Trends In Incidence Research Articles

Declining invasive and rising insitu melanoma incidence trends in Iceland: A nationwide cohort study.

Melanoma is increasing worldwide, with incidence rates of invasive melanoma and melanoma insitu (MIS) varying by country. To provide updated invasive melanoma and MIS incidence and mortality trends in Iceland and explore differences among sex and rurality. In this whole-population study using the Icelandic Cancer Registry, patients diagnosed with invasive melanoma or MIS between 1957 and 2021 were included. Sex-specific world standardized incidence (WSR) and mortality rates were assessed by rurality. Joinpoint analysis was used to calculate trends using annual per cent change (APC). Invasive melanoma incidence rates increased from 0.66 to 7.0 (men) and 1.6 to 11.0 (women) per 100,000 person-years, and from 0.2 to 4.0 and 0.9 to 9.5 per 100,000 person-years for MIS in men and women, respectively, with a statistically significant linear trend (p = 0.001). WSR peaked in both men and women (10.7, 17.9 per 100,000 person-years) between 2002 and 2006 and has since been trending down. Between 1991 and 2005, the rise in invasive melanoma occurred more frequently in urban regions. Between 2003 and 2005, joinpoint analysis demonstrated a downtrend in invasive melanoma in men and women (-0.29, -0.73; p < 0.05). For MIS, the WSR peaked at 12.4 per 100,000 person-years in women between 1997 and 2001 before down-trending to 4.2. In recent years (2017-2021), the WSR has been steadily increasing in women with an APC of 1.43. Melanoma-specific mortality has decreased since 2012 (-0.07; p < 0.05). Declining invasive melanoma incidence and mortality rates in conjunction with the recent rise in MIS may reflect the impact of Iceland's sun safety and anti-sunbed educational campaigns, federal regulation of sunbeds and earlier melanoma detection in urban areas.

Trends and predictions of maternal sepsis and other maternal infections among women of childbearing age: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019.

Maternal sepsis and other maternal infections (MSMIs) are major public health concerns worldwide. However, comprehensive data on their global burden and evolving trends remain sparse. This study aims to explore the epidemiological trends of MSMIs in women of childbearing age (WCBA) from 1990 to 2019, investigate the relationship between disease burden and age, period, and birth cohorts, and then provide a prediction of MSMIs incidence and deaths. The estimates and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for the incidence and death number of MSMIs in seven age groups (15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49 years) were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of MSMIs in WCBA were estimated utilizing the age standardization by direct method. Joinpoint regression analysis was employed to investigate the changing trends of age-standardized incidence and mortality rates from 1990 to 2019. Age-period-cohort analysis was utilized to estimate the independent effects of age, period, and birth cohorts. Furthermore, a Nordpred age-period-cohort analysis was implemented to predict the global epidemiological trends through 2044. In 2019, the estimated global age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of MSMIs in WCBA were 1072.90 (95% UI: 725.93 to 1483.46) and 0.86 (95% UI: 0.69 to 1.05), respectively. The highest disease burden existed in the African Region. From 1990 to 2019, the estimated global age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of MSMIs (AAPC: -1.32, 95% CI: -1.34 to -1.30; AAPC: -3.39, 95% CI: -4.28 to -2.48) in WCBA both demonstrated significant declining trends. The changing trends varied significantly across 6 regions and 204 countries. The effects of age, period, and cohort on incidence and mortality rates differed. From 2020 to 2044, the global age-standardized incidence rate of MSMIs in WCBA was predicted to decrease whereas the case number increases slowly. The global trends in MSMIs incidence and mortality generally showed a decline with considerable heterogeneity, indicating both the effectiveness and unevenness of global management of MSMIs. Moreover, the predicted increased case number highlights prominent challenges in the control of MSMIs.

