Incidence Of Depressive Disorders Research Articles

Is divisive politics making Americans sick? Associations of perceived partisan polarization with physical and mental health outcomes among adults in the United States

ObjectivesTo investigate whether changes in perceived partisan polarization since the 2016 US presidential election and current perceptions of polarization are associated with the onset of physical and mental health conditions in adults. MethodsWe surveyed a nationally-representative sample (n = 2752) of US adults between December 2019 and January 2020. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate associations between perceived polarization and the incidence of hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, diabetes, and anxiety, depressive, and sleep disorders in or after 2016 and current self-rated health. Our secondary exposure variables measured perceptions of mass and elite polarization at the state and national level. Perceived mass polarization measured perceptions of the partisan gap between Democrat and Republican voters; perceived elite polarization measured perceptions of the partisan gap between Democrat and Republican elected officials. ResultsParticipants reporting an increase in polarization had 52–57% higher odds of developing depressive disorders (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.29, P = 0.047) and anxiety disorders (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.07, 2.29, P = 0.02) compared to participants who perceived no change in polarization. Those reporting high (vs. low) levels of perceived state-level mass polarization had a 49% higher odds of incident depressive disorders (P = 0.03). Participants who perceived high levels of state-level elite polarization reported a 71% higher odds of incident depressive disorders (P = 0.004) and a 49% higher odds of incident sleep disorders (P = 0.03). ConclusionsPerceptions of partisan polarization may represent important factors that are linked to the onset of mental health and sleep disorders.

Exploring real-world evidence to uncover unknown drug benefits and support the discovery of new treatment targets for depressive and bipolar disorders

BackgroundMajor depressive and bipolar disorders are associated with impaired quality of life and high economic burden. Although progress has been made in our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and the development of novel pharmacological treatments, a large unmet need remains for finding effective treatment options. The purpose of this study was to identify potential new mechanisms of actions or treatment targets that could inform future research and development opportunities for major depressive and bipolar disorders. MethodsA self-controlled cohort study was conducted to examine associations between 1933 medications and incidence of major depressive and bipolar disorders across four US insurance claims databases. Presence of incident depressive or bipolar disorders were captured for each patient prior to or after drug exposure and incident rate ratios were calculated. Medications that demonstrated ≥50% reduction in risk for both depressive and bipolar disorders within two or more databases were evaluated as potential treatment targets. ResultsEight medications met our inclusion criteria, which fell into three treatment groups: drugs used in substance use disorders; drugs that affect the cholinergic system; and drugs used for the management of cardiovascular-related conditions. LimitationsThis study was not designed to confirm a causal association nor inform current clinical practice. Instead, this research and the methods employed intended to be hypothesis generating and help uncover potential treatment pathways that could warrant further investigation. ConclusionsSeveral potential drug targets that could aid further research and discovery into novel treatments for depressive and bipolar disorders were identified.

Depressive Disorder in Adolescents in Terms of Gender and Grade: A Case Study in Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam

Adolescents, with rapid but uneven developments in biology as well as psychology, are highly at risk of onset in depression. Depression brings about severe consequences, including social and academic difficulties. However, no previous research has considered using The Beck Depression Inventory to examine major depressive disorder among Vietnamese adolescents, especially the gender and grade aspects. The goal of this research was to evaluate adolescents’ depression in Hue province and consider the differences among grades as well as genders. A cross-sectional study utilising The Beck Depression Inventory was conducted with 1,336 adolescents in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. There was a gender gap in depression among the adolescents in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam, and depression in the 9th grade and 12th grade adolescents were more evident than in the others. Therefore, gender disparities vary among age groups in the incidence of depressive disorder.

The Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and the Upcoming Depressive Disorders of Type II Diabetics.

