Female Incidence Rate Research Articles

A glimpse into the future of cholangiocarcinoma: Predicting the future incidence based on the current epidemiological data.

616 Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive, heterogenous group of neoplasms that arise from the epithelial lining of bile ducts that have dismal poor prognosis. A recent epidemiological study in the United States demonstrated a steady increase in the incidence of cholangiocarcinoma from 2001 to 2017 with a predominant increase in the intrahepatic sub-type (iCCA). We sought to evaluate the future incidence of cholangiocarcinoma stratified based on the subtype, age, sex, and race, that could possibly help plan prevention, control, and treatment strategies for this cancer. Methods: We obtained histologically confirmed cases of cholangiocarcinoma (ICD-0-3 Site: C220, C21, and C240) from National Cancer Institute (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18 registries between 2000 to 2017 and predicted the incidence between the years 2018-2029. We applied age-period-cohort models to estimate future cholangiocarcinoma incidence rates (per 100, 000) and the estimated disease burden by multiplying incidence forecasts by corresponding US Census population projections. Results: A total of 12,737 and 8,395 patients with iCCA and extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA) were included in the final analysis. The median age of iCCA cohort was 64 (range: 20-79) years and 46.4% were females whereas in eCCA the median age was 66 (range: 20-79) years and 43.8% were females. The overall observed age-adjusted incidence of iCCA between 2000-2017 was 1.07, which is predicted to increase to 2.13 by 2029 (99% increase) with a predominant increase in incidence rate observed in the age groups 70-79 and White males and females. Interestingly, incidence rate remained stable in Black and Asian males and in Asian females. Similarly, as compared to 2001-2017, the incidence of eCCA is projected to increase from 0.74 to 1.01 by 2029 (36.5% increase) with predominant increase noted in Black and Hispanic cohorts. In contrast, we noticed a relatively stable and decreasing incidence rate in White and Asian females, respectively. Conclusions: We predict an overall increased incidence of both iCCA and eCCA over the next decade especially in certain subgroups warranting the urgent need for preventive strategies. Further epidemiological studies are needed to determine the etiological factors contributing to predicted increase in incidence rate.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: Risk factors and management.

IGM has a diagnostic and treatment dilemma. The etiology of IGM is unknown but some conditions have been discussed as predisposing factors including Oral Contraceptive Pills, pregnancy, breast feeding, reproductive age, hyperprolactinemia, infectious and autoimmune diseases. The current study aimed to determine possible risk factors for IGM and to evaluate our experience in its management. The study included forty patients with IGM and forty females with normal breasts as a control group. CST treatment was initiated for all patients; patients who responded completely were followed up without surgical intervention. Failure to respond to medical therapy or incidence of corticosteroid-related complications were considered indications for surgical treatment. All patients were followed up for 6 months to detect recurrence. IGM had a significant higher incidence rate in young females within 5 years from the last lactation, smokers, those with hypperprolactinaemia, who had a history of breast feeding and those who received OCP (P =<0.001, <0.001, 0.006, 0.001, 0.023 and 0.027 respectively). The central part of the breast was more affected (9 cases (22.5%)). Multicenteric disease affected 8 cases (20%). Breast Mass was the most common presenting sign. After CST; the mass disappeared in 5 cases (12.5%), mass size reduced in 26 cases (65%) and mass size not affected in 9 cases (22.5%). Surgery was done in whom the mass size was reduced or not affected (35 cases (87.5%)). Disease recurrence was reported in 2 cases (5.7%). IGM usually affects females in their childbearing period with multiple risk factors mainly parity, smoking, OCP and breast feeding with wide variation regarding the presenting manifestations. We should start with CST as there is always a chance to avoid unnecessary surgery and combination of both modalities can reduce the incidence of recurrence.

Epidemiological investigation and prevention and control strategies of rubella in Anhui province, China, from 2012 to 2021.