Trends and age-period-cohort analysis of leukemia incidence in Qidong from 1972 to 2021

Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics and trends of leukemia incidence in Qidong between 1972 and 2021, and provide guidelines for prevention and control measures and strategies. Methods: The cancer registry data was collected and analyzed on leukemia incidence during 1972-2021 in Qidong by sex, age and time. Crude incidence rate (CR), China age-standardized rate (ASRC), world age-standardized rate (ASRW), and average annual change percentage (AAPC) was calculated by Joinpoint software. Age-period-cohort (APC) model was used to analyze the influence of age, period and birth cohort on the changes in the incidence trend of leukemia patients. Results: From 1972 to 2021, there were 2 948 patients with leukemia in Qidong, accounting for 2.00% of all cancer new cases, CR of leukemia was 5.26/105, ASRC was 4.34/105, ASRW was 4.35/105. The truncated incidence of 35-64 years old was 5.29/105, the cumulative incidence rate between the ages of 0 and 74 years old was 0.40%, the cumulative risk was 0.40%. There were 1 608 male patients, the CR, ASRC, and the ASRW were 5.81/105, 4.88/105 and 4.85/105. The number of female patients were 1 340, and the CR, ASRC, and the ASRW were 4.71/105, 3.86/105 and 3.91/105, respectively. Temporal trends indicated significant upward trends in ASRC among both gender, males and females with AAPC values of 1.41% (P＜0.001), 1.15% (P＜0.001), and 1.73% (P＜0.001), respectively. The results of the APC model showed that the average net drift value of leukemia incidence in all age groups was 1.57% (95% CI, 1.24%-1.89%), and the highest value of local drift was 3.20% (95% CI, 1.63%-4.78%) in the 80~ years old group. The incidence of leukemia increased with age. With the passage of time, the risk of leukemia incidence increased gradually compared with the rate ratio of leukemia incidence (risk ratio [RR], 1.00) in 1992-1996, the RR of leukemia incidence increased from 0.70 during 1972-1976 to 1.57 during 2017-2021. The later the cohort was born, the greater the risk of leukemia incidence compared with the relative risk of leukemia incidence (RR, 1.00) in 1952-1956 cohort, the RR of leukemia incidence increased from 0.24 in the 1892-1896 cohort to 2.73 in the 2017-2021 cohort. Conclusions: The incidence of the leukemia has presented a rising trend in the past fifty years. Leukemia incidence increased with age, and the period and cohort effects on the risk of incidence increase. Further research is needed to investigate the risk factors related to leukemia.

Challenges and Security Risks in the Red Sea: Impact of Houthi Attacks on Maritime Traffic

This study examines the significant impact of Houthi insurgent activities on maritime traffic within the strategic Red Sea and Suez Canal routes, essential conduits for global trade. It explores the correlation between regional instability, exemplified by Houthi actions from 19 November 2023 to 5 February 2024, and changes in maritime traffic patterns and operational efficiency. This study seeks to answer a critical question in transport geography: how does regional instability, exemplified by Houthi insurgent activities, affect the maritime traffic patterns and operational efficiency of the Red Sea and Suez Canal? Using descriptive statistics, qualitative analysis, and geospatial methods, this research highlights recent trends in maritime traffic and incidents, revealing spatial and geopolitical challenges in this crucial trade route. The findings indicate a notable decline in maritime activity in the Gulf of Aden and Suez Canal due to security concerns from Houthi attacks, prompting a significant shift to alternative routes, particularly around the Cape of Good Hope. This shift underscores the broader implications of regional instability on global trade and the importance of maintaining an uninterrupted maritime flow. This study also emphasizes the economic ramifications, such as increased operational costs and freight rates due to longer transit times and enhanced security measures. This research concludes with a call for improved maritime security protocols and international cooperation to protect these strategic maritime pathways. It contributes to the discourse on transport geography by quantifying the direct impacts of regional conflicts on maritime logistics and proposing strategies for future resilience, highlighting the interconnected nature of global trade and security and the need for collective action against evolving geopolitical challenges.

