Wilt Incidence Research Articles

Integrated Application of Salicylic Acid and PGPRs to Control Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea

Fusarium wilt and Ascochyta blight are the most important diseases of chickpea. The current study was designed to investigate the individual and combined effect of salicylic acid (SA) with Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas putida to suppress Fusarium wilt and promote growth of chickpea varieties: Thal-2006 and Punjab-2008. At the time of sowing, inoculum of Fusarium oxysporum was applied to the soil and the incidence of Fusarium wilt was recorded after 60 days. The seeds were inoculated with Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas putida prior to sowing. Chickpea plants were treated with salicylic acid at seedling stage. The combination of P. stutzeri and SA significantly increased root length (166% and 145%), shoot height (50% and 47%) and shoot biomass (300% and 233%) in cv. Thal-2006 and cv. Punjab-2008, respectively, in infected plants. Similarly, the combined treatment of P. putida + SA, also enhanced the plant growth parameters of chickpea varieties. Maximum reduction in disease severity was observed in both P. stutzeri + SA (90% and 84%) and P. putida + SA (79% and 77%) treatments in cv. Thal-2006 and Punjab-2008, respectively. Both P. putida + SA and P. stutzeri + SA treatments resulted in increased leaf relative water and total protein content, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase activities in both resistant (cv. Thal-2006) and susceptible (cv. Punjab-2008) cultivars. Both treatments also significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline content in cv. Thal-2006 and Punjab-2008. Cultivar Thal-2006 was more effective than cv. Punjab-2008. The results suggested that, in combination, salicylic acid and P. stutzeri may play an important role in controlling Fusarium wilt diseases by inducing systemic resistance in chickpea.

Genome Sequence Resource of Serratia ureilytica HNU47: A Strain with Biocontrol Potential Against Bacterial Wilt Pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum.

Serratia ureilytica HNU47 was originally isolated from rhizosphere soil of stock in a continuous cropping tomato-planting field, which has excellent antagonistic ability against Ralstonia solanacearum. Here, we sequenced the genome of HNU47 to gain insights into the underlying basis of its antagonistic activity. Results of phylogenetic analysis of the whole genomic sequence demonstrated that HNU47 belongs to S. ureilytica. Through antiSMASH analysis, 10 secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters were predicted. There were only two gene clusters with similarity higher than 95% with known compounds' gene clusters and the similarities of the other eight gene clusters were lower than 30%, including three gene clusters with no homology. In addition, biocontrol experiments confirmed that HNU47 could decrease the incidence of bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum on tomato. These findings support the potential of developing S. ureilytica HNU47 as a biocontrol agent against R. solanacearum by producing some unknown active compounds. The genome sequence reported here is also useful for revealing the modulation mechanisms underlying biosynthesis of active compounds.

Faba Bean-Wheat Intercropping Can Control the Occurrence of Faba Bean Fusarium Wilt by Alleviating the Inhibitory Effect of Benzoic Acid on Disease Resistance Metabolism and the Expression of Resistance Genes.

Background: Continuous cropping leads to the accumulation of autotoxic substances in faba beans, which limits their global production. Intercropping is widely used to alleviate these problems. Aim: This study aims to explore the important role of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fabae (FOF) and benzoic acid stress in enhancing the occurrence of faba bean Fusarium wilt and the potential mechanism of faba bean-wheat intercropping to control the occurrence of this disease. Methods: We analyzed the pathogenic mechanism of FOF and benzoic acid and the defense response of faba bean-wheat intercropping against the autotoxicity of benzoic acid under hydroponic conditions that included the pathogen alone and in combination with different concentrations of benzoic acid. Results: The dual stress of FOF and benzoic acid inhibited the activity of defensive enzymes, the synthesis of defensive substances, and the expression of defensive genes in faba bean roots and reduced the disease resistance of faba bean. This shows that benzoic acid plays an important role in helping FOF cause disease. Faba bean-wheat intercropping improves plant resistance by alleviating benzoic acid stress and reducing the incidence and disease index of Fusarium wilt. Conclusion: The dual stress of FOF and benzoic acid promotes the occurrence of faba bean Fusarium wilt by destroying the root defense system of faba bean. Faba bean-wheat intercropping can effectively alleviate the autotoxicity of benzoic acid and control the occurrence of Fusarium wilt by improving the physiological and biochemical resistance of faba beans and the expression of defense genes.

Control of Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) and Reduction of Ginger Yield Loss through Integrated Management Methods in Southwestern Ethiopia