BackgroundRubella is a highly contagious viral infection with mild manifestations that occurs most often in children and young adults. Infection during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, can result in an infant born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of rubella epidemics in Anhui province from 2012 to 2021 and explore the prevention and control strategies of rubella.MethodsA descriptive epidemiological approach was used to examine the epidemiological characteristics of rubella in Anhui Province between 2012 and 2021.ResultsFrom 2012 to 2021, a total of 4,987 cases of rubella were reported in Anhui province, with an average annual incidence of 8.11 per million, demonstrating an overall downward trend (χ2 trend =3141.06, P < 0.01). The average yearly incidence of rubella in southern Anhui, central Anhui, and northern Anhui were 9.99 per million, 11.47 per million, and 4.50 per million, respectively, with statistically significant differences (χ2 =792.50, P < 0.01). The male to female incidence ratio was 1.67:1, and the male incidence rate was higher than the female incidence rate. Most cases occurred among students, accounting for 56.59% of all cases, and the 10–34 age group accounted for ~73.71% of all cases. Regarding immunization history, 3.57% of cases had two doses or more, 6.62% had one dose, 16.40% had none, and the remainder were uncertain.ConclusionThe incidence of rubella in Anhui province from 2012 to 2021 continued to decline, with regional variations observed. The 10–34-year-old population without a history of rubella vaccination is at high risk for the disease. It is suggested to carry out rubella vaccination and congenital rubella syndrome monitoring according to the actual situation.

Estimating Incidence and Case Fatality of Thyroid Storm in Germany Between 2007 and 2017: A Claims Data Analysis.

Background: Given the paucity of epidemiological studies on thyroid storm, we aimed to estimate the incidence rate and case fatality of thyroid storm in Germany based on a large claims database. Methods: Using the German Pharmacoepidemiological Research Database (GePaRD) we identified patients with at least one inpatient discharge diagnosis of thyroid storm (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision, German modification; ICD-10-GM E05.5) between 2007 and 2017 and calculated age-standardized and age-specific incidence rates in males and females (no age restriction). We defined deaths occurring within 30 days of the diagnosis as thyroid storm-associated and determined case fatality by sex and age group. Point estimates were reported with confidence intervals [CIs]. Results: We identified 1690 patients with an incident diagnosis of thyroid storm. Of these, 72% were females (n = 1212). The mean age was 60 years (standard deviation: 18.6 years). The age-standardized incidence rate per 100,000 persons per year was 1.4 [CI 1.2-1.7] in females and 0.7 [CI 0.5-0.9] in males. In females ≤60 and >60 years of age, the incidence rate was 0.9 [CI 0.9-1.0] (males: 0.4 [CI 0.3-0.4]) and 2.7 [CI 2.5-2.9] (males: 1.7 [CI 1.5-1.9]), respectively. The case fatality of thyroid storm was 1.4% [CI 0.6-2.8] in females ≤60 years and 10.9% [CI 8.6-13.7] in females >60 years. In males, the case fatality was 1.0% [CI 0.2-4.0] in those aged ≤60 years and 16.7% [CI 12.6-21.7] in those >60 years. Conclusions: Incidence rates of thyroid storm were markedly higher in females than in males and were three times higher in persons >60 years compared with younger age groups. The case fatality was below 2% in persons aged ≤60 years and markedly higher in older persons (males: 17 times and females: 8 times).

Age-incidence patterns of seminoma and nonseminoma among males and females in Germany and the United States, 2008-2016.

The comparison of the incidence of gonadal germ cell tumors among males and females can provide insights that cannot be gained by separately studying these tumors. Incidence data on male and female gonadal germ cell tumors were drawn from the cancer registries of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, and the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program, for non-Hispanic White persons only, for the years 2008-2016. We estimated age-standardized and age-, and histology-specific incidence rates. We included 21,840 male and 716 female gonadal germ cell tumors. Incidence rates among males were higher in Germany (95.8 per million, standard error [SE] 1.1) than in the United States (68.0, SE 0.6), while incidence rates among females were lower in Germany (1.9, SE 0.2) than in the United States (2.6, SE 0.1). The characteristic peak of infantile (age 0-4 years) germ cell tumors among males were missing among females. The age peak of ovarian germ cell tumors occurred 15-20 years earlier (Germany: 10-14 years, United States: 15-19years) than the age peak of testicular germ cell tumors (30-34years). The three most common testicular germ cell tumors histologies were seminoma, mixed germ cell tumors, and embryonal carcinoma Among females, the three most common ovarian germ cell tumors histologies were teratoma, yolk sac tumor, monodermal teratomas, and somatic-type tumors arising from dermoid cysts in both countries. The characteristic peak of infantile (age 0-4 years) germ cell tumors among males was missing among females. The shapes of the age-specific incidence curves are similar for males and females in Germany and the United States, though with much lower incidence rates in females, suggesting a common pathogenesis. The lower rates among females may be due to the lower number of initiated tumors in the absence of the Y-chromosome, and the earlier peak among females may be due to a younger age at puberty.