Venous thromboembolism and ovarian cancer risk: a Mendelian randomized study

IntroductionA potential link between venous thromboembolism and the risk of ovarian cancer has been identified in clinical practice. However, it is unclear whether there is a causal relationship between the two. In this study, we applied a univariate two-sample Mendelian randomization method to explain the possible link between venous thromboembolism and ovarian cancer pathogenesis at the genetic level, and pointed out that lipid metabolism and ovarian cancer pathogenesis have innovative basic experimental directions.ObjectiveThis study explored the causal effect between a history of venous thromboembolism and the risk of ovarian cancer.MethodsGenome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) data of venous thromboembolism patients (n = 9176) of the same ethnicity were selected as study exposures, and GWAS data of ovarian cancer patients (n = 1218) of the same ethnicity were selected as study exposures. In this study, univariate two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis (UVMR) was performed separately using inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger regression, and weighted median (WM) to assess causal effects. In this study, Cochran’s Q test, MR-Egger regression intercept term, MR-PRESSO, and leave-one-out method were used for sensitivity analysis to assess the stability and reliability of the results.ResultsThe GWAS data screened in this study were all European ethnicity data. In this study, we found that genetically predicted history of venous thromboembolism was associated with an upward trend in ovarian cancer incidence, and the results of Weighted median, Simple mode, Weighted mode, and MR Egger showed a similar trend (OR = 1.0006, 95% CI: 1.00007–1.0013, p < 0.05). There was no heterogeneity of results (p = 0.18) and no horizontal pleiotropy (p = 0.77). The instrumental variables selected for venous thromboembolism in this study were all strong instrumental variables (F = 669.7). The results of the sensitivity analysis remained consistent.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that patients with a history of venous thromboembolism are at increased risk of developing ovarian cancer and point to possible associations between lipid metabolism genes, such as CYP4V2, and the development of ovarian cancer, which provide interesting directions for further basic research.

Trends in Cancer Incidence and Potential Associated Factors in China

Timely analysis of cancer incidence trends is crucial for cancer prevention and control, which is a public health priority in China. To estimate incidence trends for 32 cancers in China from 1983 to 2017 and project changes to 2032, assessing distinct changes due to risk factors and an aging population. This population-based cohort study used data from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents database (1983-2017). New cases of 32 cancers were collected. Data were analyzed from October 15, 2023, to May 23, 2024. Age-standardized incidence rate (AIR) standardized to the World Health Organization World Standard Population, average annual percentage changes (AAPC) using joinpoint regression, and percentage change due to aging and risk factors, using Møller decomposition analysis, stratified by cancer and sex. A total of 3 677 027 new cancer cases (54.9% male, 45.1% female) were included in the analysis. Increased AIRS were observed for 11 cancers in males and 14 in females from 1983 to 2017, with trends expected to continue until 2032. Thyroid cancer showed the highest increase (AAPC: 7.82% in males; 95% CI, 6.92%-10.38%; 8.59% in females; 95% CI, 7.84%-10.42%), followed by prostate (4.71%; 95% CI, 3.12%-9.95%) and kidney (3.61%; 95% CI, 3.11%-5.82%) cancers in males, and cervical (4.43%; 95% CI, 3.36%-9.44%) and kidney (3.66%; 95% CI, 2.98%-6.86%) cancers in females. The AIRs of lung cancer tended to decrease in males but increase in females during 1983-2017. In contrast, the AIRs of stomach, liver, larynx, and nose and sinuses cancers decreased from 1983 to 2032. From 2018 to 2032, cancer cases were projected to increase primarily due to risk factors for 18 cancers in males and 11 in females, while aging would be associated with the increase in other cancers. In this population-based cohort study of incident cancer in the general population, the cancer landscape in China is evolving, with an increasing incidence primarily due to risk factors in 20 cancers and aging in others. Primary prevention efforts to reduce risk exposure are crucial, and further basic research is needed. Additionally, second prevention efforts are imperative to improve cancer survival, particularly among older individuals.

Firearm-Related Unintentional Childhood Injury in Israel.

