Incidental Observations Research Articles

PWE-092 CT pneumocolon in a district general hospital – is this test being used appropriately?

Introduction CT pneumocolon (virtual colonoscopy, VC) is increasingly being used to investigate the colon in patients who would previously have had a barium enema or optical colonoscopy (OC). It is not associated with sedation complications and is rapid and relatively safe. Unlike OC, published guidelines for appropriate use and reporting standards for VC are scarce.1 We aimed to review the indications and the quality of VC reports in a single centre in the UK. Methods All patients investigated with VC at Barnet Hospital during a 12-month period from Jan to Dec 2008 were identified from the Radiology Department database. Demographic data, referral source, clinical indications, report details and findings were analysed. Results 355 patients had VC in 2008 (M=149; age range 29–96 years; mean 74.2 years). Out-patients represented 94% of requests (n=335). 75.8% were referred from GI surgeons, 11.8% from gastroenterologists and 8.4% from Elderly Care Medicine. 20 patients (6%) had VC as in-patients. The most common indications for VC were abdominal pain (23%), anaemia (17%) and weight loss (16%). Incomplete OC was the indication in 13% of requests and frailty in 1% of requests. Among in-patients, anaemia was the indication in 60% and frailty in 5%. The reports documented the procedure as suboptimal in 10% of requests even though poor prep was highlighted in 27% of cases (no faecal tagging used). Reference to the adequacy of distension and the use of anti-spasmodics were made in 61% and 30% of reports, respectively. The findings were similar for in-patients and out-patients, although more inpatients had poor prep (50%). There were no adverse events following VC. Normal or incidental benign observations (diverticular disease, gallstones, etc) were reported in 78.5% of out-patients. Polyps or cancer were found in 10% and another 4% had significant extra-colonic pathology. Conclusion The overwhelming majority of requests for VC are made by GI surgeons. The indications are varied and only 14% of out-patient procedures were for commonly accepted indications (frailty and incomplete OC). The quality of reporting detail varied with poor prep being identified in over one in four cases. Abdominal pain is associated with a poor yield from VC. Units that perform VC should establish guidelines for appropriate use. Like OC, we propose that VC is a specialist GI investigation which should be interpreted and reported by dedicated GI radiologists with a minimum recommended reporting standard.

Lymphoscintigraphy of a Breast Tumor Showing Focal Tracer Accumulation Along the Falciform Ligament of the Liver

99mTechneti um-nanocolloid was injected intratumorally in a pati ent with a left breast carcinoma. Sequenti al planar images showed drainage to an axillary and a left parasternal senti nel node. The liver showed faint homogeneous tracer uptake but there was also focal tracer accumulati on adjacent to the liver. SPECT/CT visualized the two senti nel nodes, but also intense tracer accumulati on along the falciform ligament. Lymph from the breast can follow unpredictable pathways and may travel retrograde via the internal mammary chain towards lymphati c channels along the falciform ligament. This phenomenon might also explain incidental observati ons of umbilical metastasis in breast cancer. Lymphati c mapping was performed in a 50-year old woman with a non-palpable cT2N0 carcinoma of the left breast. One deposit of 0.2ml of 138 MBq (3.7 mCi) 99mTechneti umnanocolloid was injected into the tumor guided by ultrasonography. Anterior and lateral sequenti al planar images were performed aft er fi ft een minutes, two hours and four hours (A). No axillary drainage was visualized at fi ft een minutes, although generalized faint liver uptake was present, as well as two spots of focal tracer accumulati on within the contour of the liver on the anterior image. Aft er two and four hours, this parti cular distributi on of the radio-colloid in the upper abdomen was sti ll present. Furthermore, an intense axillary senti nel node and weak left parasternal node were visualized (A).

