Incipient Process Research Articles

One-Class Classification-Based Monitoring of Mineral Processing Operations with Hyperensemble Tree-Models

Reliable monitoring of mineral process systems is key to more efficient plant operation. Multivariate statistical process control based on principal component analysis is well-established in industry, but may not be effective when dealing with nonlinear or transient processes, where process behaviour can change rapidly over time. Although many advances have been made in unsupervised process monitoring, the detection of incipient process drift or nascent abnormal process conditions remains an open research problem.In this investigation, monitoring of mineral process operations based on the use of random forest classifiers is considered. When the random forests are used, data representing normal operating conditions are split into subclasses with K-means clustering, after which an ensemble of random forests is trained as binary classifiers on the subclasses in a one-against-the-rest approach. These hyperensemble models are subsequently used to classify new operational data as in-control or out-of-control.One simulated and one real world case study are considered. In each case, the models were trained on data representing normal operating conditions and then tested on new process data that were generally different from the training data to test their ability to identify these data as out-of-control. In the real-world case study, the approach is compared with traditional multivariate statistical process monitoring based on a principal component model, as well as a recently proposed isolation forest model. The random forest-based models performed markedly better than the principal component model and slightly better than the isolation forest model as far as identification of out-of-control data were concerned, but this came at the expensive of a significantly larger false positive rate than these two models.

Rayleigh–Jeans thermalization vs beam cleaning in multimode optical fibers

Classical nonlinear waves exhibit, as a general rule, an irreversible process of thermalization toward the Rayleigh–Jeans equilibrium distribution. On the other hand, several recent experiments revealed a remarkable effect of spatial organization of an optical beam that propagates through a graded-index multimode optical fiber (MMF), a phenomenon termed beam self-cleaning. Our aim here is to evidence the qualitative impact of disorder (weak random mode coupling) on the process of Rayleigh–Jeans thermalization by considering two different experimental configurations. In a first experiment, we launch speckle beams in a relatively long MMF. Our results report a clear and definite experimental demonstration of Rayleigh–Jeans thermalization through light propagation in MMFs, over a broad range of kinetic energy (i.e., degree of spatial coherence) of the injected speckle beam. In particular, the property of energy equipartition among the modes is clearly observed in the condensed regime. The experimental results also evidence the double turbulence cascade process: while the power flows toward the fundamental mode (inverse cascade), the energy flows toward the higher-order modes (direct cascade). In a 2nd experiment, a coherent laser beam is launched into a relatively short MMF length. It reveals an effect of beam cleaning driven by an incipient process of Rayleigh–Jeans thermalization. As discussed through numerical simulations, the fast process of Rayleigh–Jeans thermalization observed in the 1st experiment can be attributed due to a random phase dynamics among the modes, which is favored by the injection of a speckle beam and the increased impact of disorder in the long fiber system.

The development of multiple phases of superposed rifting in the Turkana Depression, East Africa: Evidence from receiver functions

The Turkana Depression in Eastern Africa separates the elevated plateaus of East Africa to the south and Ethiopia-Yemen to the north. It remains unclear whether the Depression lacks dynamic mantle support, or if the entire East Africa region is dynamically supported and the Depression compensated isostatically by thinned crust. Also poorly understood is how Miocene-Recent extension has developed across the Depression, connecting spatially separated magmatic rift zones in Ethiopia and Kenya. Receiver function analysis is used to constrain Moho depth and bulk-crustal VP/VS ratio below new seismograph networks in the Depression, and on the northern Tanzania craton. Crustal thickness is ∼40km below northern Uganda and 30–35km below southern Ethiopia, but 20–30km below most of the Depression, where mass-balance calculations reveal low elevations can be explained adequately by crustal thinning alone. Despite the fact that magmatism has occurred for 45Ma across the Depression, more than 15Ma before East African Rift (EAR) extension initiated, bulk crustal VP/VS across southern Ethiopia and the Turkana Depression (∼1.74) is similar to that observed in areas unaffected by Cenozoic rifting and magmatism. Evidence for voluminous lower crustal intrusions and/or melt, widespread below the Ethiopian rift and Ethiopian plateau to the north, is therefore lacking. These observations, when reviewed in light of high stretching factors (β≤2.11), suggest Cenozoic extension has been dominated until recently by faulting and plate stretching, rather than magma intrusion, which is likely an incipient process, operating directly below seismically-active Lake Turkana. Early-stage EAR basins to the west of Lake Turkana, with associated stretching factors of β≈2, formed in crust only moderately thinned during earlier rifting episodes. Conversely, ∼23km-thick crust beneath the Kino Sogo Fault Belt (KSFB) has small offset faults and thin sedimentary strata, suggesting almost all of the observed stretching occurred in Mesozoic times. Despite the KSFB marking the shortest path between focused extensional zones to the north and south, seismicity and GPS data show that modern extension is localized below Lake Turkana to the west. Failed Mesozoic rift zones, now characterized by thinned crust and relatively refractory mantle lithosphere, are being circumnavigated, not exploited by EAR rifting.