The rise in demand for firearm licenses in Israel due to the ongoing 2023-2024 Israel-Gaza War, coupled with the easing of regulations for issuing weapons, is expected to lead to a significant increase in the incidence of firearms among civilians. This situation calls for a special awareness of civilian populations of the dangers posed to children by the high prevalence of firearms. We therefore present trends in firearm-related incidents resulting in unintentional mortality and morbidity of children ages 0-17 between the years 2008-2023 in Israel. In total, 202 accidents involving firearms were reported, with an average age of 12.2 (median: 13), and with the youngest child being 2 years old. Of these, 24 cases resulted in fatalities18 of which of children of Arab descent. We provide several recommendations concerning changes and additions to current bylaws concerning firearms licensing and storage in Israel, in order to decrease the risk of child injury due to irresponsible firearm handling.

Partial hand and finger amputations in Sweden: an observational study of 6918 patients

BackgroundWe aimed to use open source data to understand the incidence, trends, and regional differences of finger and partial hand amputations on a national level in individuals aged 15 or older in Sweden.MethodsWe analyzed 6,918 patients aged 15 and older who had experienced finger and partial hand amputations. Incidence rates, trends, and regional disparities were assessed using negative binomial regression models and Student’s t-tests. Future trend prediction was performed using Poisson regression.ResultsFinger amputations declined most, followed by partial hand and thumb amputations. Regional variations existed, with Stockholm having the lowest and Gotland highest incidence respectively. Overall, the incidence of finger, thumb and partial hand amputations in Sweden decreased slightly. Future trend analysis indicated decreasing incidence.ConclusionAlthough, lacking in definition, publicly available data can be used for monitoring of finger, thumb, and partial hand amputation incidence on a national level. Sex, age, and regional differences were observed, suggesting the need for targeted interventions to address disparities and mitigate the burden of finger and partial hand amputations on affected individuals.

Trends in head and neck cancer incidence in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam between 1996 and 2015

IntroductionThis study provides an analysis of head and neck cancer (HNC) cases over a 20-year period in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It aims to shed light on HNC's characteristics and trends in this highly populated urban region. MethodsThe analysis encompasses 8974 HNC cases, emphasising incidence rates, gender distribution, and the prevalence of different subtypes, including oral cavity, nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and laryngeal/pharyngeal cancers. Ho Chi Minh City was chosen due to its extensive cancer reporting systems and its role as a major urban healthcare centre attracting a wide range of patients. ResultsThe study reveals an increasing incidence of HNC in Ho Chi Minh City, with a notable predominance of male patients (73 %). The breakdown of HNC cases shows oral cavity cancer at 34 %, nasopharyngeal at 33 %, oropharyngeal at 12 %, and laryngeal/pharyngeal at 21 %. Compared to global averages, Vietnamese patients are diagnosed at an earlier age, with a noticeable trend of decreasing mean age of diagnosis over the study period. ConclusionThis comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the HNC landscape in Ho Chi Minh City, revealing a slightly lower overall incidence but an earlier age of diagnosis compared to global trends. These findings suggest the need for region-specific public health initiatives and further research to clarify the epidemiological features of HNC in Vietnam.

Dose-specific effects of denosumab on serum calcium levels in patients with osteoporosis and various renal functions.

Patients with osteoporosis and advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for hypocalcemia when initiating denosumab. It remains unclear if subsequent doses of denosumab pose similar hypocalcemia risk as the initial dose does. To study dose-specific hypocalcemia risks of denosumab. An observational study of 10,398 consecutive patients with varying renal function who received denosumab within Mass General Brigham healthcare system between 1/1/2016 and 2/29/2024. Dose-specific effects of denosumab on serum calcium levels and incidence of hypocalcemia (albumin-corrected serum calcium level < 8.5 mg/dl). In 159 patients with sufficient data for three consecutive doses of denosumab, the initial dose of denosumab reduced serum calcium levels by an average of 0.34, 0.52, and 1.12 mg/dl, in patients with GFR of ≥60 (n=89), 30-59 (n=46) and < 30 (n=24) ml/min/1.73m2, respectively (p<0.001). Among patients with GFR of < 30 ml/min/1.73m2, the initial, second, and third dose of denosumab reduced serum calcium levels by an average of 1.12, 0.72, and 0.60 mg/dl, respectively (p=0.014).In a cohort of 325 patients with sufficient data for two doses of denosumab, a Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a trend of higher incidence of hypocalcemia following the initial dose compared to the second dose in patients with GFR of < 30 ml/min/1.73m2. The magnitude of serum calcium decrease following subsequent dose(s) was smaller than that following the initial dose of denosumab among patients with osteoporosis and advanced CKD.

