examine the atomic interactions between a hydrated ferric ion and an europium-based MOF with a view to the development of a sensing device capable of determining the ferric ion concentration in an analyte solution. Using a continuum approach together with the Lennard-Jones potential, we determine the Lennard-Jones (van der Waals) interaction energy and force between a hydrated ferric ion and a MOF pore. The hydrated ferric ion is modelled as a point at the centre of two concentric spheres, while the MOF pore is modelled by a semi-infinite cylinder. The model predicts that it is energetically more favourable for the hydrated ferric ion to reside inside the MOF pore and that the greatest attractive force is experienced at the entrance of the MOF pore. However, the hydrated ferric ion is unlikely to enter the MOF pore because it is geometrically larger than the free space inside. This means that in practice the hydrated ferric ion will remain on the surface of the MOF crystal, considerably simplifying ion removal. This property will be useful for washing and reusing the sensor.

Analysis of Vertical Permeability and Its Influence on CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery and Storage in a Carbonate Reservoir

Summary The objective of this study is to improve understanding of the geostatistics of vertical (bed-normal) permeability (kz) and its influence on reservoir performance during CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and storage. kz is scrutinized far less often than horizontal permeability (kx, ky) in most geological and reservoir modeling. However, our work indicates that it is equally important to understand kz characteristics to better evaluate their influence on CO2 EOR and storage performance prediction. We conducted this study on approximately 9,000 whole-core triaxial permeability (kx, ky, kz) measurements from 42 wells in a San Andres carbonate reservoir. We analyzed kz data, including heterogeneity, correlation, and sample sufficiency measures. We analyzed wells with the largest and smallest fractions of points with kz &amp;gt; kmax = max(kx, ky) to explore geological factors that coincided with large kz. We quantified these geological effects through conditional probabilities on potential permeability barriers (e.g., stylolites). Every well had at least some whole cores where kz &amp;gt; kmax. This is a statistically justifiable result; only where Prob(kz &amp;gt; kmax) is statistically different from 1/3 are core samples nonisotropic. In conventional core data interpretation, however, modelers usually assume kz is less than kmax. For the well with the smallest fraction (11%) of cores where kz &amp;gt;kmax, the cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) differ and coincide with the presence of stylolites. We found that kz is approximately twice as variable as kx in many wells. This makes kz more difficult to interpret because it was (and usually is) heavily undersampled. To understand the influence of kz heterogeneity on CO2 flow, we built a series of flow simulation models that captured these geostatistical characteristics of permeability, while considering kz realizations, flow regimes (e.g., buoyant flow), CO2 injection strategies, and reservoir heterogeneity. CO2 flow simulations showed that, for viscous flow, assuming variable kx similar to the reservoir along with a constant kz/kx = 0.1 yields a close (within 0.5%) cumulative oil production to the simulation case with both kx and kz as uncorrelated variables. However, for buoyant flow, oil production differs by 10% [at 2.0 hydrocarbon pore volume (HCPV) of CO2 injected] between the two cases. Such flows could occur for small CO2 injection rates and long injection times, in interwell regions, and/or with vertically permeable conduits. Our geostatistical characterization demonstrates the controls on kz in a carbonate reservoir and how to improve conventional interpretation practices. This study can help CO2 EOR and storage operators refine injection development programs, particularly for reservoirs where buoyant flow exists. More broadly, the findings potentially apply to other similar subsurface buoyancy-driven flow displacements, including hydrogen storage, geothermal production, and aquifer CO2 sequestration.

Recent progress on the development of high entropy alloys (HEAs) for solid hydrogen storage: A review

High entropy alloys (HEA) represent a kind of materials with unique structural and functional properties, and have attracted wide attentions in many fields including hydrogen storage. Due to the huge diversity in the composition of HEAs, novel hydrogen storage materials with superior comprehensive performance are expected to be developed following the concept, with some notable progress made in the past decade. In this study, the present research status in HEAs for hydrogen storage is summarized from the aspects of theoretical guide, composition and preparation, microstructure and hydrogen storage properties. Moreover, the key issues in future development and possible application scenarios are analyzed. • A rigorous literature survey on the status and trend of high entropy alloys for hydrogen storage was presented. • Pros and cons of hydrogen storage HEAs were shown regarding capacity, thermal stability, kinetics, activation and cycling. • The promising scenarios for hydrogen storage HEAs were summarized and problems to solve pointed out.

Machine learning analysis of alloying element effects on hydrogen storage properties of AB2 metal hydrides

Zirconium-titanium-based AB 2 is a potential candidate for hydrogen storage alloys and NiMH battery electrodes. Machine learning (ML) has been used to discover and optimize the properties of energy-related materials, including hydrogen storage alloys. This study used ML approaches to analyze the AB 2 metal hydrides dataset. The AB 2 alloy is considered promising owing to its slightly high hydrogen density and commerciality. This study investigates the effect of the alloying elements on the hydrogen storage properties of the AB 2 alloys, i.e., the heat of formation (ΔH), phase abundance, and hydrogen capacity. ML analysis was performed on the 314 pairs collected and data curated from the literature published during 1998–2019, comprising the chemical compositions of alloys and their hydrogen storage properties. The random forest model excellently predicts all hydrogen storage properties for the dataset. Ni provided the most contribution to the change in the enthalpy of the hydride formation but reduced the hydrogen content. Other elements, such as Cr, contribute strongly to the formation of the C14-type Laves phase. Mn significantly affects the hydrogen storage capacity. This study is expected to guide further experimental work to optimize the phase structure of AB 2 and its hydrogen sorption properties. • Machine learning analysis on a newly collected data of AB 2 . • Effect Ni in the B site affect significantly to the enthalpy of formation and hydrogen capacity. • Cr contributes enormously to the microstructure and phase stability. • The maximum capacity is the sub-stoichiometry composition.