Descentralização normativa da agenda de segurança alimentar e nutricional: estudo descritivo das legislações publicadas nas capitais brasileiras

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to identify and characterize the legislation published in Brazilian capitals regarding food and nutritional security. Methods This is a descriptive, exploratory, and documentary research, with a survey on public and free access websites to legislation published until July 2021 in the 26 Brazilian state capitals. Document characterization information was extracted, systematized, and systematically analyzed. Results Of the 1,390 legislations found, 307 were included in the analysis, 31% from the South region of Brazil and 23% from the Southeast region. The legislation mainly referred to the Structuring of the Brazilian System of Food and Nutritional Security (76.5%) and the Promotion of Universal Access to Adequate Food (17.3%). The categories less present were Evaluation and Monitoring of the Brazilian System of Food and Nutritional Security and Food and Nutritional Security (1.9%), Food and Nutrition Actions Aimed at Quilombolas and Traditional Communities (1.3%) and Universal Access to Water (0.7%), with 17 capitals (65.4%) having no localized legislation for these three themes. Conclusion The results point to the need for qualification of transparency mechanisms in public management and good governance, and demonstrate an incipient process of implementing the government food and nutrition security agenda in Brazilian capitals, with low incidence on different government sectors and other public policies

Challenges in the context of single-use plastics and bioplastics in Brazil: A legislative review.

Plastic has been present in our lives for the past century as an essential material for many commodity items. However, the same properties that make plastic convenient are also responsible for the current dramatic environmental pollution. As an alternative, most of the world has been working with technological innovations, and one of its strategies is the use of bioplastics. Despite being considered environmentally beneficial by some people, there are still developments and discussions that need to be made. This article aims to present a legislative review and discusses the difficulty in implementing policies related to the incentive of the bioplastics market, as well as presenting some state and municipal laws, already prohibiting single-use plastics in Brazil. These laws aim to encourage the substitution of these plastics for biodegradable ones. However, it still has gaps and a lack of clarification on how the banning of disposable plastics and their substitution will be beneficial since composting is still an incipient process in the country. It is also the purpose of this article to discuss the challenges in the context of the Circular Economy, as well as the potential solution based on the creation of public policies aimed at improving waste management, in addition to clearer legislation on alternatives to single-use plastics.

Adsorption Features of Various Inorganic Materials for the Drug Removal from Water and Synthetic Urine Medium: A Multi-Technique Time-Resolved In Situ Investigation.

Pharmaceutical active compounds, including hundreds of different substances, are counted among the emerging contaminants in waterbodies, whose presence raises a growing concern for the ecosystem. Drugs are metabolized and excreted mainly through urine as an unchanged active ingredient or in the form of metabolites. These emerging contaminants are not effectively removed with the technologies currently in use, making them a relevant environmental problem. This study proposes the treatment of urine and water at the source that can allow an easier removal of dissolved drugs and metabolites. The treatment of synthetic urine, with dissolved ibuprofen as a model compound, by adsorption, using various classes of inorganic materials, such as clays, hierarchical zeolites and ordered mesoporous silica (MCM-41), is presented. A multi-technique approach involving X-ray powder diffraction, solid-state NMR, UV-Vis and Raman spectroscopies was employed to investigate the adsorption process in inorganic adsorbents. Moreover, the uptake, the ensuing competition, the efficiency and selectivity as well as the packing of the model compound in ordered mesoporous silica during the incipient wetness impregnation process were all thoroughly monitored by a novel approach, involving combined complementary time-resolved in situ 1H and 13C MAS NMR spectroscopy as well as X-ray powder diffraction.