IntroductionPeripheral neuropathy is one of the possible complications of diabetes. Alpha-lipoic acid (a-lipoic acid or ALA) is a powerful antioxidant cofactor synthesized in mitochondria that could help stimulate nerves and regenerate nerve fibers, thus preventing disease progression. Moreover, the possible feeling of oppression from the lifestyle changes needed to avoid the complications of diabetes may contribute to the development of depressive symptoms. ALA increases insulin sensitivity, which could increase serotonin synthesis and thus reduce the manifestations of depressive disorder.AimThe aim of this study is to investigate the therapeutic effect after oral administration of a-lipoic acid in patients with type II diabetes mellitus, regarding the possibility of developing peripheral neuropathy and the possibility of developing depressive disorder due to the existence of diabetes type II.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 148 Greek patients, type II diabetics, 68 men and 80 women, aged 50-75 years. All of them were non-smokers and did not consume alcohol. Their treatment was a combination of gliclazide, sodium-glucose-linked transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, metformin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs. None of them were under insulin administration. Any other treatment received chronically from the patients for other comorbidities was not altered or paused. All patients were in regular monitoring of renal, hepatic, and ocular function, which was normal. Patients were monitored with a balanced diet, based on equivalents, in order to maintain an almost constant body mass index (BMI). All were given one tablet of 600 mg a-lipoic acid, two hours before a meal, for eight months, and the incidence of developing peripheral neuropathy and depressive disorder was assessed, using the Subjective Peripheral Neuropathy Screen Questionnaire (SPNSQ) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) questionnaire.ResultsALA administration after both four and eight months resulted in statistically significant results and, specifically, the peripheral neuropathy development mean score was reduced by 4.79 at four months and 6.22 after eight months. Concerning the incidence of depressive disorder, an average decrease of 4.43 in the related depression score was observed at the four-month milestone and 7.56 at eight months, both statistically significant.ConclusionA-lipoic acid is a powerful antioxidant and, when used with conventional treatment, has shown to significantly decrease the incidence of depression and peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Depression-free after Interferon-α exposure indicates less incidence of depressive disorder: A longitudinal study in Taiwan

BackgroundIFN-α-induced depression in patients undergoing hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment provides powerful support for the inflammation hypothesis of depression. Most studies have focused on the occurrence of depressive symptoms, but there has been no study yet in depression-free HCV patients receiving IFN-α. We hypothesized that HCV patients who did not develop depression after IFN-α exposure might have a lower incidence of depressive disorders after the IFN-α treatment. MethodsWe conducted a twelve-year population-based cohort study of chronic HCV patients who received IFN-α therapy. The data were obtained from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The study cohort was patients without any depressive disorder nor antidepressant use before and during IFN-α therapy. They were matched randomly by age, sex income and urbanization at a ratio of 1:4 with the control cohort of HCV patients without IFN-α therapy. The follow-up started after the last administration of IFN-α, and the primary outcome was the incidence of depressive disorders after IFN-α therapy. ResultsA total of 20,468 depression-free subjects were identified from records of HCV patients receiving IFN-α therapy. Patients without IFN-α-induced depression were associated with a significantly lower incidence (per 10,000 person-years) of new-onset depressive disorders (126.8, 95% Confidential Interval [CI] of 118.5–135.6) as compared to the control cohort (145.2, 95% CI of 140.0–150.6) (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, income, urbanization and comorbid diseases, the crude hazard ratio for the incident depressive disorder was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.80–0.87) and the adjusted hazard ratios was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72–0.87) for IFN-α-induced depression-free subjects as compared to the controls. DiscussionOur study indicates that IFN-α treated depression-free patients have a lower risk for depressive disorders. This hypothesized mechanism might derive from an IFN-α-induced resilience factor as yet to be defined. ConclusionsOur study might suggest a new possibility for a new pharmacological strategy against depression.

Sucrose Preference and Novelty-Induced Hypophagia Tests in Rats using an Automated Food Intake Monitoring System.