Occupational Factors and Socioeconomic Differences in Breast Cancer Risk and Stage at Diagnosis in Swiss Working Women.

Simple SummarySocioeconomic status and occupation affect the risk of breast cancer, the most common cancer in women, but whether the effect is the consequence of work exposure or of socioeconomic status is often difficult to understand. In a Swiss cohort study, these correlated factors were obtained at individual level. Controlling for socioeconomic status, women in high skill occupations and of high socioprofessional level were both at increased risk of breast cancer and at increased chance of an early diagnosis. This finding suggests that socioeconomic status and occupation both contribute to inequalities in breast cancer risk and early detection. Interdisciplinary studies with collection of biological, occupational and behavioural information are needed to further explain the causes of socioprofessional inequalities in risk and subtypes of breast cancer.Socioeconomic differences in breast cancer (BC) incidence are driven by differences in lifestyle, healthcare use and occupational exposure. Women of high socioeconomic status (SES) have a higher risk of BC, which is diagnosed at an earlier stage, than in low SES women. As the respective effects of occupation and SES remain unclear, we examined the relationships between occupation-related variables and BC incidence and stage when considering SES. Female residents of western Switzerland aged 18–65 years in the 1990 or 2000 census, with known occupation, were linked with records of five cancer registries to identify all primary invasive BC diagnosed between 1990 and 2014 in this region. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were computed by occupation using general female population incidence rates, with correction for multiple comparisons. Associations between occupation factors and BC incidence and stage at diagnosis were analysed by negative binomial and multinomial logistic regression models, respectively. The cohort included 381,873 women-years and 8818 malignant BC, with a mean follow-up of 14.7 years. Compared with reference, three occupational groups predominantly associated with a high socioprofessional status had SIRs > 1: legal professionals (SIR = 1.68, 95%CI: 1.27–2.23), social science workers (SIR = 1.29; 95%CI: 1.12–1.49) and some office workers (SIR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.09–1.20). Conversely, building caretakers and cleaners had a reduced incidence of BC (SIR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.59–0.81). Gradients in BC risk with skill and socioprofessional levels persisted when accounting for SES. A higher incidence was generally associated with a higher probability of an early-stage BC. Occupation and SES may both contribute to differences in risk and stage at diagnosis of BC.

Gastric cancer incidence, mortality and burden in adolescents and young adults: a time-trend analysis and comparison among China, South Korea, Japan and the USA

ObjectivesTo evaluate and compare the burden of gastric cancer in adolescents and young adults (GCAYA) among China, South Korea, Japan and the USA, four countries with similar or different rates...

Descriptive, analytical and molecular epidemiology of pancreatic cancer

The purpose of the study was to present current data on the role of lifestyle and heredity factors in the etiology of pancreatic cancer (PC). Material and Methods. A systemic literature search was conducted using Medline and Elibrary databases. Results. Pancreatic cancer is the 9th leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. PC has an extremely poor prognosis. The 5-year survival rate of patients with PC does not exceed 9 %. The highest incidence and mortality rates from PC are found in Eastern Europe, including Russia. The incidence of PC in 2019 was 9.3 per 100,000 males and 5.7 per 100,000 females. In Russia, PC incidence and mortality rates in both males and females show a steady increase. Risk factors associated with PC include smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, overweight and obesity, diabetes and chronic pancreatitis. The microbiome of the oral cavity and colon infuence the risk of PС. Approximately 10 % of PC is estimated to have familial inheritance. The risk of PC in patients with inherited syndromes ranges from 2 (hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome) to 132 (Peutz-Jeghers syndrome). Regions of the genome containing variants of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), which are more common in patients with PC than in healthy people, were identifed. The most common somatic mutations include mutations in the driver genes of prostate cancer, which include the KRAS oncogene and tumor suppressor genes TP53, CDKN2A, and SMAD4.The less common mutations of genes include AIB1/NCOA, ERBB2/HER2/EGFR2, AKT2, BRAF, CCND1, RB1, etc. They are identifed as “passenger” mutations although the combined effect of polymorphism of these genes can be signifcant and comparable to the infuence of the driver gene. Conclusion. A signifcant disadvantage of our understanding of the process of carcinogenesis is the lack of information about carcinogenic factors that cause specifc mutations, i.e. the formation of mutational signatures. To solve this problem, in 2017, the international scientifc project GRAND CHALLENGE “Mutograph” was launched. The scientists of the Department of Cancer Epidemiology of N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology are members of the international team working on this project.