Nationwide epidemiological study of epilepsy in Montenegro

The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of epilepsy in Montenegro over the period 2011–2022 using hospital case records. The main sources for this study were hospital case records in every outpatient and inpatient neurological department in Montenegro, including the Clinical Center of Montenegro in the capital, a primary referral national center for epilepsy. For every patient, aged 18 and above, two neurologists reviewed all data collected to verify the validity of the diagnosis and to establish the date of clinical onset of the disease. Information on age and sex, EEG, CT scan, and MRI were included. Prevalent cases were selected in 2022 population. Incident cases of epilepsy were identified in 2011 and the incidence trend was followed up for the next 12 years. Crude and standardized incidence and prevalence were calculated. Average crude incidence rate of epilepsy for study period was 56.0 per 100,000 individuals (men 58.1; women 54.2). The age-specific incidence was lowest in the 30 s, and early 40 s and highest after 65 years. Over the 12-year period, increasing trend of standardized epilepsy incidence rates was observed for the total population and for females (p = 0.024 and p = 0.020 respectively). The crude overall prevalence of epilepsy on December 31, 2022 was 13.0 per 1000 individuals (men 13.5; women 12.6). The highest prevalence was in patients in their early 20 s and in the seventh decade. In conclusion, the incidence of epilepsy in this study was similar to those of other industrialized countries, with increasing trend during study period. Prevalence was higher compared to European countries.

Trends in the incidence and survival of women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer from 1990 to 2019: a large population-based analysis

Hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent subtype of BC and is generally correlated with a favorable prognosis. This study aimed to determine the incidence and survival trends among women diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive BC between 1990 and 2019. Female patients with hormone receptor-positive BC for calendar years 1990–2019 were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and categorized into six diagnostic groups according to the year of diagnosis. Age-adjusted incidence rates (IRs) were calculated using joinpoint regression. We used the Kaplan–Meier method and multivariate Cox regression analyses to determine the association between diagnostic groups, and overall survival (OS) and BC-specific survival (BCSS). The final analysis included 370,729 women, among whom 37,943 (10.2%), 49,266 (13.3%), 55,652 (15.0%), 64,451 (17.4%), 77,127 (20.8%), and 86,290 (23.3%) were diagnosed between 1990 and 1994, 1995–1999, 2000–2004, 2005–2009, 2010–2014, and 2015–2019, respectively. Within the overall cohort, IRs gradually increased from 70 per 100,000 in 1990 to 113 per 100,000 in 2019 (average annual percent change, 1.59%; 95% CI, 1.18–1.99). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the survival outcomes gradually improved over nearly three decades among hormone receptor-positive BC patients, with a 0.8% and 1.3% decrease in risk for all-cause and BC-specific mortality each year, respectively. Compared to 1990–1994, hormone receptor-positive BC patients diagnosed in 2015–2019 had a 22% lower risk of all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.76–0.81) and a 27% lower risk of BC-specific death (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.70–0.76). The development of treatment strategies within the past three decades, especially endocrine therapy, may contribute to the continuous improvement of clinical outcomes in patients with hormone receptor-positive BC.