The prevalence and incidence of depressive disorders are rising worldwide, affecting about 322 million individuals, underlining the need for behavioral studies in animal models. In this protocol, to study depression-like and anhedonic behavior in rats, the established sucrose preference and novelty-induced hypophagia tests are combined with an automated food and liquid intake monitoring system. Prior to testing, in the sucrose preference paradigm, male rats are trained for at least 2 days to consume a sucrose solution in addition to tap water. During the test, rats are again exposed to water and sucrose solution. Consumption is registered every second by the automated system. The ratio of sucrose to total water intake (sucrose preference ratio) is a surrogate parameter for anhedonia. In the novelty-induced hypophagia test, male rats undergo a training period in which they are exposed to a palatable snack. During training, rodents show a stable baseline snack intake. On test day, the animals are transferred from home cages into a fresh, empty cage representing a novel unknown environment with access to the known palatable snack. The automated system records the total intake and its underlying microstructure (e.g., latency to approaching the snack), providing insight into anhedonic and anxious behaviors. The combination of these paradigms with an automated measuring system provides more detailed information, along with higher accuracy by reducing measuring errors. However, the tests use surrogate parameters and only depict depression and anhedonia in an indirect manner.

Aspects of the affective disorders and the affective temperaments in medical students from Rostov-on-Don, Russia

Affective disorders are widespread among student youth. Anxiety and depression are the most common disorders, but thorough diagnostics reveals other emotional disturbances as well, which may imply bipolar disorder (BD). BD is associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes; therefore, it is important to identify masking symptoms that predict the onset and course of BD. One of the predictors of bipolar disorder is the temperament. The present study aimed to analyze the entire spectrum of affective disorders and determine the correlation between them and the affective temperaments. The study involved 106 medical students. They completed the following autoquestionnaires: PHQ-9, ASRM, GAD-7, ShARS, HCL-32 and TEMPS-A. Conducting analyses, the results of the HCL-32 questionnaire were statistically significantly correlating with the results of GAD-7 (p = 0.034) and the hyperthymic (p = 0.000), cyclothymic (p = 0.000) and excitable (p = 0.004) temperaments according to TEMPS-A. When dividing the total sample into two groups, based on the HCL-32 questionnaire data, a higher incidence of depressive disorders on the PHQ-9 scale (p = 0.023) was found among respondents who scored more than 14 points on the HCL-32. Almost half of the respondents showed a high level of hypomania, which implies a high risk of developing bipolar spectrum disorders. A statistically significant relationship between hypomania and personality traits was found with hyperthymic, cyclothymic and excitable temperaments. It is necessary to diagnose such disorders in time to improve the social functioning of the students.

Incident psychiatric comorbidity following stress disorder diagnoses in Danish school-aged children: prospective population-based study.

Prospective population-based studies of psychiatric comorbidity following trauma and severe stress exposure in children are limited. To examine incident psychiatric comorbidity following stress disorder diagnoses in Danish school-aged children using Danish national healthcare system registries. Children (6-15 years of age) with a severe stress or adjustment disorder (ICD-10) between 1995 and 2011 (n = 11 292) were followed prospectively for an average of 5.8 years. Incident depressive, anxiety and behavioural disorder diagnoses were examined relative to an age- and gender-matched comparison cohort (n = 56 460) using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Effect modification by gender was examined through stratified analyses. All severe stress and adjustment disorder diagnoses were associated with increased rates for all incident outcome disorders relative to the comparison cohort. For instance, adjustment disorders were associated with higher rates of incident depressive (rate ratio RR = 6.8; 95% CI 6.0-7.7), anxiety (RR = 5.3; 95% CI 4.5-6.4), and behavioural disorders (RR = 7.9; 95% CI 6.6-9.3). Similarly, PTSD was also associated with higher rates of depressive (RR = 7.4; 95% CI 4.2-13), anxiety (RR = 7.1; 95% CI 3.5-14) and behavioural disorder (RR = 4.9; 95% CI 2.3-11) diagnoses. There was no evidence of gender-related differences. Stress disorders varying in symptom constellation and severity are associated with a range of incident psychiatric disorders in children. Transdiagnostic assessments within a longitudinal framework are needed to characterise the course of post-trauma or severe stressor psychopathology.