Abstract 2363: Transcription factors of keratin 18 gene in MDA-MB-231Br (brain-colonizing) breast cancer cells

Abstract Among all cancer types, breast cancer has the highest incidence rate and second highest mortality rate in females in the United States. Breast cancer patients with brain metastasis have a poor prognosis, with a median survival time of less than 1 year despite treatment. Decreasing the prevalence of brain metastasis would improve the overall prognosis of patients. We previously built a novel mouse model of breast cancer brain metastasis by intracardiac injection of the MDA-MB-231 (triple-negative breast cancer cell line) cells in mice. The brain colonizing counterpart of the parental cells primarily metastasizes to the brain, which is called the MDA-MB-231Br cell line. We have also shown that keratin 18 (an epithelial marker) plays a crucial role in the brain metastasis process as the MDA-MB-231Br cells have lower expression of the keratin 18 gene compared to their parental MDA-MBA-231 cells. Therefore, it is important to understand the transcriptional control of the keratin 18 gene, in order to fully understand the role of keratin 18 in regulating brain metastasis of breast cancer. We hypothesize that keratin 18 gene expression differs between these two cell lines due to the differential occupation of the gene by transcription factors such as Fli-1 or ETS-1. In this study, we analyzed the pattern of chromatin occupation of transcription factors ETS-1 and Fli-1 to determine whether they are responsible for the altered expression of the keratin 18 gene in MDA-MB-231Br cells.The Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was performed using the Pierce Magnetic ChIP Kit to analyze the presence of transcription factors Fli-1 and ETS-1 with enzymatic and mechanical shearing combined. The ChIP Kit included the positive control anti-RNA Polymerase II Antibody and GAPDH control primers. We optimized the experimental conditions including ChIP analysis for MDA-MB-231Br cells, detection of expected positive control results, and sonication settings to break apart the chromatin. We measured the ChIP mediated enrichment of the intron 1 region of the keratin 18 gene, as the DNA is hypermethylated in this region in MDA-MB-231Br cells. The primers were designed and used as follows: forward: 5′-GATCATCGAGGACCTGAGGG-3′ and reverse: 5′-GGGGAGCAGATCCTTCTTAGC-3′. Our results indicated that an ETS transcription factor occupies intron 1 of the keratin 18 gene in the MDA-MB-231Br cells, also showing that ChIP is an effective method to examine transcription factor binding. For future studies, we plan to perform similar experiments with the parental MDA-MB-231 cells. Then a quantitative PCR will be used to measure DNA binding sites of the transcription factors and determine if there is a significant difference in the level of chromatin occupation between the regular and brain-colonizing breast cancer cells. Our studies are necessary to understand the role of the keratin 18 gene in regulating tumor metastasis at the molecular level. Citation Format: Anissa Elice Johnson, Sagardeep Singh, Paul Lockman, Tuoen Liu, Gabor Szalai. Transcription factors of keratin 18 gene in MDA-MB-231Br (brain-colonizing) breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2363.

Cancer Incidence in Volcanic Areas: A Systematic Review

Background:There are more than 1,000 active volcanoes worldwide with inhabitants within 100 km of them. Volcanoes spill several toxic metals and spew pollution through gasses, causing soil and water contamination. The dangerously active volcanoes place the nearby population at risk for volcanic hazards. This review aimed to determine whether people living in these volcanic areas have higher risk of cancer and more attention should be given to this danger. Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted of PUBMED, Science Direct, SCOPUS, Proquest, and Google Scholar, and from citation searching. We assessed the quality of the studies and extracted the incidence rate of cancer in the volcanic areas compared to non-volcanic areas. Results: The search identified 360 articles, with 11 studies meeting our selection criteria. The results reported the incidence of cancer in children was predominantly in volcanic areas with girls suffering as much as 1.4 per 100,000 per year. The highest cancer age standardized incidence rates for females, males, and overall calculation in volcanic areas were reported as 31.7/100,000/year in Catania, 10.34/100,000/year in Furnas, and 38.3/100,000/year in Catania-Messina-Enna for thyroid cancer. We observed the increasing incidence of carcinoma for some types of cancer in volcanic areas. Conclusion:Cancer incidence in volcanic areas was higher than non-volcanic areas and it is caused by multifactorial conditions. The concentrations of hazardous elements of volcanic products vary among volcanoes and are related to the harmful risk for the inhabitants. The negative effects of volcanic products to human health should be given more consideration.