A REFORMA DO ENSINO MÉDIO E A FORMAÇÃO DA CLASSE TRABALHADORA NO RIO DE JANEIRO

In this paper we aim to develop a critical study about the High School Reform proposal, as well as, identify the main effects that it will produce. This Reform was established by Provisional Measure 746/2016 (MP 746/2016) and, subsequently, it was turned in the Law 13,415 / 2017. The main focus is explaining the incipient process of construction and regulation of the Reform of High School, and of the Curriculum Common National Base in the state education network of Rio de Janeiro. We point some facts about the process in Rio de Janeiro, such as, how the process of reformulating high school in the administrative and pedagogical scope is already a process that has been happening by 10 years in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Furthermore, we consider that dynamic is related to the pro-capital economic policy adopted in Brazil since the 1990s, which was deepened by the recent Reforms. In this context, there is an accelerating process of privatization of higher education, organized through the agenda of the dominant sectors in the area of education.

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE PINE NUT PRODUCTIVE CHAIN IN RS: A COMPARISON WITH BRAZILIAN CHESTNUTS IN ACRE

Brazil has a vast diversity of natural resources, which are important in the economic and social context of many families, identified through non-wood forest products (NWFP), among them chestnuts, in the north, and pine nut, in the south of the country. Thus, the objective of the work was to analyze the productive chain of the Brazilian chestnuts in order to establish and identify potentialities existing in its productive chain that can be used to promote the pine nut productive chain in the social, economic and environmental spheres. The study was carried out through the application of an open questionnaire, having as target audience representatives linked to the commercialization and research of both forest products. As a main result, it is evident that the pine nut has an incomplete production chain, presenting itself as a product with secondary representation in the formation of farmers' income, which contributes to the structure of pine nut commercialization being incipient. In addition, the lack of social organization for extractivism is responsible for the non-consolidation of the chain, coupled with the incipient process of industrialization and processing of the pine nut. which limits the added value of the product. There is a need for greater interest and attention on the part of the government with actions involving entities that can assist in the most different spheres, as well as providing technical assistance, research, and financial support.

HABILIDADES E LIMITAÇÕES DOS ESTUDANTES EM EMPREENDER NA DIMENSÃO SUSTENTÁVEL

The aim of this study was to describe the skills and limitations of students on entrepreneurship considering the dimension of sustainability. In methodological terms, this is a descriptive study, which collected data through a questionnaire. These data were treated using descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis. The results indicate that entrepreneurship, although considered interdisciplinary, is not yet shared in the different courses of the Institution, and that the most prominent skills were “the identification of opportunity, management / planning and self-confidence”, on the other hand, the main limitations found are linked to sustainable issues such as “ignorance about sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainability”. The main contribution of this research is to show the need to address the term sustainable entrepreneurship in the disciplines, because the limitations found are directed to actions aimed at sustainability, this shows that the skills directed towards sustainable entrepreneurship, are still in an incipient process.

Spinoza’s Critique and the Making of Modern Religion in the Enlightenment Era

In recent publications on the Enlightenment, Baruch Spinoza is often associated with the radical “fringe,” advocating against Christianity and giving rise to the incipient process of secularization. In this paper, it is argued that we should look for Spinoza’s influence on the Enlightenment in his ideas inspiring heterodox theologians: radical reformers aiming to “rationalize” revelation but not to dismiss it altogether. Several cases of such thinkers are adduced and shortly discussed: Jarig Jelles, Johan Christian Edelmann, Carl Friedrich Bahrdt and Immanuel Kant. Finally, three ways of conceptualizing the relation between Enlightenment and religion are sketched to address the question whether the sources of secularization can indeed be traced back to the Enlightenment.