Psychosocial working conditions and depressive disorder: disentangling effects of job control from socioeconomic status using a life-course approach

PurposeJob control, the combination of skill discretion and decision authority, is considered a central component of the psychosocial working environment. This longitudinal study examines the relation between job control and risk of incident depressive disorder using a life-course approach.MethodsWe analyze data from The Danish Work Life Course Cohort study, including all Danish individuals aged 15–30 who entered the Danish labor market during 1995–2009 and were free from depressive disorder at entry (955,573 individuals). We measured job control using a job exposure matrix. Depressive disorders were measured using information from nationwide registers of psychiatric in- and outpatient admissions. Using Cox regression models we estimated the prospective association between job control and risk of incident depressive disorders. Analyses accounted for a range of potential confounders prior to workforce entry including socioeconomic status in adolescence and parental psychiatric and somatic diagnoses prior to labor market entry, together with potential confounders in adulthood including income, education, and demographics.ResultsLower levels of past year job control were associated with a higher risk of depressive disorder after adjustment for all covariates (HR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.16–1.38). Results stratified by gender showed associations for both men (HR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.19–1.61) and women (HR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.08–1.32). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the level of job control at work affects the risk of clinically diagnosed depressive disorder, and that this association is not due to confounding by socioeconomic status.

PCN130 REAL-WORLD DEMOGRAPHICS AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH PRIMARY MEDIASTINAL B-CELL LYMPHOMA (PMBCL)

PMBCL is a rare mature B-cell neoplasm (2-4% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas), with sparse data about healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and treatment costs. In October 2015, PMBCL was administratively differentiated from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with the advent of ICD-10-CM PMBCL-specific codes. This retrospective study characterized these patients. Using Optum’s Clinformatics™Data Mart Databases (01/01/2013–03/31/2018), patients with a first PMBCL ICD-10-CM diagnosis (with or without an antecedent ICD-10-CM diagnosis of DLBCL/other lymphoma, which may have been assigned before PMBCL confirmation) after October 1st, 2015 (index date) and no ICD-9-CM diagnosis code for unspecified PMBCL or DLBCL, were identified as incident patients. Those with PMBCL ICD-10-CM and unspecified ICD-9-CM diagnosis for PMBCL/DLBCL before October 2015 (index date) were identified as prevalent patients. PMBCL diagnoses on ≥2 medical visits (IP or OP) and ≥12 months of continuous enrollment pre-index date (baseline period) were required. Patients with prior diagnoses of Hodgkin, follicular lymphoma, or multiple myeloma were excluded. Characteristics evaluated included baseline comorbidities, HRU, and costs. Among 148 PMBCL patients (118 incident; 30 prevalent), median age was 66 years in both groups (39-44 years for commercially-insured); ∼60% were female. Incident and prevalent patients had mean Charlson comorbidity index scores of 2.2 and 1.7, respectively. Most common baseline Elixhauser comorbidities included hypertension (49.2%), chronic pulmonary disease (28.0%), and diabetes (24.6%) in incident patients and hypertension (60.0%), chronic pulmonary disease (23.3%), diabetes (23.3%), and valvular disease (23.3%) in prevalent patients. Frequent baseline psychiatric conditions included sleep-wake disorders (21.2%) in incident patients and depressive disorders (16.7%) in prevalent patients. Mean±SD number of baseline hospitalizations was 0.31±0.69 and 0.17±0.46 for incident and prevalent patients, respectively. Total mean±SD baseline healthcare costs were $22,907±30,361 for incident patients and $22,538±37,262 for prevalent patients. This analysis showed patients at diagnosis of PMBCL in the US had substantial clinical and economic burden.