The cerebral microcirculation is protected during experimental hemorrhagic shock*

Decreases in buccal microcirculation are indicative of the severity of hemorrhage, but incidental observations suggest that this may not apply to the cerebral microcirculation. We therefore hypothesized that the cerebral microcirculation may be preserved in hemorrhagic shock in which systemic and buccal microcirculatory flow are reduced. We propose to relate changes in the macrocirculation to the buccal and cerebral microcirculations during hemorrhage and after fluid resuscitation. Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study. University-affiliated research laboratory. Sprague-Dawley rats. Fifteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and endotracheally intubated. Craniotomy exposed the parietal cortex for orthogonal polarization spectral imaging. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, arterial blood gases, and lactate were measured concurrently with determination of microcirculatory indices in buccal and cerebral areas. Animals were randomly assigned to bleeding either 35% or 25% of estimated total blood volume and compared with sham bled animals. Hypovolemia was maintained for 60 mins in test animals, after which saline in amounts to 2 times the blood loss, was administered over 30 mins. Cerebral and buccal microvascular indices were measured in vessels smaller than 20 mum, representing capillaries. Mean arterial pressure and cardiac output were reduced and arterial blood lactate was increased in relationship to the magnitude of blood loss. Saline infusion increased mean arterial pressure and cardiac output. Buccal microcirculation decreased after bleeding but was restored after saline infusion. However, the cerebral microcirculation was essentially unaffected by hemorrhage and saline infusion. In contrast to the systemic decreases in pressure and flow characteristics of hemorrhagic shock, including decreases in microcirculations of buccal mucosa, cerebral microvascular flow was preserved during moderate and severe blood losses.

Diet of wolves Canis lupus recolonizing Switzerland : a preliminary approach

approach. - Dietary analyses were conducted using scat analysis and incidental carcass observations to investigate the diet of wolves returning to Switzerland. Red deer was the most frequent item eaten by wolves with 32.1% and 57.1% of frequency of occurrence in the scats and kills, respectively. Domestic ungulates accounted for 27.1% of the remains found in the scats. Kills were more frequent at lower altitude and at flatter locations than in randomly selected sites. Moreover, the slope of the latter was steeper than that of locations with kills. Wolf predation also occurred at closer distance to the nearest house and to the nearest roads than expected. Finally, gullies and ravines seemed to be a recurrent habitat feature for wolf kills.

Skin and bone: observations of dingo scavenging during a chronic food shortage

Dingo (Canis lupus dingo and hybrids) diet studies primarily rely on analyses of prey remains found in stomachs or scats (i.e. faeces). However, dingoes are also scavengers, and doubt may remain as to whether or not a given item found in a stomach/scat was killed or scavenged. This paper briefly reports some incidental observations of dingoes scavenging cattle (Bos taurus), red kangaroos (Macropus rufus), wedge-tailed eagles (Aquila audax), and other dingo carcasses during a chronic food shortage. This confirms that diet studies may not be evidence for predation, and that dietary items collected during a discrete period may not actually reflect the period when the item died.

Albinistic common seals (Phoca vitulina) and melanistic grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) rehabilitated in the Netherlands

AbstractThe Seal Rehabilitation and Research Centre (SRRC) in Pieterburen, The Netherlands, rehabilitates seals from the waters of the Wadden Sea, North Sea and Southwest Delta area. Incidental observations of albinism and melanism in common and grey seals are known from countries surrounding the North Sea. However, observations on colour aberrations have not been systematically recorded. To obtain the frequency of occurrence of these colour aberrations, we analysed data of all seals admitted to our centre over the past 38 years. In the period 1971-2008, 3000 common seals (Phoca vitulina) were rehabilitated, as well as 1200 grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). A total of five albinistic common seals and four melanistic grey seals were identified. This results in an estimated incidence of albinism in common seals of approximately 1/600, and of melanism in grey seals of approximately 1/300. The seals displayed normal behaviour, although in the albinistic animals, a photophobic reaction was observed in daylight.

Predation by Madeiran Wall LizardsTeira dugesiion Cory's ShearwaterCalonectris diomedeaHatchlings at Selvagem Grande, North Atlantic

Abstract. Reptiles are uncommon as seabird predators on islands. While conducting a study on Cory's Shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea) on Selvagem Grande, North Atlantic, incidental observations during 2006 early hatching period indicated that some chicks were being killed by Madeiran Wall Lizards (Teira dugesii). In the same year and in 2007, the phenomenon was further examined and samples of 78 and 153 nests, respectively, were followed. Also, non-systematic visits were made to other nests. A total of 40 episodes of lizards depredating Cory's Shearwaters hatchlings was recorded. This hitherto unknown source of predation for this shearwater accounted for the failure of four (5.1%) study nests in 2006 and eight (5.2%) study nests in 2007. All recorded predation cases took place either during or shortly after hatching. Also, non-systematic observations indicated that three other species of burrowing petrels (Bulwer's Petrel, Bulweria bulwerii; Madeiran Storm-petrel, Oceanodroma castro, White-faced Storm-pe...