Recent Apareiodon species evolutionary divergence (Characiformes: Parodontidae) evidenced by chromosomal and molecular inference

This paper presents results from a comparative analysis of cytogenetic markers, DNA barcode, molecular delimitation and population genetics among four groups of Apareiodon samples inhabiting four headwater streams feeding the Tocantins River in Brazil’s Tocantins River Basin. Apareiodon is a genus of Parodontidae, a Neotropical fish family whose members show often-subtle morphological diagnostic characters that complicate identification of its constituent species. The samples were previously morphologically identified as Apareiodon machrisi, Apareiodon cavalcante, Apareiodon sp. 1, and Apareiodon sp. 2. The cytogenetic results showed a shared diploid number of 54 chromosomes, and no heteromorphic sex chromosomes were detected. In situ localization of repetitive DNA sequences (18S and 5S ribosomal DNAs, (GATA)n sequence, pPh2004 satellite DNA, and WAp repetitive fraction) revealed karyotype differences among the four groups of samples. The K2P genetic distance among the groups ranged from 0.79 to 4.27%. Species delimitation analyses diverge in taxa number: general mixed Yule-coalescent data suggested the occurrence of three species; and the Bayesian and neighbor-joining trees revealed four clades, three of them being supported clades (A. machrisi + Apareiodon sp. 1, A. cavalcante, and Apareiodon sp. 2). Haplotypes did not overlap and high Fst values were observed among the groups. The data suggest that these samples have had a recent parapatric divergence: A. cavalcante and A. machrisi are valid species; Apareiodon sp. 1 may be a lineage related to A. machrisi, possibly undergoing an incipient process of speciation; and Apareiodon sp. 2 may be a new Apareiodon molecular operational taxonomic unit.

Distribución del ingreso laboral y la pobreza en México durante la pandemia de la Covid-19. Escenarios e impactos potenciales

En este artículo estimamos la magnitud probable de los cambios en la distribución del ingreso, la pobreza y la pobreza extrema del país en las áreas metropolitanas del Valle de México, Guadalajara y Monterrey, así como en la Ciudad de México, de acuerdo con diferentes hipótesis de conducta del ingreso laboral basadas en información disponible hasta el inicio de la pandemia y que consideran los cierres de actividades llamadas no esenciales y el impacto de éstos en ocupaciones específicas. La pandemia apareció en el contexto de un incipiente proceso de aumento en los salarios reales y en el empleo iniciado en 2019; nuestros resultados muestran que el freno en las actividades derivado de la emergencia sanitaria, tanto en México como en el mundo, provocó el aumento de la pobreza y la extrema pobreza, además del crecimiento de la desigualdad medida por el índice de Gini.

Genetic diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto: Novel strains from Mexican wild rodents.

Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. is a Gram-negative spirochaete, the aetiological agent of Lyme disease, the most common vector-borne disease in the Northern hemisphere. Reports on the presence of B.burgdorferi in central Mexico have been strongly criticized, since these were based only on unspecific serological methods. Furthermore, the worldwide genetic diversity of B.burgdorferi s.s. has not been evaluated. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to confirm the presence of B.burgdorferi in the central area of Mexico and to evaluate its relationship with regard to the global genetic diversity of B.burgdorferi s.s. To achieve this, fragments of the flagellin and the outer surface protein A genes were amplified from ear biopsies of the arboreal wild endemic mice Habromys schmidlyi. With these sequences, a concatenated Bayesian analysis was performed to confirm the identity of B.burgdorferi s.s. Afterwards, the global genetic diversity of this bacterial species was evaluated using our sequences and those available in GenBank. A prevalence of 10.4% (5/48) of H.schmidlyi infected with Borrelia sp. was detected, and the phylogenetic analyses confirmed the identity of B.burgdorferi s.s. Using both genes, the genetic diversity was low. However, genetic structuring analyses revealed that populations of western United States and those from Mexico formed slightly different genetic groups, separated from the populations of the rest of the world. Our study not only confirms the presence of this bacterium in central Mexico, but also shows the most southern record of this bacterium so far. It also highlights the importance of H.schmidlyi as a new potential host of this bacterial species. Our study also provides first genetic data on an incipient process of divergence in B.burgdorferi s.s. populations of eastern United States and central Mexico.

