Incipient Industrialization Research Articles

Accounting in the brazilian monarchy period: extracts from the ledger book of H. Kettenburg & Co.

This paper analyzes an accounting book used to record the transactions of H. Kettenburg & Co. in the nineteenth century in the South of Brazil. The objective of this research is to present a general view of the accounting entries made in the Ledger Book of this firm, discussing the usefulness of the accounting practices adopted and identifying the accounting themes deemed relevant and of interest, at the time of the Brazilian Monarchy. For this purpose, the paper presents a descriptive and qualitative analysis of the contents extracted from the Kettenburg’s Ledger, between 1868 and 1875. The evidence presented in the Ledger supports the existence of accounting and management control techniques adopted by the firm in the midst of the incipient industrialization of the Province of Rio Grande. The findings highlight the importance of accounting records for the provision of management information to support corporate decision-making. The study also enabled the authors to infer the influences that the Germanic culture had on this family-run business. The Ledger was recorded in German, notwithstanding the Brazilian Commercial Code, which demanded that all accounting documentation should be bookkept in the official language of the country, in other words, Portuguese. This is explained by the fact that the Journal (mandatory by law) was meant for external disclosure and the Ledger (optional), for internal management motivation, in the company’s process of management control.

Eugenics and physical culture: biotypology, sports and the body in Latin America, 1930s-1940s

The article examines the relationship between eugenics, physical exercise and the body in Latin America in the 1930s and 1940s. By focusing on Argentina, Brazil and Mexico it analyzes the reception of different traditions of European constitutional medicine, and in particular biotypology. It argues that, faced with rapid urban growth, incipient industrialization and greater social mobility, eugenicists in these countries turned their attention to collective fitness. The processes of industrial nation-building undertaken by the populist regimes of the 1930s and 1940s made the production of vital data all the more important. Biotypology played central role as a scientific means to optimize «human capital». One way to achieve this was through physical culture. On the one hand, exercising was an ideal means for instilling in the population, especially the youth, healthy habits and socially useful abilities. On the other, it offered scientists a laboratory for studying human capacities. For biotypologists, however, this knowledge had larger political implications in so far as it promised to produce the empirical data necessary for constructing taxonomical systems into which virtually every citizen could be included.

Bunge and his first fiftieth anniversary in Brazil (1905–1955): The construction of an economic group

This article studies the growth of the multinational Bunge in Brazil from 1905 until its fiftieth anniversary in 1955. The key question is how Bunge, in an economy of incipient industrialization, became an economic group. Initial investments in wheat milling—which spread to various other sectors—made this possible. Primary data from the Bunge Memory Center in Sao Paulo served as the main source of company data. We show Bunge's growth and transformation into an economic group as it bought competitors, increased the capacity of its mills, diversified products, and formed part of communities through its Foundation's activities. Bunge innovated by launching new merchandize. Its leaders were pioneers in several business areas, who occupied the country and reinvested the capital in new companies.

La fe es por el oído: oralidad, memorismo y catecismo en Colombia a comienzos del siglo XX

La oralidad y la memorización colectiva, como herramientas para la transmisión de la doctrina por parte de la Iglesia católica, de la Contrarreforma al Concilio Vaticano ii, y su permanente resistencia a los cambios en los métodos de aprendizaje y enseñanza, dan cuenta de las dificultades que enfrentaron las jerarquías eclesiásticas en su lucha por mantener los privilegios de la Iglesia y refrendar su autoridad en un mundo secularizado. Este documento examina cómo el Episcopado Colombiano trató de afrontar estos problemas, buscando cumplir las exigencias de una instrucción religiosa efectiva en un contexto de relativa secularización, incipiente industrialización y un inusitado crecimiento demográfico en las principales ciudades del país, a comienzos del siglo xx.

