Incidence Of MetS Research Articles

Association of walkability and NO2 with metabolic syndrome: A cohort study in China

BackgroundEpidemiological studies have reported an association between traffic-related pollution with risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, evidence from prospective studies on the association of walkability and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with MetS is still scarce. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate the association of long-term exposure to NO2 and walkability with hazards of incident MetS. MethodsA total of 17,965 participants without MetS diagnosed within one year at baseline were included in our study from a population-based prospective cohort in Yinzhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China. Participants were followed up by the regional Health Information System (HIS) until December 15, 2021. MetS was defined based on the criteria of Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS2004). We used walkscore tools, calculating with amenity categories and decay functions, and spatial–temporal land-use regression (LUR) models to estimate walkability and NO2 concentrations. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to examine the association of walkability and NO2 with hazards of MetS incidence reporting with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). ResultsOverall, we followed up 77,303 person-years and identified 4040 incident cases of MetS in the entire cohort. Higher walkability was inversely associated with incident MetS (HR = 0.94, 95 % CI: 0.91–0.99), whereas NO2 was positively associated with MetS incidence (HR = 1.07, 95 %CI: 1.00–1.15) per interquartile range increment in two-exposure models. Furthermore, we found a significant multiplicative interaction between walkability and NO2. Stronger associations were observed for NO2 and incident MetS among men, smokers, drinkers and participants who aged < 60 years and had higher levels of income. ConclusionIn summary, we found living in areas with lower walkability and higher concentrations of NO2 were associated with increased incidence of MetS. The beneficial effect of higher walkability may be attenuated by exposure to NO2.

Seaweed intake modulates the association between VIPR2 variants and the incidence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Koreans.

Vasoactive intrinsic peptide receptor (VIPR2), a circadian gene, is involved in metabolic homeostasis and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Seaweeds contain polysaccharides that regulate metabolic homeostasis, possibly by altering the effects of VIPR2 variants. We examined the relationship between VIPR2 expression and the incidence of MetS based on seaweed consumption. This study included 4979 Koreans aged ≥40 years using data from the Ansan-Ansung cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. The total seaweeds included were laver, kelp, and sea mustard. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the interactions between the VIPR2 rs6950857 genotype associated with MetS incidence and seaweed intake after adjusting for covariates such as region. A total of 2134 patients with MetS were followed for an average of 8.9 years. In men with the GG genotype of rs6950857, the highest quintile of seaweed consumption was associated with a decreased incidence of MetS compared with that of the lowest quintile (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.62-0.98). We identified a unique association between the rs6950857 genotype, seaweed intake, and MetS. These findings highlight the importance of VIPR2 and the regulatory role of seaweed consumption in MetS incidence.

Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and the Occurrence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Taiwan.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a major contributor to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, has been linked with exposure to air pollution. However, the relationship between air pollutants and the five components of MetS [abdominal obesity, elevated triglyceride, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated blood pressure, and elevated fasting blood glucose levels], has not been clearly described. We examined the association between long-term exposure to air pollutants and the occurrence of MetS and its components by using a longitudinal cohort in Taiwan. The MJ Health Research Foundation is a medical institute that conducts regular physical examinations. The development of MetS, based on a health examination and the medical history of an MJ cohort of 93,771 participants who were enrolled between 2006 and 2016 and had two or more examinations, was compared with estimated exposure to air pollutants in the year prior to health examination. The exposure levels to fine particulate matter [PM with an aerodynamic diameter of ()] and nitrogen dioxide () in the participants' residential areas were estimated using a hybrid Kriging/land-use regression (LUR) model executed using the XGBoost algorithm and a hybrid Kriging/LUR model, respectively. Cox regression with time-dependent covariates was conducted to estimate the effects of annual air pollutant exposure on the risk of MetS and its components. During the average follow-up period of 3.4 y, the incidence of MetS was 38.1/1,000 person-years. After mutual adjustment and adjustments for potential covariates, the results indicated that every increase in annual concentration was associated with an increased risk of abdominal obesity [; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.14], hypertriglyceridemia (; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.23), low HDL-C (; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.17), hypertension (; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.21), and elevated fasting blood glucose (; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.20). Furthermore, and may increase the risk of developing MetS among people who already "have" some components of MetS. Our findings suggest that in apparently healthy adults undergoing physical examination, exposure to and might be associated with the occurrence of MetS and its components. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10611.

