Measurement Of Inclination Angle Research Articles

Two‐dimensional orientation sensor

AbstractThe development of a two‐dimensional noncontact electrooptical orientation sensor is addressed in this article. The sensor is based on the intensity measurement of modulated light signals reflected from the surface of an object. The transducer of the proposed sensor was designed based on the optimal mechanical‐design parameters obtained in the first stage of our research, where results were reported for one‐dimensional inclination angle measurements. Experiments undertaken in the second stage of our research, and reported herein, verify the operational principle of the two‐dimensional sensor, which yielded acceptable performance characteristics. An important characteristic of this orientation sensor is the distance‐independent inclination‐angle measurements (i.e., output signals utilized to estimate the two inclination angles are independent of the sensor's distance to the object's surface).

An electrooptical orientation sensor for robotics

The design and analysis of a noncontact electrooptical orientation sensor is addressed. The sensor is based on the intensity measurement of modulated light signals reflected from the surface of an object. The experimental setup of the sensor used in this research was designed and manufactured such that two mechanical-design parameters could be investigated. The operation principle of the 1D inclination-angle measurement sensor was verified using the experimental setup as well as through simulation. Experiments undertaken yielded an optimal sensor design that can effectively operate within a range from +20 degrees to -20 degrees independent of its distance from the object (within the operational-distance range of the sensor). >

Quantification of error in measurement of radial inclination angle and radial-carpal distance

Posteroanterior wrist radiographs of eight patients were evaluated by eight orthopedists. Radial inclination angle and radial-carpal distance were measured by use of a standardized technique. The standard deviation for radial inclination angle was 2 degrees. The standard deviation for radial-carpal distance was 1 mm. The measured rotational variation of radial inclination and radial-carpal distance is 1 degree and 1 mm, respectively, through a 10-degree arc of supination and pronation.

Relationship between radial inclination angle and ulnar deviation of the fingers

Fifty wrists (thirty-two patients) with rheumatoid arthritis and ulnar drift of the fingers were examined radiologically and compared to fifty normal wrists radiographs. Statistically significant differences were found for measurements of radial inclination angle, carpal-radial distance, third metacarpal-phalangeal angle, and carpal height ratio. Third metacarpal-phalangeal angle of ten degrees or greater on standard posteroanterior radiograph appears to accurately represent digital ulnar drift. Elevated radial inclination angle was highly correlated with digital ulnar drift (p much less than 0.001). Radial inclination angle greater than twenty-two degrees is associated with the development of digital ulnar drift through two mechanisms, radial carpal rotation, and ulnar carpal translocation.

Magnetic Domains in Single-Pole Magnetic film Heads and Recording Characteristics

Domain structures in the main pole films of single-pole heads were studied, including microscopic domain observations and measurements of domain inclination angles ? (between the easy axis direction and the track width direction), and the effects of domain structures on recording using Co-Cr media investigated. Although isolated readback voltages were larger for large angles ?, other characteristics, noise in particular, were better for smaller ?. It was concluded that small inclination angles ? are necessary for high density, high fidelity recording.

Particle and field stress balance within a planetary magnetosphere

A technique is developed for experimentally estimating the local tensor stresses within a planetary magnetic field configuration characterized by local spacecraft measurements. Key to the technique is the determination of the shapes of field lines using the symmetry properties of the system coupled with local and instantaneous measurements of the field line inclination angles. The technique is applied here to the inner and middle Saturnian magnetosphere (r ∼ 7 to 16 Rs) using data returned by the MAG (Magnetic Field) Experiment on the Voyager 1 spacecraft. We conclude that the ring current, first characterized by Connerney et al. (1983), has substantial radial structure, heretofore not shown. Outside ∼13 Rs the newly derived field stresses match remarkably well the functional variation of the centrifugal corotation stresses of the cool particle population measured previously by the Plasma Science Experiment. Inside ∼13 Rs the key structure in the derived field stresses, a prominent local maximum, matches the approximate position of an apparent strong pressure gradient in the energetic particles (>30 keV) characterized by the Low‐Energy Charged Particle detectors. These correspondences between the field and particle stresses support the validity of the new technique, and it is suggested that the technique will be useful for other magnetospheric environments.

A new corrective chart for inclination angles of the universal stage measurement

For the purpose of improving the accuracy of inclination angle measurement on the universal stage and simplifying the procedure of its correction, a new chart is proposed. It is based cn the fact that whenever the differences between refractive indicies of crystals and glass hemispheres are same, the correction angle for, the same inclination is approximately constant.