Developing countries and incipient industrialization: a case study of enterprise clustering and inter-firm relations in small and medium-scale manufacturing industries in Lobatse, Botswana

Botswana's small and large towns offer good examples of incipient industrialization and enterprise clustering in a developing economy. Using data from Lobatse, a small industrial centre in Botswana, this brief paper shows that clustering in developing countries does not necessarily induce high inter-firm relationships as is the case in industrialized countries. Relations are limited among firms within clusters African Journal of Social Work Vol.17(1) 2002: 19-38

Etnicidade, política e ascensão social: um exemplo teuto-brasileiro

Imigrantes alemães tiveram participação relevante no processo de colonização baseado na pequena propriedade familiar, iniciado no sul do Brasil em 1824. Nesse contexto de ocupação do território, por meio de assentamentos de famílias em regiões demarcadas como colônias, os processos de diferenciação interna e ascensão social aconteceram juntamente com a formação da identidade étnica teuto-brasileira. Os princípios distintivos dessa identidade foram baseados na especificidade cultural e social das colônias alemães e no jus sanguinis, constrastando com os imperativos de assimilação ditados pelo nacionalismo brasileiro como condição de cidadania. Este artigo aborda a questão da mobilidade social nos campos econômico e político, e as controvérsias associadas a sentimentos de etnicidade, evidenciadas em uma região de colonização alemã em Santa Catarina (Vale do Itajaí) nas primeiras décadas da República - período inicial da industrialização a partir da atividade comercial, e de aproximação da elite teuto-brasileira com a sociedade nacional.

PALRIWALA, Rajni and Carla RISSEEUW, eds., SHIFTING CIRCLES OF SUPPORT: Contextualizing Kinship and Gender in South Asia and Sub- Saharan Africa

PALRIWALA, Rajni and Carla RISSEEUW, eds., SHIFTING CIRCLES OF SUPPORT: Contextualizing Kinship and Gender in South Asia, and Sub- Saharan Africa. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press (A Division of Sage Publications, Inc.), 1996, 343 pp., $34.95 hardcover. One of the propitious recent trend in the studies of gender and kinship is the dramatic surge in the number and quality of research projects carried out in various parts of the world. This new momentum supported by various local, national and international organizations has further accentuated better communication among scholars associated with disparate intellectual orientations, ideologies and national identities. This book consists of eleven articles from five nations all from regions of South Asia and Africa represented by Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Northwest and South India, including Lakshadweep on the southwest coast of India, and Sri Lanka. Only ten of the twenty five papers form the basis of this book which were presented at the conference on State and Market Influences on Gender, Family and Kinship Relations in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Incidentally, the book does not include any articles on Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal or any other smaller nations. The book is divided into three sections. The first section focuses on colonial legacy and its impact on marriage and kinship. Francien van Driel attributes the rising numbers of female-headed households, unmarried mothers and matrilineal households to the direct impact of colonial rule and Christianity in Botswana. She holds colonial rule responsible for the introduction of a new kind of economic system which undermined the importance of customary practices and kinship bonds. Similar consequences are reported by Dzodzi Tsikata from Southern Ghana. Following the establishment of British colonial rule in Ghana at the turn of the century, the new laws of succession gradually replaced the customary practices. The new laws gave a new significance to conjugal groups over lineage groups. In many cases, such changes threatened the viability of polygynous conjugal families and the women's rights over property. Often the new alien laws simply ignored prevalent traditions, patrilineal as well as matrilineal, dividing families and kin groups often to the detriment of women. Colonialism in South Asia, fortified by new legislation and incipient industrialization, transformed gender and kinship relationships in ways which were neither British nor South Asian in character. Carla Risseeuw describes that colonial legislation in Sri Lanka institutionalized monogamous, virilocal, patriarchy relegating women into economic dependence and devaluing their work and status. One of the subjects which has received a significant amount of attention is matriliny as practised in the southern Indian state of Kerla. K. Saradamoni points out that between the 1910s and 1930s, various legislative changes in Kerala brought in new rules of inheritance, redefining and emphasizing the place of conjugal family, virtually pulverizing the strengths of the matrilineal system. …

Incipient Industrialization in an Underdeveloped Country; The Case of Chile 1845-1879

Incipient Industrialization in an Underdeveloped Country; The Case of Chile 1845-1879

Pre-Modern Interest Groups and Government: Brazil in the Nineteenth Century

Despite the considerable scholarly attention given contemporary interest groups (also known as pressure groups), there are few studies of their governmental influence and operations in a premodern setting. Such studies could tell us much, not only about the historical roots of interest groups, but about governmental processes in premodern nations. Brazil in the nineteenth century is a good subject for such research. With its economy largely based on varied agricultural and raw material export, it was also the scene of incipient industrialization. Under a constitutional monarchy, it had modified representative government, and basic political rights were respected. Nineteenth-century Brazilian interest groups, in addition to illustrating the characteristics of pre-modern interest organizations, strongly influenced governmental decision-making and public opinion and foreshadowed the activities of the much more numerous and varied groups of the twentieth century.