Effect of Clinical Interventions on the Incidence of Primary Post-Partum Hemorrhage in Females Undergoing Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery

Background: Primary Post-Partum Hemorrhage (PPH) is blood loss 500ml or more commonly occurring during the 3rd and 4th stage of labour, the period is known as delivery of infant with placenta and two hours after delivery. Labor room and delivery room nurses continuously miscalculate blood loss after delivery, which could lead to delay in providing care during Primary Post-Partum Hemorrhage. Objective: To see effect of Clinical Interventions on the Incidence of Primary Post-Partum Hemorrhage in females undergoing spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD). Methods: Quasi-Experimental study design was used with Pre &amp; Posttest. Incidence of Primary Post-Partum Hemorrhage 196 patients sample was used in this study. Purposive sampling Technique was used in this research. Study setting was all admitted patients in gynae ward of Allied Hospital Faisalabad. The study duration was conducted in September 2021 to May 2022. Maternal age in years 20-50years were including in this study.Femlaes having previous lower segment Caesarean section (LSCS)were excluded from the study. Validated adopted checklist was used to measure incidence rate of Primary Post-Partum Hemorrhage with Cronbach Alpha (0.89). Primary Post-Partum Hemorrhage were labeled as group of “Yes” for right answer &amp; the score was 1 and “No” for wrong answer and score was labeled as “0”. Results: Frequency &amp; Percentages of Demographic variables were checked. During pre-intervention period 39% Incidence rate in females &amp; on the other hand after interventions incidence rate decreases 14% after Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery. This is statistically acceptable. Paired sample t-test was conducted to evaluate the impact of the interventions on females Blood Pressure systolic Pre interventions scores Mean± SD(109.847±12.4303) &amp; Post intervention scores (114.0306±11.30396) with Mean Difference was -4.18367, Paired t test -3.403with P value 0.001.Blood Pressure Diastolic Pre interventions scores Mean± SD(73.2143±8.96575) &amp; Post intervention scores (76.9898±7.06163) with Mean Difference was -3.77551, Paired t test -4.560 with P value 0.000.Pulse Rate in Pre interventions scores Mean± SD(86.3163±6.21346) &amp; Post intervention scores (85.2143±4.63819) with Mean Difference was 1.10204, Paired t test 1.891 with P value 0.060.Temperature in Pre interventions scores Mean± SD(98.1827±.44457) &amp; Post intervention scores (98.1541±.45891) with Mean Difference was .02857, Paired t test .595 with P value 0.553.Respiration in Pre interventions scores Mean± SD(17.3367±1.51196) &amp; Post intervention scores (17.0561±5.98047) with Mean Difference was .28061, Paired t test .625 with P value 0.533.Paired sample t-test was conducted to evaluate the impact of the interventions on females Incidence Rate Pre interventions scores Mean± SD (1.8010 ± .40026) &amp; Post intervention scores (1.9286 ± .25820) with Mean Difference was -1.2755, Paired t test -3.767 with P value 0.00. Conclusion: Clinical Interventions was effective on the Incidence of Primary Post-Partum Hemorrhage in females undergoing spontaneous vaginal delivery. Key Words: Post-Partum hemorrhage, lower segment Caesarean section, Incidence, Females, spontaneous vaginal delivery, Miscalculate.

Gender differences in measles incidence rates in a multi-year, pooled analysis, based on national data from seven high income countries

BackgroundGender differences in a number of infectious diseases have been reported. The evidence for gender differences in clinical measles incidence rates has been variable and poorly documented over age groups, countries and time periods.MethodsWe obtained data on cases of measles by sex and age group over a period of 11–27 years from seven countries. Male to female incidence rate ratios (IRR) were computed for each year, by country and age group. For each age group, we used meta-analytic methods to combine the IRRs. Meta-regression was conducted to the estimate the effects of age, country, and time period on the IRR.ResultsIn the age groups < 1, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–44, and 45–64 the pooled IRRs (with 95% CI) were 1.07 (1.02–1.11), 1.10 (1.07–1.14), 1.03 (1.00–1.05), 1.05 (0.99–1.11), 1.08 (0.95–1.23), and 0.82 (0.74–0.92) respectively. The excess incidence rates (IR) from measles in males up to age 45 are remarkably consistent across countries and time-periods. In the age group 45–64, there is an excess incidence in women.ConclusionsThe consistency of the excess incidence rates in young males suggest that the sex differences are more likely due to physiological and biological differences and not behavioral factors. At older ages, differential exposure can play a part. These findings can provide further keys to the understanding of mechanisms of infection and tailoring vaccination schedules.