Incidence of depressive disorders and related independent risk factors in patients with chronic hepatitis C

Objective: To investigate the incidence and related independent risk factors of depression in treatment-naïve Han ethnic Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C. Methods: Nine hundred and ninety-seven Han Chinese patients with confirmed chronic HCV infection were enrolled. Beck's depression inventory scale was used to assess depression score. Patients were divided into two groups according to the score: score≥17, depression group (16.85%, 168/997); score <17, no depression group (83.15%, 829/997). Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze independent risk factors related with the onset of depression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of gender distribution, marital status, education level, income level and smoking status (P < 0.05). Independent risk factors were female [odds ratio (OR) = 3.85; 95% CI: 2.28-6.50, P = 0.001], decompensated cirrhosis [OR = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.20-4.48, P = 0.013], unmarried [OR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.12-3.60, P = 0.019], separated [OR = 17.39; 95% CI: 1.64-184.47, P = 0.018], divorced [OR = 3.82; 95% CI: 1.36-10.74, P = 0.011], without higher education [OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.22-3.42, P = 0.007], low income [OR = 3.94; 95% CI: 1.38-11.28, P = 0.011], middle income [OR = 2.96; 95% CI: 1.02-8.62, P = 0.047], uninterrupted smoking [OR = 3.67; 95% CI: 2.13-6.31, P = 0.001], and previously smoked [OR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.66-6.68, P = 0.001]. Conclusion: The incidence of depression in patients with chronic hepatitis C is relatively high. The independent risk factors related with depression include female, unmarried, separated, and divorced, without higher education, low and middle-income level, smoking and disease progression to decompensated cirrhosis, but no significant correlation between hepatitis C virus genotypes and viral load.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Subsyndromal Depression in Late Life

Background: Subsyndromal depression is prevalent and associated with poor outcomes in late life, but its epidemiological characteristics have barely been investigated. The aim of this prospective cohort study is to compare the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of subsyndromal depression with those of syndromal depression in community-dwelling elderly individuals. Methods: In a nationwide community-based study of randomly sampled Korean elderly population aged 60 years or older (N = 6,640), depression was assessed with standardized diagnostic interviews. At baseline and at 2-year and 4-year follow-ups, the authors diagnosed subsyndromal depression by the operational criteria and syndromal depression by the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the risk factors for incident depressive disorders. Outcomes: The age- and gender- adjusted prevalence rate of subsyndromal depression was 9·24% (95% CI = 8·54 – 9·93), which was 2·4-fold higher than that of syndromal depression. The incidence rate of subsyndromal depression was 21·70 per 1000 person-years (95% CI = 19·29 – 24·12), which was five-folds higher than that of syndromal depression. The prevalence to incidence ratio of subsyndromal depression was about half that of syndromal depression. The risk for subsyndromal depression was associated with female gender, low socioeconomic status, poor social support, and poor sleep quality while that of syndromal depression was associated with old age and less exercise. Interpretation: Subsyndromal depression should be validated as a clinical diagnostic entity, at least in late life, since it has epidemiological characteristics different from those of syndromal depression. Funding Statement: This study was supported by a grant from the Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry for Health, Welfare, & Family Affairs, Republic of Korea (Grant No. A092077). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital.

Incident Chronic Spinal Pain and Depressive Disorders: Data From the National Comorbidity Survey

This study examined pre-existing depression as a risk factor for the development of chronic spinal pain, and pre-existing chronic spinal pain as a risk factor for the development of depression. Data from the National Comorbidity Survey, a stratified sample of 5,001 participants evaluated in 1990 to 1992 (NCS-1) and again in 2000 to 2001 (NCS-2) were used to address these associations. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios and time-to-incidence after NCS-1. Participants with antecedent acute or chronic depressive disorders at NCS-1 were more likely to develop chronic spinal pain in the ensuing 10 years compared with participants without depressive disorders. Those with antecedent chronic spinal pain at NCS-1 were more likely to develop dysthymic disorder than subjects without chronic spinal pain at NCS-1; however, antecedent chronic spinal pain was not associated the subsequent development of major depressive disorder. These results suggest that both pain and depression are associated with the development of the other condition. In particular, chronic depression is more strongly linked to chronic spinal pain than is acute depression. The results are discussed in terms of the need to assess the presence of both disorders given the presence of one. PerspectiveChronic spinal pain and depressive disorders, especially chronic depression, increase the likelihood for the subsequent development of the other condition. The results underscore the need to routinely assess for the presence of both disorders given the presence of one to mitigate the effects of developing comorbid conditions.