Novelist Sarat Chandra's perception of his Bengali home region: a literary geographic study

Sarat Chandra, a Bengali novelist of the first half of the 20th century, has described the landscape of his southern Bengal Region and has interacted through his characters a deep psychological response appropriate to the region and time. His work forms an excellent resource base to reconstruct the region of his time and establish phenomenological relationship through the feelings expressed by the characters of his novels. Sarat Chandra's Home Region is a stream-filled area with people's activity directed to agriculture, though Calcutta was already established as a center of westernization and modernization. Feudal exploitation, Zamindars' tyrrany, degenerative caste-division, child marriage, prohibition of widow's right to remarry, decaying extended family and losing person-to-person relationship of the traditional Bengal were some of the characteristics of the regional cultural geography. The cities, particularly Calcutta, had started to show signs of modernization: industries, equal rights to women, widow re-marriage and elitist ideas. “Bramho Samaj” was pioneering the social modernization. In summation, the Home Region, being a transitional stage of decaying feudalism and incipient industrialization, was engaged in a struggle between the old and the new, decadent traditional and modern, rural and urban, caste rigidity and liberal social customs, religious fanaticism and rationalism. Sarat Chandra's work, particularly, provides an inroad to understand the cultural aspects of his Home Region.

INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE GAKUNAN POLP AND PAPER INDUSTRY DISTRICT, SHIZUOKA PREFECTURE

The Gakunan District lies on the southwestern foot of Mt. Fuji. It is the leading pulp and paper industry center with a production of over 16% of Japan's total, Silk, the leading product here in the former day, was replaced by pulp and paper. Of late, however, machineries are becoming important. Before 1880, agriculture, especially rice cultivation, was the dominant productive activity in the district, There were small rural industries such as brewery, silk, Japanese paper and others related to agriculture. All of them were ubiquitous all over. A mechanized silk manufacture sparked an incipient industrialization. A small silk mill, which was built at Omiya, a trade center, in 1886, was the first seat of mechanized industry in the district. The President of the Bank of Omiya was given a major credit for the establishment of this silk mill. It was ten years later, however, than the establishment of mills in the advanced silk production regions in Japan. The mill employed 75 women. An increase of number the of silk mills resulted in a rapid increase of employees, even up to 1200 in 1900, and the district could be said to have been specialized in silk. All silk mills were established by the natives of the district such as land owners or bankers. The distribution pattern of the mills was intimately related not only to sites where water power sufficed, but also to the distribution of enterprisers, in other words, land owners. The latter was presumably a primary cone emn in deciding the location of mills in an early stage of industrial development. More mechanized industrialization began with the establishment of the Fuji Paper Mill in 1890. The first pulp and paper integrated factory of the Mill was built on a river near Omiya. The factory emp-loyed 400 persons, mostly men. While the laborers were supplied from the surrounding rural communities, the shareholders were found in Tokyo. This paper factory was quite different from the traditional system of Japanese paper production. Many other paper mills were established by the natives, especially land owners, after 1910 when paper production was booming. It is characteristic that the mills established by the enterprisers of Tokyo were specialized in pulp and printing paper but the mills built by the local people produced many kinds of Japanese paper. There have been no mills that gained all their raw materials from the forests in and around the district. Much raw materials have been sent from Hokkaido and other parts of Japan. Most mills in the area have been oriented toward the foot of Mt. Fuji where water supply was suffi-cient. Establishment of those mills were based on the agricultural structure which provided cheap labor and, on the other hand, local land owners became enterprisers by opening several banks, which helped to promote the industrialization of the Gakunan District. The distribution pattern of above-mentioned two industries has changed through time sequence. The emerging electric power made possible the change of the location of pulp and paper industry that had been oriented to water power. Since silk manufacture was too small to utilize electric power, its distrimbution pattern did not change as pulp and paper industry did. Silk production was then restricted only to Omiya, one of the silk trading centers in Shizuoka Prefecture. As the silk industry in other parts of this district died out, its place was taken by the mechanized Japanese paper industry. The rise of pulp and paper spelled relative decline of silk. Hence, the manufacturing center moved southward from Gmiya. Fig. 2 shows this change (circles in black represent pulp and paper and double circles are for silk mills). But all the paper mills were not flourishing, finding themselves in severe financial straits during the depression following World War I. Concentration of production thus took place.