Spatial epidemiology of skin cancer in Iran: separating sun-exposed and non-sun-exposed parts of the body

BackgroundSkin cancer is among the most common cancer types with an increasing global trend of incidence rate. This study explores the spatial distribution of skin cancer, considering body sites exposed and not exposed to sunshine separately.MethodsWe used 4302 skin cancer cases recorded by Fars Cancer Registry in south-western Iran for over 6 years (2011–2017). The variables included in the study were patients’ residence address, gender, age, report date, and final topographical code. The patients’ addresses were geocoded to the counties of the study area. Skin cancer sites were categorized based on sun exposure in male and female cases. We used the empirical Bayesian smoothing approach to smooth the skin cancer incidence rate at the county level to remove any potential population size bias. Finally, Anselin’s Local Moran’s Index and Getis Ord G* were used to identify the clustered and high-risk skin cancer geographical areas.ResultsThe incidence rates had an increasing trend from 14.28 per 100,000 people in 2011 to 17.87 per 100,000 people in 2016, however, it was decreased to 13.05 per 100,000 people in 2017. Out of 4302 patients with skin cancer, 2602 cases (60%) were male. The cancer cumulative incidence rate in males and females who were not exposed to sunshine was 7.80 and 14.18 per 100,000, respectively. The rates increased to 86.22 and 48.20 in males and females who were exposed to the sun. There were some high-risk spatial clusters of skin cancer in the study area. Further investigations are required to identify the underlying cause of the formation of these clusters.ConclusionsPatients exposed to sunshine, especially among the male group, experienced much higher rates of cancer occurrence as compared to unexposed individuals. With a heterogeneous spatial pattern, hotspots were identified in non-sun-exposed and sun-exposed categories in the study area. Researchers and policymakers can significantly benefit from the spatial analyses of skin cancer incidence. These analyses can provide useful and timely prevention policies as well as tailored monitoring techniques in high-risk regions.

The Main Patterns in the Trend Change of Stomach Cancer Incidence amongst Selected African Countries.

Aim The current study aimed to investigate the trend changes of stomach cancer incidence amongst African countries and identify the main patterns. Methods The annual reports of stomach cancer incidence rate (per 100,000 people) for males and females in 53 African countries from 1990 to 2016 were maintained from the World Health Organization archive. The growth mixture model was used for fitting the models in Mplus 7.4. The estimated linear trend in each pattern was characterized by intercept (the rate at 1990) and slope (the observed biennial trend changes), and finally, each country was grouped into a cluster with the most similar pattern. Results Three main patterns for males and two main patterns for females were determined. For males, the first cluster, containing Cape Verde, Central African Republic, and Mauritius, showed a sharp fall, while countries in the second pattern including Algeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Gambia, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, and Tunisia were categorized in a pattern with a slight decrease, and other 43 countries were in the third pattern with a moderate falling trend. For females, 19 countries including Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Congo Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Mali, Mauritius, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe were categorized in the moderate-to-high falling pattern, but the other 34 countries had a gentle downward pattern. Conclusion Although most of the observed trends of stomach cancer were falling, only a few countries had experienced a favorable decreasing trend (three countries in male incidence and nineteen countries in female incidence). Therefore, taking effective actions to accelerate the observed falling trends seems necessary.

Sex Differences in Salmonellosis Incidence Rates-An Eight-Country National Data-Pooled Analysis.

Background: There are few studies on sex differences in the incidence rates (IR) for salmonellosis over several countries by age and time period. The purpose of this study was to explore the extent and consistency of the sex and age-specific differences. Methods: We analyzed national data from eight countries between 1994 and 2016. We computed country-specific male to female incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for each age group and pooled the data using meta-analytic methods. Variations of the IRRs by age, country and time period were evaluated using meta-regression. Results: The pooled male to female incidence RRs for ages 0–1, 1–4, 5–9 and 10–14, were 1.04 (1.02–1.06), 1.02 (1.01–1.03), 1.07 (1.05–1.08) and 1.28 (1.23–1.33), respectively. For the ages 15–44 and 45–64, the incidence rates were significantly higher in females. Meta-regression analyses indicate that age groups contributed most of the variation in the male to female IRRs. Conclusions: We suggest that genetic and hormonal factors and interactions between hormones and gut microbiota could contribute to the sex differences observed in young children. These findings should provide clues about the mechanisms of the infection, and should be useful in targeting treatments and development of vaccines. Highlights: (1) This manuscript provides consistent estimates of the excess salmonellosis incidence rates in male children up to age 15, which suggests an impact of sex hormones or genetic differences. (2) Our findings should promote the further investigations on sex-related determinants of infectious diseases.

ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТЬ БАЗАЛЬНОКЛЕТОЧНЫМ РАКОМ КОЖИ В КОГОРТЕ РАБОТНИКОВ ПО «МАЯК»

Results: To estimate incidence rates for basal cell carcinoma (BSC) following chronic occupational radiation exposure. &#x0D; Conclusion:The study cohort included 22,377 workers (25.4 % of females) of the nuclear production facility, Mayak Production Association (PA), who had been hired in 1948–1982. Gamma doses of external exposure were provided by the Mayak Workers Dosimetry System – 2013 (MWDS–2013). The cohort was followed up until 31.12.2018.&#x0D; Results: By the end of the follow-up period 293 BSC cases were registered in the study cohort. BSC incidence rates significantly increased with increasing attained age of workers. The highest BSC incidence rate was observed in the age group above 70 years, both for males and females. The study found a significant increasing linear trend for standardized incidence rates for both males and females; approximation confidence factors were R2 = 0.82 and R2 = 0.95, respectively. The majority of BSC cases in the study cohort were registered in 1994–2018 (71.12 % in males and 81.13 % in females). The component analysis demonstrated that the absolute growth in the BSC incidence rate in both males and females was due to changes in the age structure of the study population and the risk of the disease.&#x0D; Conclussion: BSC incidence rates were significantly higher in males externally exposed to gamma rays at cumulative skin absorbed doses 0.2–0.5 Gy, 0.5–1.0 Gy and above 1.0 Gy compared to those exposed at doses below 0.1 Gy. In females the corresponding differences were non-significant.

Adult onset epilepsy incidence in Finland over 34 years: A nationwide registry study.

Background and purposeThe incidence of epilepsy is decreasing among the working‐aged in high‐income countries, but previous studies have reported conflicting results in Finland.MethodsA nationwide population‐based cross‐sectional analysis was made of annual epilepsy drug reimbursement rights frequency data from the Social Insurance Institution of Finland, the national authority, between 1986 and 2019. All persons at least 20 years of age living in Finland during the study period were included.ResultsBased on the analysis of 77,939 new reimbursement rights, crude incidence was 57.4/100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 57.0–57.8) person‐years, and age‐standardized (to the European Standard Population 2013) incidence was 51.6/100,000 person‐years. Both crude (r = 0.62, p = 0.00009) and standardized (r = 0.65, p = 0.00003) incidence increased over time. Incidence increased in both men (from 66.4 to 71.6/100,000, r = 0.51, p = 0.002) and women (from 51.5 to 55.3/100,000, r = 0.68, p < 0.00001). The mean male to female incidence rate ratio was 1.28 (95% CI = 1.26–1.30, range = 1.15–1.41), but decreased during the study period (r = −0.47, p = 0.006). Incidence decreased in those 20–59 years old but increased in all older age groups. This development was similar between sexes.ConclusionsThe incidence of adult onset epilepsy in Finland increased in people older than 60 years and decreased in the 20–59‐year age group during the study period. These trends were similar between sexes. Therefore, etiological epilepsy trends in the elderly need to be studied further to plan public health measures to prevent epilepsy in this age group.

Identification of a novel glycolysis-related signature to predict the prognosis of patients with breast cancer

BackgroundBreast cancer (BC) has a high incidence and mortality rate in females. Its conventional clinical characteristics are far from accurate for the prediction of individual outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to develop a novel signature to predict the survival of patients with BC.MethodsWe analyzed the data of a training cohort from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and a validation cohort from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. After the applications of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Cox regression analyses, a glycolysis-related signature for predicting the survival of patients with BC was developed; the signature contained AK3, CACNA1H, IL13RA1, NUP43, PGK1, and SDC1. Furthermore, on the basis of expression levels of the six-gene signature, we constructed a risk score formula to classify the patients into high- and low-risk groups. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the Kaplan-Meier curve were used to assess the predicted capacity of the model. Later, a nomogram was developed to predict the outcomes of patients with risk score and clinical features over a period of 1, 3, and 5 years. We further used Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database to validate the expressions of the six biomarkers in tumor and sample tissues, which were taken as control.ResultsWe constructed a six-gene signature to predict the outcomes of patients with BC. The patients in the high-risk group showed poor prognosis than those in the low-risk group. The area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.719 and 0.702, showing that the prediction performance of the signature is acceptable. Additionally, Cox regression analysis revealed that these biomarkers could independently predict the prognosis of BC patients with BC without being affected by clinical factors. The expression levels of all six biomarkers in BC tissues were higher than that in normal tissues; however, AK3 was an exception.ConclusionWe developed a six-gene signature to predict the prognosis of patients with BC. Our signature has been proved to have the ability to make an accurate prediction and might be useful in expanding the hypothesis in clinical research.