PS-B07-8: LEAFY VEGETABLE CONSUMPTION AND RISK OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ITS SYMPTOMS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF COHORT AND RANDOMISED CONTROL TRIALS

Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and obesity. It increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all cause mortality and exerts an enormous global burden on health systems. A better understanding of dietary approaches that can reduce the risk of MetS or its symptoms is crucial. Leafy vegetables contain bioactive compounds such as nitrates, dietary fibre and flavonoids that are protective against illnesses. However, investigations of whether leafy vegetable consumption can reduce MetS and its symptoms are unclear. This systematic review investigates the effect of leafy vegetable consumption on the risk of MetS and its symptoms. Design and method: Randomised control trials (RCT), and observational studies were searched in the Web of Science, Scopus, and MEDLINE databases until October 2020. Inclusion criteria were: studies in adults aged ≧ 18 years without MetS symptoms, the intervention of leafy vegetables, the outcome of a change in or incidence of MetS or any of its symptoms. The Cochrane tool and Newcastle Ottawa Scale were used to assess the risk of bias in RCTs and cohort studies, respectively. Results: A total of eight studies (six RCTs and two cohort studies) were included in the qualitative analysis. There were no trials assessing obesity or MetS. The results are shown in Table 1. Conclusion: Few studies evaluated the impact of leafy vegetable consumption on MetS and its symptoms. Beneficial effects of leafy vegetables are reported for blood glucose and blood pressure regulation, but the evidence is limited. More studies are needed to build a robust body of evidence.

Effect of night shift work on metabolic syndrome in adults who suffered from earthquake stress in early life.

To examine the role of night shift work on the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults suffered from earthquakes prenatally or as infants and to analyse the effect of stress on factors that influence MetS in this population. We included 870 subjects from 2014 to 2015. All subjects work as miners for the Kailuan Mining Group and were born were living in Tangshan. Participants were classified into two groups on basis of their work schedules: day shift and night shift. They were further classified into the prenatal exposure group, the infancy exposure group, and the control group based on their age during the Tangshan earthquake. This study was conducted 38 years after the earthquake. Participants' general demographic data, smoking and drinking habits, as well as work schedules were collected. All participants' sleep status was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The measurement of all subjects' waist circumference and blood pressure was made, and triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins were measured by collecting blood samples. The definition of MetS was made after the guidelines for preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes in China (2017 Edition). A total of 187 (21.5%) workers were determined to have MetS. The incidence of MetS was greatly higher in night shift workers who were exposed to an earthquake during infancy than in day shift workers (χ2 = 8.053, p = 0.005). A multivariate logistic regression analysis displayed male participants had a higher risk develop MetS than female participants (p = 0.042, OR = 0.368, 95% CI = 0.140, 0.965). Current smokers (p = 0.030, OR = 1.520, 95%CI = 1.042, 2.218) and participants who sleep fewer than 7 h per night (p = 0.015, OR = 1.638, 95%CI = 1.101, 2.437) had a higher risk of MetS. Prenatal earthquake stress was also a risk element for MetS (p = 0.012, OR = 1.644, 95%CI = 1.115, 2.423). The risk of MetS is significantly higher in night shift workers exposed to earthquake stress during infancy than day shift workers. Earthquake exposure during pregnancy is an independent risk factor for MetS. Smoking and sleeping less than 7 h have a higher risk of MetS than the control group.