Nine-Banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) Records in New Mexico, USA

New Mexico represents the western range limit of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) in the United States, although the nearest known established populations are in adjacent western Texas (Layne, 2003). Early records of armadillos in New Mexico were based on incidental observations (Findley et al., 1975). Stuart and Knight (1998) provided a comprehensive synopsis of scattered literature records and additional new observations of the armadillo in New Mexico, although that publication is difficult to access. Most recently, Stuart et al. (2007) provided records of the first armadillo specimens collected and preserved in the state and a map of all known locality records of armadillos in New Mexico, but did not give details about previous records. They concluded that while many records were likely the result of human intervention, at least some from southeastern New Mexico were possibly of natural origin and that suitable habitat exists in this part of the state (Stuart et al., 2007). Herein we provide a complete synopsis of all records of Dasypus novemcinctus in New Mexico known to us, including localities, dates, and sources of information. A map of these locations (Figure 1) shows that records are from the eastern third of New Mexico, which delineates the northwestern range limits of the species as currently understood. Each record is provided as a direct quote of the locality data taken from the cited source. Additional data on a record are in brackets and the reference is in parentheses. Bold numbers in parentheses correspond to localities mapped in Figure 1 and in several cases refer to two or more records from the same locality or geographically similar locations. Abbreviations include: DOR = dead on road; MSB = Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico.

High Mountain Lakes Provide a Seasonal Niche for Migrant American Dippers

Abstract We studied summer use of high elevation lakes by American Dippers (Cinclus mexicanus) in the Trinity Alps Wilderness, California by conducting repeated point-count surveys at 16 study lakes coupled with a 5-year detailed survey of all available aquatic habitats in a single basin. We observed American Dippers during 36% of the point-count surveys and found birds at 10 of 16 study lakes. Over 90% of the American Dipper sightings were in lentic habitats in Deep Creek Basin. Bird presence at a lake was positively correlated with steep rocky littoral zones and high densities of caddisfly (Trichoptera) larvae. We also observed numerous successful foraging bouts on juvenile life stages of lentic-breeding amphibians. We did not find any nests at the lakes but did observe juvenile dippers. American Dippers are highly adapted to flowing waters, and our findings coupled with incidental observations from the literature and other researchers suggests that high elevation lentic waterbodies have been largely ov...

Avifauna of the Katavi-Rukwa Ecosystem, Tanzania

ABSTRACT We combined findings of an avian field survey conducted in 2003 with the efforts of other observers to develop a comprehensive species list for the Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem; a biologically rich area of western Tanzania. Our 2003 survey, during the dry season, yielded 222 species of birds, four of which had not been reported previously. In combination with other publications, field reports, and incidental observations we documented 458 species of birds occurring in this ecosystem. The confirmed presence of ten globally threatened species, 18 biome restricted species, one range restricted species (Tanzanian masked weaver Ploceus reichardi), and significant numbers of African skimmer (Rynchops flavirostris), a colonial waterbird, strongly reinforces the classification of the Katavi National Park as an Important Bird Area in Tanzania. A synopsis of species found in this area supports the view that the avifauna of the Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem is biogeographically affiliated with the Zambezian biome. These...