Convivencia digital y rendimiento académico universitario

The objective of this work is to describe the relationship between digital coexistence and academic performance, as perceived by students in the second cycle of the Professional School of International Business of the Universidad Nacional Jose Faustino Sanchez Carrion [UNJFSC] located in Huacho, Peru, 2018. The research design was pre-experimental of a descriptive type. The data collection technique corresponds to the pretest/posttest survey. The population was made up of students from the second cycle, sections A and B, of the Professional School of International Business. The sample size was 56 students. The study concludes that the relationship between the dimensions of digital coexistence and academic performance for the course Mathematics I applied to business in the pretest showed an inverse relationship, and, in the postest, indicated a significant relationship. In the case of Microeconomics, the relationship between the variables during the pretest did not show significance; in the postest, improvements are expressed that do not reach the significant range. It is inferred that the digital coexistence between student-student-teacher-student is associated with the teacher incentive, as a strategy for students to identify the relationship between digital coexistence and academic performance, an incipient process in the International Business School of the UNJFSC, 2018.

Would tropical climatic variations impact the genetic variability of triatomines: Rhodnius ecuadoriensis, principal vector of Chagas disease in Ecuador?

Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is one of the most important vector species of Chagas disease in Ecuador. This species is distributed in the Central coast region and in the south Andean region, and an incipient speciation process between these geographical populations was previously proposed. The current population genetics study only focused on the Central coast region and analyzed 96 sylvatic specimens of R. ecuadoriensis associated with Phytelephas aequatorialis palm trees. We used Cytb and 16S-rRNA sequences and a Cytb-16S-rRNA concatenated set to explore (i) the genetic variability, spatial structuring, and demographic history of R. ecuadoriensis, and to determine (ii) the relationship between the genetic and climatic variabilities. A particularly high genetic variability was observed without detectable general genetic structure; only some terminal genetic clusters were observed. We did not observe isolation by geographical distance (IBD), and it is likely that ancient expansion occurred, according to Fs index and mismatch distribution for Cytb-16S-rRNA concatenated sequences. Hierarchical clustering showed that the current locality origins of the bugs were grouped into four bioclimatic clusters. Genetic and bioclimatic distances were not correlated, but some genetic clusters were associated with bioclimatic ones. The results showed an ancient evolution of the species in the region with a possible old expansion. The absence of spatial genetic structure could be due to climatic conditions (possible selection of singular genotypes) and to passive transportation of palms tree materials where R. ecuadoriensis are living.

The Chilean Military after Antuco: Shortcomings of a Post-Secular Discourse

In their two hundred years of existence, the Chilean armed forces have had a close relationship with the Catholic faith, especially with a local version of the Virgin Mary (Virgen del Carmen), who is held as the patroness of the military. After its greatest tragedy in peacetime, when 44 soldiers—half of them Christian evangelicals—died buried in the snows of the Antuco volcano, the army and other branches of the military felt compelled to add Protestant chaplaincies to their repertoire of religious assistance, hitherto reserved for Catholics. This has been understood as a move towards a more egalitarian and inclusive understanding of religious freedom, but also as opposing exclusivist versions of liberal neutrality, in which the state fulfils its duty by taking religion out of the public sphere altogether. According to the times’ intellectual climate, the Chilean authorities have been framing these developments—not only in the military, but elsewhere—as the embodiment of a post-secular strategy, in which religion (all religion) should be welcomed back into public life and state institutions. This article presents five concerns with this chosen strategy: (a) whether inclusive secularism is a practical impossibility, since there is no way to accommodate all religious and non-religious expressions; (b) whether a post-secular narrative is adequate for states that that have not gone through the previous (secular) phase; (c) whether post-secular institutional arrangements—which entail welcoming religion in the public sphere—are adequate in countries without religious pluralism; (d) whether post-secular institutional arrangements—which entail welcoming religion in the public sphere—are not actually disparaging for non-religious people; (e) whether sponsored religious expressions and practices within public institutions put undue pressure on dissenters. This way, I offer the case of the Chilean armed forces as a proxy to illuminate the normative problems that an incipient process of growing religious pluralism and a move towards religious egalitarianism, framed as a post-secular discourse, faces in hegemonically Catholic countries.