PS-BPC02-5: IMPACT OF LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN METABOLIC SYNDROME STATUS OVER TWO YEARS ON 10-YEAR INCIDENT TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Background: Temporal changes in MetS status over two years may modify the 10-year risk of incident diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in 7,317 adults aged 40–70 years without DM at baseline. Subjects were categorized into four groups based on repeated longitudinal assessment of metabolic syndrome (MetS) status over two years, as defined by ATP III guidelines: non-MetS, resolved MetS, incident MetS, and persistent MetS. The hazard ratio (HR) of new-onset DM during 10 years was calculated in each group using Cox models. Results: During the 10-year follow-up, 1,099 (15.0%) developed DM. Compared to the non-MetS group, the fully adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for new-onset DM were 1.27 (1.01–1.61) in the resolved MetS group, 1.78 (1.43–2.22) in the incident MetS group, and 1.85 (1.52–2.26) in the persistent MetS group (P for trend &lt; 0.001). The 10-year risk of DM in subjects with resolved MetS was attenuated compared to those with persistent MetS over two years (P &lt; 0.001). The adjusted hazard ratio for 10-year incident DM gradually increased according to the number of MetS components two years later. Conclusions: Temporal changes in MetS status over two years influenced the 10-year risk of incident DM, suggesting that determining the status of MetS regularly and strictly controlling MetS are important in preventing DM.

PS-P08-5: METABOLIC SYNDROME RISK PREDICTION EQUATION AND A SIMPLE SCORE MODEL DERIVATION AND VALIDATION IN JAPANESE GENERAL POPULATION

Objective: Predicting metabolic syndrome (MetS) is important for identifying high risk cardiovascular disease individuals and providing preventive interventions. We aimed to develop and validate an equation and a simple MetS score according to the Japanese MetS criteria using Japanese health checkup data. Design and Methods: In total, 54,198 participants (age, 54.5 ± 10.1 years; men, 46.0%), with baseline and five year follow up data were randomly assigned to Derivation and Validation cohorts (ratio: 2:1). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed in derivation cohort and scores were assigned to factors corresponding to beta coefficients. We evaluated predictive ability of the scores using area under the curve (AUC), then applied them to validation cohort to assess reproducibility. For equation model, all variables were treated as continuous except for sex, current smoking, and alcohol consumption, which were treated as binary variables. Results: The primary model (including blood tests) ranged 0 to 27 points had an AUC of 0.81 (sensitivity: 0.81, specificity: 0.81, cut-off score: 14), and consisted of age, sex, blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), serum lipids, glucose measurements, current smoking, and alcohol consumption. The simplified model (excluding blood tests) ranged 0 to 17 points with an AUC of 0.78 (sensitivity: 0.83, specificity: 0.77, cut off score: 15) and included seven variables: age, men, systolic BP, diastolic BP, BMI, alcohol consumption, and current smoking. We classified individuals with a score &lt; 15 as low-risk MetS and ≧ 15 points as high risk MetS, respectively. The incidence of MetS increased constantly as the score increased. Furthermore, the equation model to predict MetS incidence from derivation cohort generated an AUC of 0.85 (sensitivity: 0.86, specificity: 0.55). Analysis of the validation and derivation cohorts yielded similar results. Conclusion: We developed a primary score, an equation model, and a simple score. The simple score is convenient, well validated with acceptable discrimination, and could be used for early detection of MetS in high risk individuals.

Povezanost dužine trajanja bolesti i primenjene terapije sa metaboličkim sindromom kod pacijenata obolelih od sistemskog eritemskog lupusa

Aim. The aim of the paper was to examine the impact of disease duration and administered therapy on the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Material and methods. This study involved 55 patients (50 females and 5 males) with the diagnosis and 49 healthy controls of similar age. MetS was defined according to modified NCEP-ATP III diagnostic criteria, and obesity was defined by body mass index BMI &gt; 30. Results. In the group of SLE patients with MetS, there were 23 individuals (41.82%). In the control group, there were 10 (20.4%) patients with MetS. There were significantly more SLE patients with MetS in comparison to the controls (p = 0.04). Duration of the disease in the group with MetS was longer in comparison to those without MetS, but it was not statistically significant (15.35 ± 10.26 vs 10.44 ± 7.88, p = 0.073). The study confirmed that there is a moderate association (CC = 0.355) between disease duration and number of MetS parameters, however, this dependency was not statistically significant (p = 0.439). In the group without MetS, there were statistically more patients treated with antimalarial drugs monotherapy (p = 0.023). It has been found that the patients with MetS were treated with corticosteroid therapy longer than those without MetS, but it was not statistically significant (153.57 ± 103.34 vs 114.75 ± 83.32, p = 0.129). Conclusion. Patients with longer SLE duration have more often MetS. It has been shown that, statistically, more patients without MetS were treated with antimalarial drugs monotherapy, and that long-term CS use, in our study, was not associated with higher incidence of MetS.

Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Increased Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: The ELSA-Brasil.

To investigate the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). From 2008 to 2010, we enrolled 15,105 adults, aged 35-74 years, who were employees from six public education and research institutions to assemble the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). We used a food frequency questionnaire to assess UPF consumption (measured in grams per day) at baseline. We then assessed the outcomes of those returning to visits between 2012 and 2014 and between 2017 and 2019. We defined incident MetS by the presence of at least three of the following five abnormalities: high fasting glucose level, high triglyceride level, low HDL cholesterol level, high blood pressure, and abdominal obesity, after excluding those meeting such criteria at baseline. We also excluded those who had missing data or an implausible energy intake, leaving 8,065 participants in the study. The median age was 49 years, 59% of participants were women, and the median consumption of UPFs was 366 g/day. After 8 years, there were 2,508 new cases of MetS. In robust Poisson regression, adjusting for sociodemographics, behavioral factors, and energy intake, we found a 7% (relative risk [RR] 1.07; 95% CI 1.05-1.08) higher risk of incident MetS for an increase of 150 g/day in UPF consumption. Similarly, those in the fourth quartile (compared with the first quartile) had a 33% increased risk (RR 1.33; 95% CI 1.20-1.47). Further adjustment for BMI attenuated these associations (for 150 g/day increases in UPF consumption and for the fourth quartile compared to the first one, respectively, RR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.06; RR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.07-1.32). Greater consumption of UPFs is associated with an increased risk of MetS. These findings have important implications for diabetes and cardiovascular disease prevention and management.

Long-term trajectories of BMI and cumulative incident metabolic syndrome: A cohort study.

Body mass index (BMI) has been widely recognized as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the relationship between the trajectory of BMI and cumulative incident MetS is still unclear. We investigate the associations of long-term measurements of BMI with MetS among young adults in the China Health and Nutrition Survey. We enrolled individuals aged 10 to 20 at baseline with recorded BMI at each follow-up interview, and 554 participants were finally included in our study. The assessment and incidence of MetS were evaluated by blood tests and physical examinations in their adulthood. A latent class growth mixed model was used to identify three BMI trajectory patterns: a low baseline BMI with slow development (low-slow, n=438), a low baseline BMI with fast development (low-fast, n=66), and a high baseline BMI with fast development (high-fast, n=50). Logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between different BMI trajectories and the incidence of MetS. During a follow-up of 16 years, 61 (11.01%) participants developed MetS. The combination of elevated triglycerides and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was most frequent in diagnosed MetS. In multivariate adjusted models, the low-fast and high-fast BMI trajectories showed a significantly higher risk of MetS than those with the low-slow BMI trajectory (low-high: OR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.14-10.13, P < 0.05; high-fast: OR = 5.81, 95% CI: 1.63-20.69, P < 0.05). Our study identified three BMI trajectories in young adults and found that long-term measurements of BMI were also associated with cumulative incident MetS.

Metabolic syndrome and Visceral Adiposity Index in non-functional adrenal adenomas.

We aimed to identify metabolic dysfunction in non-functioning adrenal adenomas (NFAAs) and Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) predictability in the practical estimation of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in NFAAs. 134 NFAA patients and 68 control subjects matched for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were included in the study. After physical, biochemical, and endocrine evaluation, IDF and NCEP ATP III criteria were used to determine MetS. HOMA-IR and VAI were calculated for both study group subjects. MetS was significantly higher in the NFAA patients. The incidence of MetS by IDF and NCEP criteria was 52.9%,48.5% in the NFAI and 32.3%,30.8% in the control group (p < 0.01, p = 0.02). The risk of MetS was increased in NFAA (75.6 vs. 24.4%, p = 0.017, OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.06-1.68). Glucose, HOMA IR, hypertension, and VAI were significantly increased in NFAA patients. The risk of MetS was independently associated with high VAI (79.2 vs. 20.8%, p = 0.001, OR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.70-2.91). MetS, insulin resistance, and VAI are more prevalant in NFAA patients than in healthy individuals. VAI can be used with high specificity to estimate MetS in NFAA patients.