Investigations on possible role of MIF gene polymorphism in progression of chikungunya infection into cases of acute flaccid paralysis and chronic arthropathy

Chikungunya fever re-emerged in India during 2005–2006 after a calm of 32 years causing an epidemic of fever with rash and polyarthralgia. Few unusual cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and chronic arthropathy (CAR) following chikungunya fever were noticed in the Andaman Islands. DNA amplification and sequencing analyses of blood samples from these patients and controls were carried out for screening the size of a CATT microsatellite repeat at −794 and presence of a mutation at −173* in the macrophage migration inhibitiory factor (MIF) gene, recently shown to be associated with a plethora of different diseases, in an attempt to explore the possibility of these genes playing a role as a host genetic factor in development of these complications. Except for the presence of homozygous tetra-CATT or pentaCATT repeat in all AFP samples, we did not find any association between AFP and CAR cases with polymorphisms in the MIF gene. These incidental observations made on a small number of cases warrants larger studies on the role of polymorphisms in the MIF genes and other host genetic factors for acquisition of rare complications following chikungunya fever. A large outbreak of chikungunya fever started in the islands of Indian Ocean in early 2005, spreading through adjoining islands and appeared in peninsular India by late 2005. After spreading through the southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala, it appeared in central and western states of India: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat, and finally reached the Andaman Islands in July–August 2006 (Manimunda et al. 2007).

Sampling design considerations for demographic studies: a case of colonial seabirds

For the purposes of making many informed conservation decisions, the main goal for data collection is to assess population status and allow prediction of the consequences of candidate management actions. Reducing the bias and variance of estimates of population parameters reduces uncertainty in population status and projections, thereby reducing the overall uncertainty under which a population manager must make a decision. In capture-recapture studies, imperfect detection of individuals, unobservable life-history states, local movement outside study areas, and tag loss can cause bias or precision problems with estimates of population parameters. Furthermore, excessive disturbance to individuals during capture-recapture sampling may be of concern because disturbance may have demographic consequences. We address these problems using as an example a monitoring program for Black-footed Albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) and Laysan Albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) nesting populations in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. To mitigate these estimation problems, we describe a synergistic combination of sampling design and modeling approaches. Solutions include multiple capture periods per season and multistate, robust design statistical models, dead recoveries and incidental observations, telemetry and data loggers, buffer areas around study plots to neutralize the effect of local movements outside study plots, and double banding and statistical models that account for band loss. We also present a variation on the robust capture-recapture design and a corresponding statistical model that minimizes disturbance to individuals. For the albatross case study, this less invasive robust design was more time efficient and, when used in combination with a traditional robust design, reduced the standard error of detection probability by 14% with only two hours of additional effort in the field. These field techniques and associated modeling approaches are applicable to studies of most taxa being marked and in some cases have individually been applied to studies of birds, fish, herpetofauna, and mammals.

CETACEANS IN IRISH WATERS: A REVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH

CETACEANS IN IRISH WATERS: A REVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH

Observations on the ecology and behaviour of Ctenognathus novaezelandiae (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Adults of the carabid Ctenognathus novaezelandiae (Fairmaire) were collected from Woodhill pine forest north of Auckland between 2000 and 2003. Although the beetles were collected specifi cally for experimental purposes, we present incidental data and observations on C. novaezelandiae ecology and behaviour. Adults, at least in spring and summer, are gregarious. The sex ratio of those caught by searching forest fl oor litter heavily favoured males, while females dominated pitfall trap collections. Ctenognathus novaezelandiae appears to be univoltine in Auckland. Adults emerged in spring, were essentially inactive over summer, and bred in autumn and winter. Larvae were present during autumn and winter, and adult numbers decreased from about mid-winter onwards. While this pattern fits the classic Northern Hemisphere model of autumn-breeding carabids, it is different from that of other New Zealand carabids studied, adults of which have a prolonged period of activity between spring and autumn with one or two peaks of activity, and are mostly inactive over winter.

Compensatory weight gain due to dopaminergic hypofunction: new evidence and own incidental observations

There is increasing evidence for a role of dopamine in the development of obesity. More specifically, dopaminergic hypofunction might lead to (over)compensatory food intake. Overeating and resulting weight gain may be induced by genetic predisposition for lower dopaminergic activity, but might also be a behavioral mechanism of compensating for decreased dopamine signaling after dopaminergic overstimulation, for example after smoking cessation or overconsumption of high palatable food. This hypothesis is in line with our incidental finding of increased weight gain after discontinuation of pharmaceutical dopaminergic overstimulation in rats. These findings support the crucial role of dopaminergic signaling for eating behaviors and offer an explanation for weight-gain after cessation of activities associated with high dopaminergic signaling. They further support the possibility that dopaminergic medication could be used to moderate food intake.