Survival and Health Care Burden of Children With Retinoblastoma in Europe

Studies on the epidemiology of retinoblastoma (RB) could lead to improvement in management. To estimate the incidence and survival of RB in European children and the occurrence of second primary tumors (other than RB) in these patients. This cohort study used population-based data from 81 cancer registries in 31 European countries adhering to the European Cancer Registries (EUROCARE-6) project. Data collection took place between January 2000 and December 2013. European children aged 0 to 14 years diagnosed with RB were included. Data were analyzed from May to November 2023. Diagnosis of RB with International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition (ICD-O-3), morphology coded 9510-9514 (retinoblastoma) and malignant behavior (fifth digit of morphology code, 3). Annual incidence (per million children aged 0-14 years), 5-year survival (%), and the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of subsequent malignant neoplasms. The study included 3262 patients (mean [SD] age, 1.27 [1.63] years; 1706 [52%] male and 1556 [48%] female) from 81 registries. Of these, 3098 patients were considered in trend analysis after excluding registries with incomplete time coverage: 940 in 2000 to 2003, 703 in 2004 to 2006, 744 in 2007 to 2009, and 856 in 2010 to 2013. The estimated overall European incidence rate was 4.0 (95% CI, 3.9-4.1). Rates among countries varied from less than 2 million to greater than 6 million per year. No time trend of incidence was observed in any area. The overall European 5-year survival was 97.8% (95% CI, 95.5-98.9; 3180 cases). Five-year survival was lower in Estonia and Bulgaria (<80%) and 100% in several countries. Twenty-five subsequent malignant neoplasms were recorded during follow-up (up to 14 years), with an SIR of 8.2 and with cases occurring at mean ages between 1.3 and 8.9 years across different sites. An increased risk was found for hematological tumors (SIR, 5) and bone and soft tissue sarcomas (SIR, 29). This study showed RB incidence remained stable at 4.0 per 1 000 000 European children aged 0 to 14 years from 2000 to 2013, but estimates varied among countries and differences in survival across countries persist. These data might be used to monitor RB management and occurrences of second tumors. The findings suggest future registry studies should aim to collect standardized RB stage at diagnosis and treatment to interpret disparities and potentially improve surveillance.

Global incidence and prevalence in uveal melanoma

PurposeThe most common intraocular cancer in adults is uveal melanoma (UM). This study aimed to investigate and report the incidence and prognosis of UM in different regions of the world. MethodsWe retrieved relevant data on UM from the PubMed database and analyzed its global incidence and prognosis. All data was obtained from a national population-based registry, with publication dates ranging from 2013 to 2023. ResultsThe incidence rates of UM vary across different regions: in the United States, rates were 5.1 per million (1993–2008) and 5.2 per million (1973–2013); in Canada, rates ranged from 3.34 per million (1992–2010) to 5.09 per million (2011–2017); in Republic of Korea, the rate was 0.42 per million (1999–2011); in New Zealand, it was 5.56 per million (2000–2020); in Australia, it was 7.6 per million (1982–2014); and in Europe, rates ranged from 3.1 to 5.8 per million (1995–2002). Among European countries, Sweden (5.6 per million (1960–2009)), Germany (6.41 per million (2009–2015)), Poland (6.67 per million (2010–2017)), and the United Kingdom (10 per million (1999–2010)). ConclusionsThe most common site of occurrence for UM is in the choroid. Limited data suggest a stable trend in UM incidence rates across the included countries, but significant differences in incidence rates exist among different countries and regions, with notably lower rates in Asian countries compared to Europe, North America, and Oceania. In general, the incidence rate in males is slightly higher compared to that in females.

Epidemiology and regional variance of traumatic peripheral nerve injuries in Sweden: A 15-year observational study.

Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries pose significant challenges to healthcare systems and individuals, affecting sensory function, causing neuropathic pain, and impairing quality of life. Despite their impact, comprehensive studies on the epidemiology and regional variance of these injuries are scarce. Understanding the incidence, trends, and anatomical distribution of such injuries is essential for targeted interventions and resource allocation. This observational study utilized register-based data from the Swedish National Patient Register covering the period from 2008 to 2022. Incidence rates, trends, and anatomical distribution of traumatic peripheral nerve injuries were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Poisson regression modeling, and regional comparisons. Higher incidences of peripheral nerve injuries were observed among men compared to women across all age groups. The hand and wrist were the most commonly affected sites. Regional variations in incidence rates were evident, with some regions consistently exhibiting higher rates compared to others. Notably, a decreasing trend in injuries was observed over the study period. This study underscores the importance of targeted interventions and preventive strategies, considering sex, age, and regional disparities. Further research incorporating individual patient-level data is warranted to enhance our understanding and inform tailored interventions to reduce the burden of these injuries.

Incidence trends, histological subtypes, and topographical distribution of bladder cancer in Iran: a study based on the Iranian National Cancer Registry during 2006-2015.

Bladder cancer (BCa) is a significant public health concern. This study aimed to analyze the incidence trends, histological subtypes, and topographical distribution of BCa in Iran over a decade. This retrospective registry-based study analyzed data on BCa patients diagnosed between March 20, 2006, and March 20, 2015. Following data quality control, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) were calculated for BCa overall, by sex and histological subtype using the new World Health Organization (WHO) standard population. We identified 51,379 BCa cases (81.97% male) with a mean age of 65.10 ± 14.89 years. The overall ASIR was 8.92 per 100,000 (95% CI: 8.84-9.00). While a modest increase in ASIR was observed overall (8.77 in 2006 to 9.64 in 2015) and among males (14.13 in 2006 to 15.95 in 2015) during the study period, males consistently had a significantly higher ASIR compared to females (approximately 4.5:1 ratio). BCa incidence showed a progressive increase across older age groups, particularly those aged 40-44 to 80-84 years. Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) was the most prevalent histological type (ASIR: 8.19 to 7.93), followed by adenocarcinoma (AC; ASIR: 0.13 to 0.11). Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) displayed a decreasing trend (ASIR: 0.11 to 0.06). Both UCC and AC were more frequent in males (approximately 5 and 3 times higher than females, respectively). Malignant neoplasm of the bladder, unspecified, constituted over 95% of BCa topography classifications. This study identified a modest rise in BCa incidence, with male predominance and a higher burden in older adults. Further investigation into potential risk factors contributing to this increase is warranted.

Projections of Socioeconomic Costs for Individuals with Dementia in China 2020-2050: Modeling Study.

Previous estimates on future socioeconomic costs of dementia in China are inconsistent, and the main drivers of these costs are unclear. This study projected future socioeconomic costs (healthcare, formal social care, and informal care costs) and value of quality adjusted life years (QALYs) lost to dementia in China and assessed drivers of socioeconomic costs. Based on our prior projection on dementia cases to 2050 by a Markov model, we forecasted future socioeconomic costs and the value of QALYs from a societal perspective, utilizing the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. In our main analysis, dementia incidence increased by 2.9% annually, while sensitivity analyses considered a flat or 1.0% annual decrease in the temporal trend of dementia incidence. Furthermore, we decomposed socioeconomic costs changes (2018 US$) into population growth, population aging, dementia prevalence and average socioeconomic costs per case. The annual socioeconomic costs and value of QALYs lost to dementia will reach $1,233 billion and $702 billion by 2050. If dementia incidence stays constant or decreases by 1.0% annually, the costs and QALYs would respectively decrease by 34% or 43% in 2050. Informal care is currently, and projected to remain, the largest share of socioeconomic costs. Population aging and rising dementia prevalence will mainly drive the growth in socioeconomic costs through 2050. Dementia casts an increasingly large economic burden on Chinese society, mainly driven by fast aging population and growing dementia prevalence.

A Population-Based Analysis of the Cancer Incidence in Individuals under 50 in a Northern Italian Province: Focusing on Regional Disparities and Public Health Implications.