Sex differences in the change of exercise behavior leading to incident metabolic syndrome reduction: A community-based prospective study

This study was undertaken to assess the role of sex differences in the effects of exercise behavior change on incident metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Changhua County, Taiwan. Using data derived from the Changhua Community-based Integrated Screening (CHCIS), 22,594 eligible residents aged 40 years or older had the screening at least twice from 2005 to 2018. A prospective cohort study was designed to follow up the normal cohort without MetS at baseline to ascertain incident MetS in the light of the criteria of the Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. We then evaluated whether there was a sex difference in the outcome of incident MetS attributed to the change in exercise behavior from three (no, irregular, and regular exercise) maintained patterns already defined at baseline to either the enhanced pattern or the reduced pattern by the end of follow-up. We applied Cox proportional hazards regression model stratified by sex for estimating the hazard ratio of any two-group comparison. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, the number of screenings attended, personal disease history, and other health behaviors, the influence of change in exercise behavior on incident MetS was statistically significant only in men. Specifically, maintaining no exercise showed a lower risk of MetS than maintaining regular exercise 21 % in men. Regarding the change in exercise behavior, men with the enhanced pattern reduced the risk of MetS by 15 % compared with those maintaining regular exercise. The findings suggest that positive changes in exercise behavior reduce the incidence of MetS in men but not in women.

Adherence to lifelines diet score and risk factors of metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese adults: A cross-sectional study.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the most significant public health issues worldwide, and diet quality is an important controllable environmental factor influencing the incidence of MetS. Numerous dietary scores have been established to assess compliance with dietary recommendations or eating patterns, many of which are not entirely food-based. Hence, Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS) was developed in response to the shortcomings of existing tools. This study aimed to assess any possible links between total food quality and cardiometabolic risk factors among overweight and obese adults. This cross-sectional study included 338 overweight and obese individuals [body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m2] aged 20-50 years in Tabriz, Iran. To collect dietary data, we used a validated semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for Iranian population. Enzymatic-colorimetric methods were used to assess serum glucose and lipids, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to measure insulin levels. In addition, the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) were calculated. BMI and hip circumference (HC) were significantly different (P < 0.05) amongst LLDS tertiles. Adherence to the highest tertile of LLDS was associated with lower SBP, and the subjects in higher LLDS tertiles significantly had lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P = 0.04). Triglyceride (TG) levels were also lower in the third tertile of LLDS with a near-significant P-value (P = 0.05). According to our results, a higher diet quality score, determined by LLDS, can be associated with a lower risk of MetS. Further experimental and longitudinal studies are needed to better understand this relationship.

Longitudinal association between physical activity and the risk of incident metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in Germany

We examined the longitudinal association between physical activity (PA) and the risk of incident metabolic syndrome (MetS) among middle-aged, community-dwelling adults, including 591 individuals (314 females; mean (SD) age, 43.8 (8.5) years) who were free of MetS at baseline. Habitual and sports-related PA was assessed by a self-reported questionnaire. MetS was defined based on HDL-cholesterols, triglycerides, glucose or HbA1c, blood pressure, and waist circumference. We calculated Cox proportional hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using regression analyses. Over a mean follow-up of 12.5 years, 205 participants developed incident MetS. Four different sports-related PA measures were associated with a decreased risk of incident MetS: (1) Engaging in ≥ 75 min/week (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.53–0.94), (2) maintaining a continuously high amount from baseline to follow-up of ≥ 75 min/week (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.46–0.94), (3) starting from < 150 min/week at baseline to ≥ 150 min/week at follow-up (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.45–0.94), and (4) increasing from < 16.6 MET-hours/week at baseline to ≥ 16.6 MET-hours/week at follow-up (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.31–0.71). Thus, maintaining, starting or increasing sports-related PA is associated with a lower risk of incident MetS.