Movements of Harlequin Ducks in Eastern North America

The movements of a total of 948 Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) banded in eastern North America and Greenland from 1996-2003 (313 breeding, 186 molting/staging, and 449 wintering) were examined. Regular resighting and recapture projects have been underway at the Gannet Islands, Labrador, as well as Jericho Bay, Maine. Less consistent observations have been conducted on the Gaspé Peninsula, Québec, and incidental observations were obtained from the public. Affiliations between breeding, molting and wintering sites were assessed in an effort to determine movement patterns and the level of geographic separation. Population affiliations indicated by past satellite telemetry studies were verified by the capture-recapture data. Absolute geographic separation between the eastern North American wintering population and the Greenland wintering population could not be determined.

Changes in bird species composition on a remote and well-forested Wallacean Island, South-East Asia

In South-East Asia patterns of forest loss can predict the number of threatened birds. On the oceanic islands of Wallacea, small-scale agriculture, rather than commercial logging, is the main cause of forest loss and conversion, but few studies have directly examined their responses to land use. In 2001, I studied the birds of primary forest and anthropogenic gardens on the well-forested, and remote, Damar Island (198 km 2) in the Banda Sea. Furthermore, I examined broad changes to the islands bird fauna by comparing baseline bird lists obtained in the 19th century with 2001 data. The conversion of primary forest to garden resulted in substantial changes in avifaunal composition, and to the abundance of individual bird species, particularly to frugivorous and globally restricted-range species. Of 15 common birds, four were significantly more abundant in primary forest (blue-tailed imperial pigeon Ducula concinna, northern fantail Rhipidura rufiventris, golden whistler Pachycephala pectoralis and red-chested flowerpecker Dicaeum maugei) and one (scaly-breasted honeyeater Lichmera squamata) was more abundant in garden habitat. Incidental observations provided further evidence that many forest specialists (including the island endemic Damar flycatcher Ficedula henrici) rarely, if ever, used garden habitats notwithstanding its relative proximity. The number of resident birds recorded in 2001 (39) was similar to the 1890s (38), but six forest-dependent passerines were extirpated between samples. These losses are associated with the conversion of 25% of the primary forest to modified habitat since the 1890s, but given the sparse species and environmental change data available it is impossible to definitively pinpoint this as the only cause underlying the species losses. This study demonstrates that remote and relatively well-forested islands are not immune to the threatening processes impacting bird populations elsewhere in South-East Asia.

Effects of Avermectins on Olfactory Responses of <I>Culicoides imicola</I> (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

The aim of this study was to examine the role of the olfactory system of the midge Culicoides imicola Kieffer as the major system mediating repellency to antihelminthic avermectins. Incidental observations indicate that treatment with Dectomax or Ivomec (commercial formula of the avermectins doramectin and ivermectin, respectively) protects sheep from infection by bluetongue (BT) viruses. Our electrophysiological data from midge antennae showed that the stimulating effectiveness of L- (+)-lactic acid, butanone, and sheep fleece odor decreased after addition of avermectins. The results show that these antihelminthics affect the olfactory sensitivity of the insect toward the animal host by reducing the response to those compounds that attract the insect, consequently reducing the possibility of biting the sheep and thereby transferring the BT virus.

Wolf, <em>Canis lupus</em>, Behavior in Areas of Frequent Human Activity

We report incidental observations of Wolves (Canis lupus) tolerating human activity in central Wisconsin. Three monitored packs raised pups in close proximity to varying levels of human activity. Wolf pups were raised <350m from rearing pens of the endangered Whooping Crane (Grus americana), which saw daily human activity. One pack used cornfields as rendezvous sites within 175 m of a maintenance shed visited regularly by workers. Another pack centered their activities along a well-traveled state highway using both the verge and the road center for activity. Aerial locations of 10 yearling and adult dispersing Wolves were plotted to evalute human densities in natal territories relative to dispersal and post-dispersal territories. Township densities (mean = 9.02 humans/km2, SE = 4.015) and residential densities (mean = 5.59 housing units/km2, SE = 2.12 ) in natal pack territories were significantly greater (P <.01) for dispersal and post-dispersal township densities (mean = 43.98 humans/km2, SE =7.37) and residence densities (mean = 23.12 housing units/km2, SE =3.49). Furthermore, a pup negotiated the densely populated region of northern Illinois and dispersed from central Wisconsin to east-central Indiana, a distance of at least 690 km. As Wolves live in closer proximity to humans, living in areas of higher township and residential densities, they can be expected to be more habituated to people, increasing the probability of human/Wolf conflicts.