International studies have shown an increase in cancer incidence among young adults, raising public concern. This study aims examines trends in the cancer incidence among individuals aged 15-49 years in a province of Northern Italy, covering diagnoses from 1996 to 2021, and compares the annual percentage change (APC) with national and international data. In males, the overall cancer incidence showed a modest increase between 1996 and 2013 (APC 1.6), followed by a decline in the subsequent years (APC -2.5). In females, there was a modest increase over the entire period (APC 1.0). The lung cancer incidence decreased in both sexes (APC -3.9 in males and APC -3.3 in females), while a decrease was observed for colorectal cancers in women (APC -2.4). Since 2015, the thyroid cancer incidence declined significantly in females (APC -10.2), while an increase was noted in males (APC 2.5). The testicular cancer incidence rose in males (APC 1.5), and the melanoma incidence increased in both sexes (APC 3.4 in males and APC 3.9 in females). The breast cancer incidence remained stable (APC 0.3). These results underline the importance of promoting healthy lifestyles even among younger generations to address emerging cancer trends and support cancer prevention efforts.

Sex disparities in global burden of gallbladder and biliary tract cancer: analysis of Global Burden of Disease study from 2010 to 2019.

The global burden of gallbladder and biliary tract cancer (GBTC) has been on the rise, making it a major public health concern. We aim to comprehensively analyze sex disparities in the temporal trends of GBTC incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) regionally and globally from 2010 to 2019. Age-standardized rates of GBTC incidence, death, and DALYs were analyzed utilizing the Global Burden of Disease study 2019. From 2010 to 2019, the estimated annual percent change (APC) of the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (ASDALYs) due to GBTC globally decreased in both sexes (males, APC: -0.80%; APC: -1.00%) and (females, APC: -0.89%; APC: -0.96%). At the same time, age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) decreased only in males (APC: -0.82%) and remained stable in females. By regions, ASIRs and ASDR increased in both sexes only in Southeast Asia (SEA) but decreased in the other regions. All regions had decreased ASDALYs except for an increase in ASDALYs for females only in the SEA region (APC: 0.41%), and males have a stable trend. Our study reveals substantial geographic variance in the burden of GBTC, specifically in the SEA region. Therefore, localized interventional methodologies must be undertaken to effectively address this global burden from GBTC.

Time trends in anxiety disorders incidence across the BRICS: an age-period-cohort analysis for the GBD 2021.

Anxiety disorders are a significant global mental health concern, contributing to substantial disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and imposing considerable social and economic burdens. Understanding the epidemiology of anxiety disorders within the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China, and South Africa) is essential due to their unique socio-economic landscapes and ongoing transformations. This study utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database to evaluate anxiety disorder incidence trends in BRICS countries from 1992 to 2021. The Age-Period-Cohort (APC) model with an intrinsic estimator (IE) algorithm was employed to disentangle the effects of age, period, and cohort on incidence rates. Data were categorized into 5-year age groups, and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated to account for data variability. From 1992 to 2021, the global number of anxiety disorders cases increased by 73.44%, with age-standardized incidence rates rising by 21.17%. Among BRICS nations, India experienced the largest increase in cases (113.30%), while China had the smallest increase (2.79%). Globally, young (15-49 years) and oldest (80-94 years) age groups showed predominantly positive local drift values, indicating rising incidence rates. Brazil and India mirrored this trend, while China and South Africa mostly exhibited negative local drift values. Russia Federation had mixed trends with younger groups showing negative and older groups positive local drift values. The incidence of anxiety disorders exhibited an "M-shaped" age pattern with peaks at 10-14 and 35-39 years. Period effects were stable globally but varied in BRICS countries, with Brazil showing a decline and India an increase. Cohort effects were stable globally but showed increasing trends in Brazil and India post-1955-1959 cohort. This study highlights a significant increase in anxiety disorders incidence globally and within BRICS nations over the past three decades, with marked variations across countries. The distinct trends observed in age, period, and cohort effects call for age-specific and gender-sensitive mental health policies. Continuous monitoring, research, and tailored public health strategies are essential to address the rising burden of anxiety disorders and improve mental health outcomes in these rapidly evolving regions.