Abstract 14079: Association Between Serum Uric Acid Level and Metabolic Syndrome in a Rural Japanese Population: A Multi-Center Study

Introduction: Several reports have showed associations between serum uric acid (UA) levels and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Limited information, however, is available concerning the prospective relation between UA and the risk of developing MetS. Hypothesis: Hyperuricemia would be related to higher odds for MetS in a rural Japanese population. Methods: We evaluated 2406 subjects (1275 male subjects, 1131 female subjects; mean age 49.9 years) who underwent health examination programs in 2008 and 2013, who were free of MetS in 2008. We conducted this multi-center study in two hospitals located in northern Hiroshima prefecture. Results: At baseline, hyperuricemia was detected in 258 male subjects (20%) and 41 female subjects (3.6%). Subjects with hyperuricemia at baseline had significantly higher MetS prevalence in 2013 than those without (male subjects: 14.7% vs. 9.1%, P=0.01; female subjects: 9.8% vs. 1.7%, P=0.008). Compared with subjects in the first quartile of uric acid levels at baseline, the age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for cumulative incidence of MetS among subjects in the second, third, and fourth quartile were, 0.77 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.40-1.48; P=0.43), 1.79 (95% CI, 1.05-3.06; P=0.03) and 2.17 (95% CI, 1.28-3.70; P=0.004), for male subjects. Compared with subjects in the second quartile of uric acid levels at baseline, the age-adjusted ORs for cumulative incidence of MetS among subjects in the third, and fourth quartile were 2.46 (95% CI, 0.47-12.9; P=0.29), 7.34 (95% CI, 1.65-32.6; P=0.009), for female subjects. Multivariable logistic analysis revealed that hyperuricemia was significantly associated with cumulative incidence of MetS in male and more significantly in female subjects (male: OR, 1.79 [95% CI, 1.19-2.69; P=0.005], female: OR, 6.34 [95% CI, 2.03-20.0; P=0.002]). Conclusions: Hyperuricemia is a significant predictor of MetS in rural Japanese population and more significantly in female.

The Bitter Side of Sugar Consumption: A Mitochondrial Perspective on Diabetes Development

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has increased worldwide at an alarming rate. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major risk factor for T2D development. One of the main reasons for the abrupt rise in MetS incidence, besides a sedentary lifestyle, is the westernized diet consumption, with high content of industrialized foods, rich in added dietary sugars (DS), mainly sucrose and fructose. It has been suggested that a higher intake of DS could impair metabolic function, inducing MetS, and predisposing to T2D. However, it remains poorly explored how excessive DS intake modulates mitochondrial function, a key player in metabolism. This review explores the relationship between increased consumption of DS and mitochondrial dysfunction associated with T2D development, pointing to a contribution of the diet-induced accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), with brief insights on the impact of maternal high-sugar diet and AGEs consumption during gestation on offspring increased risk of developing T2D later in life, contributing to perpetuate T2D propagation.

Different vitiligo characteristics as predictors of increased risk of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: A case-control study.

Autoimmune and metabolic disturbances have been reported in association with vitiligo, highlighting possible systemic associations that should be considered. To assess the possible association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as well as insulin resistance (IR) with vitiligo in different age groups. This case-control study included 142 patients with vitiligo aging ≥ 6 years and 142 age- and sex-matched controls. Participants were assessed for MetS using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria in addition to IR via homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR). The study was registered at Clinical Trials.gov, Identifier: NCT03622320, on August 9, 2018. As per the IDF criteria, patients with vitiligo showed significantly more frequent association with high fasting plasma glucose levels, high blood pressure readings, central obesity, dyslipidemia, and MetS than controls (p= 0.020, p= 0.034, p= 0.014, p< 0.001, and p= 0.002, respectively). Moreover, patients with vitiligo have significantly higher levels of fasting insulin and HOMA-IR (p≤ 0.001). Results obtained from patients with vitiligo and controls with coexistent MetS/IR demonstrated vitiligo as a risk factor for both MetS and IR. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression highlighted that older age was the significant independent predictor for MetS and IR. Patients with vitiligo showed a significantly higher incidence of MetS than controls. Vitiligo per se can be considered a risk factor for MetS and IR. Therefore, regular follow-up and early metabolic derangement diagnoses are mandatory.

A Longitudinal Study of Exposure to Manganese and Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome.