Evaluation of occupational accidents in forestry in Europe and Turkey by k-means clustering analysis

The incidence rate of occupational accidents is an important indicator of occupational safety performance. The aim of this study was to classify the similarities and differences among 23 European Union (EU) countries along with Turkey in terms of various occupational accident evaluation criteria. This was achieved using the k-means clustering method on data from the forestry and logging sector between 2008 and 2017. The occupational accident assessment criteria used in the study include the nonfatal male accident incidence rate, the nonfatal female accident incidence rate, the total (male + female) nonfatal accident incidence rate, and the total (male + female) fatal accident incidence rate. According to the clustering analysis, three clusters were obtained, and Turkey was included in Cluster 2. By evaluating the final cluster center values and the descriptive statistical values in the clusters, it was found that the occupational accident incidence values of the countries in Cluster 2 were in all four categories below the averages of the other two other clusters as well as the 23 EU countries and Turkey considered together. Cluster 1 was above all of the other clusters as well as all the countries considered together in the total nonfatal occupational accident category, and Cluster 3 in the fatal occupational accident category. Studies similar to this one but on an intercontinental basis would provide a good foundation for improving work health and safety legislation in forestry and logging on a global scale.

Global, regional, and national burden of respiratory tract cancers and associated risk factors from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

SummaryBackgroundPrevention, control, and treatment of respiratory tract cancers are important steps towards achieving target 3.4 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—a one-third reduction in premature mortality due to non-communicable diseases by 2030. We aimed to provide global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019.MethodsBased on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 methodology, we evaluated the incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of respiratory tract cancers (ie, tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer). Deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer attributable to each risk factor were estimated on the basis of risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input from 204 countries and territories, stratified by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Trends were estimated from 1990 to 2019, with an emphasis on the 2010–19 period.FindingsGlobally, there were 2·26 million (95% uncertainty interval 2·07 to 2·45) new cases of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer, and 2·04 million (1·88 to 2·19) deaths and 45·9 million (42·3 to 49·3) DALYs due to tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer in 2019. There were 209 000 (194 000 to 225 000) new cases of larynx cancer, and 123 000 (115 000 to 133 000) deaths and 3·26 million (3·03 to 3·51) DALYs due to larynx cancer globally in 2019. From 2010 to 2019, the number of new tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer cases increased by 23·3% (12·9 to 33·6) globally and the number of larynx cancer cases increased by 24·7% (16·0 to 34·1) globally. Global age-standardised incidence rates of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer decreased by 7·4% (−16·8 to 1·6) and age-standardised incidence rates of larynx cancer decreased by 3·0% (−10·5 to 5·0) in males over the past decade; however, during the same period, age-standardised incidence rates in females increased by 0·9% (−8·2 to 10·2) for tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and decreased by 0·5% (−8·4 to 8·1) for larynx cancer. Furthermore, although age-standardised incidence and death rates declined in both sexes combined from 2010 to 2019 at the global level for tracheal, bronchus, lung and larynx cancers, some locations had rising rates, particularly those on the lower end of the SDI range. Smoking contributed to an estimated 64·2% (61·9–66·4) of all deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and 63·4% (56·3–69·3) of all deaths from larynx cancer in 2019. For males and for both sexes combined, smoking was the leading specific risk factor for age-standardised deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer per 100 000 in all SDI quintiles and GBD regions in 2019. However, among females, household air pollution from solid fuels was the leading specific risk factor in the low SDI quintile and in three GBD regions (central, eastern, and western sub-Saharan Africa) in 2019.InterpretationThe numbers of incident cases and deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer increased globally during the past decade. Even more concerning, age-standardised incidence and death rates due to tracheal, bronchus, lung cancer and larynx cancer increased in some populations—namely, in the lower SDI quintiles and among females. Preventive measures such as smoking control interventions, air quality management programmes focused on major air pollution sources, and widespread access to clean energy should be prioritised in these settings.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.