Prospective associations of androgens and sex hormone-binding globulin with 12-month, lifetime and incident anxiety and depressive disorders in men and women from the general population

BackgroundFindings on associations of androgens and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with anxiety and depressive disorders in the general population remain inconclusive. MethodsWe used data of n = 993 men and n = 980 women from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP, a prospective-longitudinal general population study from northeastern Germany). Immunoassay-measured serum concentrations of total testosterone, androstenedione and SHBG were assessed when participants were aged 20–80. 12-month, lifetime and incident DSM-IV anxiety and depressive disorders were assessed with the DIA-X/M-CIDI at 10-year follow-up, when participants were aged 29–89. Logistic regressions were adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, waist circumference, hypertension and oral contraceptive use (women only) at baseline and follow-up interval. ResultsIn men and women, androgens and SHBG were not associated significantly with incident anxiety and depressive disorders. In men, higher total testosterone predicted any 12-month (OR = 1.46) and lifetime (OR = 1.34) anxiety disorder, lifetime social phobia (OR = 2.15), and 12-month (OR = 1.48) and lifetime (OR = 1.39) specific phobia, but neither 12-month nor lifetime depression. Moreover, androstenedione in men interacted with age in predicting lifetime anxiety disorders (OR = 0.98): Higher androstenedione more strongly predicted lifetime anxiety in younger vs. older men. These findings, however, did not survive correction for multiple testing. In women, androgens and SHBG were not associated significantly with 12-month and lifetime anxiety and depressive disorders. LimitationsThe follow-up period was relatively long and other factors might have affected the examined associations. ConclusionsHigher serum total testosterone in men and androstenedione in younger men may relate to an increased risk of anxiety disorders.

Depressive disorders among patients with gastric cancer in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based study

BackgroundIn cancer patients, depressive disorder comorbidity is associated with greater suicide risk and poorer treatment outcomes, quality of life, and adherence to treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of newly-diagnosed depressive disorders after a gastric cancer diagnosis compared with a matched cohort using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of 57,506 patients (28,753 patients with gastric cancer and 28,753 matched patients) selected from the National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients were observed for a maximum of 12 years to determine the incidence of newly-diagnosed depressive disorders. Also, a Cox regression analysis which included death as an independent censor was performed to identify the potentially predictive variables for developing subsequent depressive disorders following a cancer diagnosis among the patients suffering from gastric cancer.ResultsThe cumulative incidence of depressive disorders in the gastric cancer patients was significantly higher compared to those in the matched cohort (p < .001). The adjusted hazard ratio was 1.54 (95% confidence interval, CI = 1.39–1.70, P < .001) in the gastric cancer cohort compared with the matched cohort. Independent predictive variables for developing subsequent depressive disorders among the patients with gastric cancer included female sex and hypertension.ConclusionsIn the study, higher incidence of new-onset depression, being defined by the records of the diagnostic codes combining antidepressants use in a nationwide database, was noted in the gastric cancer patients compared with the matched cohort. In addition, female sex and comorbid hypertension may be predictive variables for the subsequent depression among the patients with gastric cancer. Further clinical prospective studies were necessary to confirm these findings.

Increase in diagnosis of depressive disorders contributes to the increase in antidepressant use in adolescents.