Pamela in the Market Place: Literary Controversy and Print Culture in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland by Thomas Keymer and Peter Sabor

122 ample? How did they shape forms they shared with their male contemporaries— forms that have little interest for us today, but that were compelling to the entire culture of the eighteenth century (religious verse being the most significant, as well as the most obvious, example)? This outline does structure the study, but it does not point to Ms. Backscheider’s organic understanding and deep knowledge of eighteenth-century life, culture, and thought. This book could be described as a cultural biography, and it is a great strength that Ms. Backscheider draws on strategies of presentation more common to the biographer (and, of course, she is a biographer) than the literary critic or cultural historian . Early on we are fully engaged with the personalities as well as the works of Finch and Rowe. Later, the same is true of Jane Bereton and Charlotte Smith. Ms. Backscheider effectively re-creates the atmosphere in which these women lived and worked and wrote. We begin to see that the eighteenth-century world was centered on poetry more than we have ever realized—the ability to read poetry effectively is everywhere referenced, in novels, in diaries, in essays; songs are interspersed in all the plays of the time; extempore poetic composition was a feature of social life. These are things we have long known, but Ms. Backscheider’s description of the domain in which women lived and wrote makes the scene come alive. It seems life in eighteenth-century England was lived to the beat of meter and the sound of rhyme. Every student of eighteenth-century literature will want to own this book—not only for its importance as a major scholarly statement, but also for the pleasure of reading and rereading, in whole or in part. Ms. Backscheider’s incidental observations are as compelling, and as just, as her major arguments. Both books call for further work in the field. Ms. Prescott and Mr. Shuttleton emphasize the need for editions of women poets, and some of these poets are the subject of current editorial projects. Ms. Backscheider begins her book by noting that every chapter could have been the subject of a full-length study. She too ends with a call for further work: ‘‘the reassessment of Restoration and eighteenth-century poetry remains to be done.’’ Eighteenth-Century Women Poets and Their Poetry brilliantly introduces issues, opportunities, and new directions, that open up vistas into a vital world of complex personalities, engaging social practices, and inspiring artistic achievements. Elizabeth Kraft University of Georgia THOMAS KEYMER and PETER SABOR. Pamela in the Market Place: Literary Controversy and Print Culture in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge , 2005. Pp. x ⫹ 295. $85. This new book by Messrs. Keymer and Sabor is a valuable companion to their The Pamela Controversy: Criticisms and Adaptations of Samuel Richardson’s Pamela , 1740–1750 (Pickering and Chatto, in six volumes, 2001), and it splendidly exemplifies what can be accomplished in the relatively new discipline of the history of the book. Although the authors refer to the Pamela controversy—and there was one—this study is concerned with something that turns out to be more neutral—the 123 Pamela phenomenon or sensation or fashion. Richardson’s correspondent Solomon Lowe shows an excellent grasp of the positive consequences for the book trade: ‘‘witness the Labours of the press in Piracies, in Criticisms, in Cavils, in Panegyrics, in Supplements, in Imitations, in Transformations, in Translations, &c, beyond anything I know of.’’ And that summary omits the plays, operas, pictures, and racehorses that were to come. The Beggar’s Opera had generated ballads and engraved fans; The Dunciad, as Pope was proud to note, had provoked extensive retaliation—but nothing had inspired such a varied volume of material. The first chapter examines the ways in which Richardson advanced the publicity of his own work. We find puffing by mouth (a sermon by Benjamin Slocock and comments from Pope); praise in a journal Richardson had printed, the Weekly Miscellany ; Aaron Hill’s letters, printed to provide the bulk of the introduction to the second edition; and Pamela-orientated verse. This material undoubtedly had an important role in provoking Shamela and could be seen as...