Resiliência em fragmento perturbado no bioma Cerrado

A pressão exercida sobre o cerrado devido à fragmentação florestal tem causado preocupação quanto à capacidade de regeneração dessas áreas. As áreas de mata ciliar devido à proximidade ao curso hídrico, são prioritárias quanto a conservação e muitas das vezes apresentam seus fragmentos perturbados. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o potencial de regeneração natural de um córrego com sua mata ciliar perturbada, circundada por pastagens. O método escolhido para demarcação de parcelas foi aleatório simples, composto por 6 parcelas de 10 m x 15 m. Realizamos o inventário florestal no interior de cada parcela, inserindo todas as árvores que possuíam circunferência altura do peito maior ou igual a 15 cm. Foram amostrados 63 indivíduos pertencentes a 10 famílias, distribuídos em 18 espécies diferentes. A maior representatividade está presente na família Fabaceae. Quanto ao grupo ecológico, 61% corresponde as espécies pioneiras, 33% às espécies secundárias e somente uma espécie foi classificada como espécie clímax. Quanto ao índice de Shannon-Weaver, apresentou baixa diversidade florística (1,67 nats.indivíduos-1). As duas espécies com maior índice de valor de importância foram o ipê amarelo (Tabebuia ochracea) e pau terra (Qualea grandiflora), espécies secundárias com valores de 65,87 e 41,44 respectivamente. A mata ciliar perturbada indica um processo de recuperação lento e incipiente principalmente nas áreas abertas e próximas às bordaduras. A área estudada apresenta potencial para regeneração natural e proximidade com fragmentos de boa qualidade, porém é necessário plantio de enriquecimento com espécies florestais secundárias, de forma a acelerar o processo de recuperação.

Territorialización del capital social: apropiación forestal comunitaria en la frontera entre Tabasco y Chiapas

Formar capital social para la apropiación colectiva favorece la conservación de los ecosistemas forestales de propiedad social. En México, la propiedad social alberga 60% de los ecosistemas forestales, y en éstos coexisten mezclas individuales y colectivas de apropiación. Mediante la acción colectiva, se estudió la organización del trabajo, los lazos de parentesco inscritos en ella y su expresión en ámbitos individuales y colectivos en cinco ejidos de Tabasco y Chiapas, con objeto de examinar la territorialización del capital social para la apropiación forestal comunitaria. Los resultados reflejan un incipiente proceso de construcción del capital social para la acción colectiva y una estructura comunitaria fragmentada.

Territorial dynamics and social differentiation among peasants in the northern highlands of Ecuador

AbstractThis article addresses the process of social differentiation among peasants who were beneficiaries of the 1960s agrarian reform in the northern highlands of Ecuador. Although peasants obtained access to land that was previously in the hands of the haciendas, the incipient process of social differentiation that arose at that time was not halted. Today, peasants are incorporated into a commercial dynamic through milk production for agribusiness that has deepened the process of social differentiation between communities and within them. The supremacy of economic capital in the social field leads to a crisis in the traditional practices of reciprocity and to the incorporation of productive strategies and new “habitus” of consumption that have generated profound transformations in the territory.

Intrinsic multiplex graph model detects incipient process drift in ultraprecision manufacturing

While rare events like process drift and damage in ultraprecision manufacturing are not preventable in most cases, the accurate detection could enable timely corrective actions to substantially reduce the severity of the fallout and the associated treatment cost. Nonetheless, subtle process drift in incipient stage generally nullifies conventional data-driven detection algorithms, which are inadequate to track dynamic behavioral evolution for complex systems. Notably, the inevitable sensor failure in conjunction with heterogeneous sensing characteristics have made it strenuous to synchronize data from multiple sources to monitor process variability. To address those challenges, this paper presents a novel intrinsic multiplex graph approach based on intrinsic time-scale decomposition of the signal collected from one single source for the detection of incipient process drift. A case study in ultraprecision machining indicates that this proposed method detects the formation and sweeping away of built-up edge phenomenon with minimal time delay.