High-entropy alloys as anode materials of nickel - metal hydride batteries

High-entropy alloys are potential candidates for various applications including hydrogen storage in the hydride form and energy storage in batteries. This study employs HEAs as new anode materials for nickel - metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries. The TixZr2-xCrMnFeNi alloys with different Ti/Zr ratios, having the C14 Laves structure, are used. These alloys are selected because they show room-temperature hydriding/dehydriding capability. The HEAs successfully act as negative electrode of Ni-MH batteries with good charge/discharge cyclability, while there are optimum Ti/Zr ratios for the highest storage capacity and the fastest activity. These findings introduce HEAs as potential anode materials for Ni-MH battery application.

Hydrogen Production from Offshore Wind Parks: Current Situation and Future Perspectives

With the increase in renewable energy connected to the grid, new challenges arise due to its variable supply of power. Therefore, it is crucial to develop new methods of storing energy. Hydrogen can fulfil the role of energy storage and even act as an energy carrier, since it has a much higher energetic density than batteries and can be easily stored. Considering that the offshore wind sector is facing significant growth and technical advances, hydrogen has the potential to be combined with offshore wind energy to aid in overcoming disadvantages such as the high installation cost of electrical transmission systems and transmission losses. This paper aims to outline and discuss the main features of the integration of hydrogen solutions in offshore wind power and to offer a literature review of the current state of hydrogen production from offshore wind. The paper provides a summary of the technologies involved in hydrogen production along with an analysis of two possible hydrogen producing systems from offshore wind energy. The analysis covers the system components, including hydrogen storage, the system configuration (i.e., offshore vs. onshore electrolyzer), and the potential uses of hydrogen, e.g., Power to Mobility, Power to Power, and Power to Gas.

Size optimization of a hybrid photovoltaic/fuel cell grid connected power system including hydrogen storage

This paper describes the size optimization of a hybrid photovoltaic/fuel cell grid linked power system including hydrogen storage. The overall objective is the optimal sizing of a hybrid power system to satisfy the load demand of a university laboratory with an unreliable grid, with low energy cost and minimal carbon emissions. The aim is to shift from grid linked diesel power system to a clean and sustainable energy system. The optimum design architecture was established by adopting the energy-balance methods of HOMER (hybrid optimization model for electric renewables). Analysis of hourly simulations was performed to decide the optimal size, cost and performance of the hybrid system, using 22-years monthly averaged solar radiation data collected for Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (Lat. 6°44.3ʹN, Long. 6°4.8ʹE). The results showed that a hybrid system comprising 54.7 kW photovoltaic array, 7 kW fuel cell system, 14 kW power inverter and 3 kW electrolyzer with 8 kg hydrogen storage tank can sustainably augment the erratic grid with a very high renewable fraction of 96.7% at $0.0418/kWh. When compared with the conventional usage of grid/diesel generator system; energy cost saving of more than 88% and a return on investment of 41.3% with present worth of $308,965 can be derived in less than 3 years. The application of the optimally sized hybrid system would possibly help mitigate the rural-to-urban drift and resolve the electricity problems hindering the economic growth in Nigeria. Moreover, the hybrid system can alleviate CO2 emissions from other power generation sources to make the environment cleaner and more eco-friendly.

Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Nanoporous Magnesium By Air-Free Electrolytic Dealloying of Magnesium-Lithium Alloy with Recovery of Sacrificial Lithium

In recent years, air- and water-sensitive nanostructured materials with minimal surface oxide coverage have received increased attention for their potential role in various applications, such as catalysts for combustion fuels, active ingredients in solid-propellant rockets, and reactants for onboard and on-demand hydrogen generation to feed fuel cells. However, the fabrication of this class of materials has been hindered by their inherently high chemical reactivity. Magnesium, with its standard reduction potential of -2.37 V vs. SHE, is highly water-reactive in its nanostructured form, thus the synthesis of nanostructured magnesium with minimal surface oxide coverage poses a challenge. In this talk, I will introduce a novel eco-friendly air-free selective electrolytic leaching route to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) bicontinuous nanoporous magnesium (NP-Mg) with minimal surface oxide coverage. The starting material consists of a Mg-Li parent alloy, with lithium as the sacrificial component. During selective electrolytic leaching in an anhydrous lithium-conducting organic electrolyte solvent, the sacrificial lithium is stripped from the Mg-Li parent alloy used as the working electrode and plated on a pure lithium foil used as the counter electrode. This process enables sacrificial element recovery, making it eco-friendly. The dealloyed NP-Mg exhibits a characteristic ligament and pore size in the range of 20-30 nm, and its morphology was thoroughly investigated using electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and X-ray diffraction, as will be shown during my talk. NP-Mg with such ultra-small feature size could be attractive for several applications including hydrogen storage in the form of magnesium hydride, and on-demand hydrogen generation by hydrolysis with pure water.