The association between manganese (Mn) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is unclear, and no prior study has studied this association longitudinally. The aim of this study was to assess longitudinal associations of Mn exposure with MetS and metabolic outcomes. We used data from the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study (SLVDS), a prospective cohort from rural Colorado with data collected from 1984–1998 (n = 1478). Urinary Mn was measured at baseline (range = 0.20–42.5 µg/L). We assessed the shape of the cross-sectional association between Mn and MetS accounting for effect modification by other metals at baseline using Bayesian kernel machine regression. We assessed longitudinal associations between baseline quartiles of Mn and incident MetS using Fine and Gray competing risks regression models (competing risk = mortality) and between quartiles of Mn and metabolic outcomes using linear mixed effects models. We did not observe evidence that quartiles of Mn were associated with incident MetS (p-value for trend = 0.52). Quartiles of Mn were significantly associated with lower fasting glucose (p-value for trend < 0.01). Lead was found to be a possible effect modifier of the association between Mn and incident MetS. Mn was associated with lower fasting glucose in this rural population. Our results support a possible beneficial effect of Mn on diabetic markers.

Association between skeletal muscle mass or percent body fat and metabolic syndrome development in Japanese women: A 7-year prospective study.

Previous cross-sectional studies have indicated that low relative appendicular lean mass (ALM) against body weight (divided by body weight, ALM/Wt, or divided by body mass index, ALM/BMI) was negatively associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Conversely, previous cross-sectional studies have indicated that the absolute ALM or ALM divided by squared height (ALM/Ht2) were positively associated with MetS. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the association between low absolute or relative skeletal muscle mass, leg muscle power, or percent body fat and the development of MetS in Japanese women in a 7-y prospective study. The study participants included 346 Japanese women aged 26 to 85 years. The participants were divided into low and high groups based on the median values of ALM/Wt, ALM/BMI, ALM/Ht2, absolute ALM, or leg power. The longitudinal relationship between ALM indices or leg power and MetS development was examined using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models (average follow-up duration 7 years, range 1 to 10 years). During follow-up, 24 participants developed MetS. MetS incidence was higher in the low ALM/Wt group than the high ALM/Wt group even after controlling for age, obesity, waist circumference, family history of diabetes, smoking, and physical activity [adjusted hazard ratio = 5.60 (95% CI; 1.04–30.0)]. In contrast, MetS incidence was lower in the low ALM/Ht2 group than the high ALM/Ht2 group [adjusted hazard ratio = 10.6 (95%CI; 1.27–89.1)]. MetS incidence was not significantly different between the low and high ALM/BMI, absolute ALM, and leg power groups. Both ALM/Ht2 and ALM/Wt were not significant predictive variables for MetS development when fat mass or percent body fat was taken into account in the Cox model. At the very least, the results of this study underscore the importance of body composition measurements in that percent body fat, but not ALM, is associated with MetS development.

The Levels of Bioelements in Postmenopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome.

(1) Metabolic syndrome is a set of factors that considerably increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and their cardiovascular complications. Studies show that menopause and the levels of elements may be significantly associated with increased risk of MetS. The present study evaluated the relationship between element levels (Ca, P, Na, K, Fe, Mg, Cu, Zn, Sr) and the incidence of MetS and concomitant metabolic disorders in peri-menopausal women. (2) The study involved 170 perimenopausal women. The methods used were: survey, anthropometric measurement (WC, height, BMI, WHtR), blood pressure measurement, and biochemical analysis of venous blood (lipid profile, glucose, insulin, HbA1C). (3) The study demonstrated statistically significantly higher WC, WHtR, SBP, and DBP values in women with pre-Mets than in those with Mets and the control group. Significantly higher FPG, TG, LDL, HbA1C, insulin, TG/HDL ratio, and TC/HDL ratio were recorded in the MetS group compared to the rest of respondents. In addition, post hoc analysis revealed statistically significant differences in mean K concentrations between pre-MetS and MetS women. (4) Low blood K levels in perimenopausal women are associated with an increased risk of MetS. Significantly higher Cu levels were observed in overweight women. The concentration of Cu negatively correlates with the values of TC, LDL, and SBP.