To study if the observed increase in use of antidepressants (AD) among adolescents may be explained by higher incidence of depressive disorder diagnosis, increasing treatment of other mental disorders or more liberal prescribing practice. We used three different study populations of girls and boys aged 13-17 years in Norway: 1) individuals who were diagnosed with depressive disorders in primary health care, 2) individuals who were diagnosed with depressive disorders in secondary health care; 3) individuals who were dispensed ADs as recorded in the prescription database. Dataset 2) and 3) were linked. Incidence of depressive disorders increased from 2010 to 2015 both in primary and secondary health care, especially in girls. One in four girls with incident depressive disorders was prescribed ADs and this proportion was stable over time. Among girls treated with ADs the proportion with a diagnosis where AD treatment is indicated increased from 61.1% to 66.0%. Furthermore, the proportion with moderate or severe episodes of major depressive disorders was stable and high, 72.9% in 2014. The only issue studied that could explain increasing AD use in girls was increasing incidence of depressive disorders. Most adolescents with incident diagnosis of depressive disorders were not treated with ADs.

Relationship between social health components and incidence of depressive disorder among Iranian students

Relationship between social health components and incidence of depressive disorder among Iranian students

Parenting styles and emerging adult depressive symptoms in Cebu, the Philippines.

Incidence of depressive disorders and symptoms increases during the transition to adulthood. The parenting relationship is a potential target for interventions to reduce risk for depression in offspring during this time period, and a four-category typology of parenting styles (authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, and neglectful) has been found to correlate with offspring psychological functioning. The majority of studies, however, have examined this four-category parenting style typology in Western populations. We used the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS) from the Philippines to assess associations between parenting styles reported by offspring at age 18 and depressive symptoms reported by offspring at age 21 ( N = 1,723). Using adjusted linear regression models, we found that authoritarian and neglectful mothering styles were positively associated with daughters' depressive symptoms, whereas authoritarian mothering was negatively associated with sons' depressive symptoms. Findings suggest both cross-cultural similarities and variability in positive parenting. Results may have implications for family-based depression prevention interventions in the Philippines.

Cortisol reactivity correlates with subjective stress in women in their luteal phase but not in women using oral contraceptives or men

Findings on associations of androgens and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with anxiety and depressive disorders in the general population remain inconclusive.We used data of n = 993 men and n = 980 women from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP, a prospective-longitudinal general population study from northeastern Germany). Immunoassay-measured serum concentrations of total testosterone, androstenedione and SHBG were assessed when participants were aged 20–80. 12-month, lifetime and incident DSM-IV anxiety and depressive disorders were assessed with the DIA-X/M-CIDI at 10-year follow-up, when participants were aged 29–89. Logistic regressions were adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, waist circumference, hypertension and oral contraceptive use (women only) at baseline and follow-up interval.In men and women, androgens and SHBG were not associated significantly with incident anxiety and depressive disorders. In men, higher total testosterone predicted any 12-month (OR = 1.46) and lifetime (OR = 1.34) anxiety disorder, lifetime social phobia (OR = 2.15), and 12-month (OR = 1.48) and lifetime (OR = 1.39) specific phobia, but neither 12-month nor lifetime depression. Moreover, androstenedione in men interacted with age in predicting lifetime anxiety disorders (OR = 0.98): Higher androstenedione more strongly predicted lifetime anxiety in younger vs. older men. These findings, however, did not survive correction for multiple testing. In women, androgens and SHBG were not associated significantly with 12-month and lifetime anxiety and depressive disorders.The follow-up period was relatively long and other factors might have affected the examined associations.Higher serum total testosterone in men and androstenedione in younger men may relate to an increased risk of anxiety disorders.

Risk factor modifications and depression incidence: a 4-year longitudinal Canadian cohort of the Montreal Catchment Area Study

ObjectiveFew studies have examined the effect of risk factor modifications on depression incidence. This study was to explore psychosocial risk factors for depression and quantify the effect of risk factor...