Background: Bacterial wilt incited by Ralstonia solanacearum is the most important disease affecting ginger production in southwestern Ethiopia. Unavailability of disease-free planting materials, resistant cultivars, and effective chemical compounds are the key constraints in managing the disease. Objective: The study was initiated to determine the effect of integrated management methods on bacterial wilt disease and yield loss of ginger through combining hot water, bio-fumigation, soil-solarization and chemical pesticides. Methods: A total of seven treatment combinations comprising hot water, bio-fumigation, soil-solarization, Mancozeb, and bleaching powder were tested in a randomized complete block design in three replications. Data on disease incidence, growth, yield, and yield components were recorded from randomly selected plants. Results: The use of Mancozeb for seed socking and soil drenching combined with bio-fumigation and soil-solarization reduced the incidence of bacterial wilt by 63.3% and enhanced the rhizome yield by 66.8%. Rhizome and soil treatment using bleaching powder along with soil bio-fumigation also reduced the disease incidence by 38.9% and increased ginger yield by 61.5%. It also provided the highest (6678.7%) marginal rate of return of any treatment combination tested in the experiment. Disease incidence was highly significantly and inversely (r= -0.98**) correlated with rhizome yield. The regression slope estimated that 83.4% of ginger yield loss was associated with the bacterial wilt disease. Conclusion: A combined application of Mancozeb, bio-fumigation and soil-solarization can be used to control ginger bacterial wilt. Alternatively, bleaching powder for rhizome and soil treatment in conjunction with bio-fumigation can be employed as an integrated management system against the disease.

Efficacy of different agro-techniques on growth, yield and disease incidence on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum l.) crop of north western Himalayan region

A field experiment was conducted during 2 consecutive years (2017-18 and 2018-19)with 12 treatment combinations at Vegetable Research Farm, Nauni, Solan with an objective to study the effects of different planting methods, mulches and training systems on flowering, fruiting, yield and incidence of diseases of tomato (Solanum Lycopsersicum L.) var. Solan Lalima. Plants grown on raised beds had minimum incidence of buckeye rot (4.19%), severity of Alternaria leaf blight (3.80%), incidence of bacterial leaf spot (2.38%) and incidence of Fusarium wilt (3.45%) and higher yield per plot (127.57 kg) and per hectare (899.96 q). Black polythene mulch responded best for lower incidence of buckeye rot (4.45%), severity of Alternaria leaf blight (4.01%), incidence of bacterial leaf spot (2.47%) and incidence of Fusarium wilt (3.62%) and higher yield per plot (129.42 kg) and per hectare (913.05 q), respectively. T1 also recorded lower incidence of buckeye rot (4.09%), severity of Alternaria leaf blight (3.67%), incidence of bacterial leaf spot (2.33%) and incidence of Fusarium wilt (3.36%) and higher yield per plot (46.46 kg) and per hectare (327.74 q). Regarding consortium effect, the minimum incidence of buckeye rot (3.46%), severity of Alternaria leaf blight (2.80%), incidence of bacterial leaf spot (1.84%) and incidence of Fusarium wilt (2.60%) disease was recorded in P1M1T1 treatment combination (raised bed + black polythene mulch + two stem training system). This combination was also better for all the growth and yield contributing characters.

Biochar combined with Bacillus subtilis SL-44 as an eco-friendly strategy to improve soil fertility, reduce Fusarium wilt, and promote radish growth

Bacillus subtilis as microbial fertilizers contribute to avoiding the harmful effects of traditional agricultural fertilizers and pesticides. However, there are many restrictions on the practical application of fertilizers. In this study, microbial biochar formulations (BCMs) were prepared by loading biochar with B. subtilis SL-44. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the BCMs on soil fertility, Fusarium wilt control, and radish plant growth. The application of BCMs dramatically improved soil properties and favored plant growth. Compared with SL-44 and biochar treatments, the BCMs treatments increased radish plant physical-chemical properties and activities of several enzymes in the soil. What’s more, Fusarium wilt incidence had decreased by 59.88%. In addition, the BCMs treatments exhibited a significant increase in the abundance of bacterial genera in the rhizosphere soil of radish. Therefore, this study demonstrated that BCMs may be an eco-friendly strategy for improving soil fertility, reducing Fusarium wilt, and promoting radish plant growth.

Treatment with organic manure inoculated with a biocontrol agent induces soil bacterial communities to inhibit tomato Fusarium wilt disease.

Organic manure, plant growth-promoting microorganisms, and biocontrol agents are widely used to sustainably control soil-borne diseases. However, how and whether organic manure inoculated with biocontrol agents alters soil microbiota and reduces disease severity is poorly understood. Here, we examined changes to the soil microbial community, soil properties, and incidence of Fusarium wilt disease in response to several fertilization regimes. Specifically, we studied the effects of inorganic chemical fertilization (CF), organic manure fertilization (OF), and Erythrobacter sp. YH-07-inoculated organic manure fertilization (BF) on the incidence of Fusarium wilt in tomato across three seasons. BF-treated soils showed increased microbial abundance, richness, and diversity compared to other treatments, and this trend was stable across seasons. BF-treated soils also exhibited a significantly altered microbial community composition, including increased abundances of Bacillus, Altererythrobacter, Cryptococcus, and Saprospiraceae, and decreased abundances of Chryseolinea and Fusarium. Importantly, BF treatment significantly suppressed the incidence of Fusarium wilt in tomato, likely due to direct suppression by Erythrobacter sp. YH-07 and indirect suppression through changes to the microbial community composition and soil properties. Taken together, these results suggest that Erythrobacter sp. YH-07-inoculated organic manure is a stable and sustainable soil amendment for the suppression of Fusarium wilt diseases.

Antifungal potential of endophytic Bacillus species isolated from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) against Fusarium oxysporum collected from selected farms in Nigeria

ABSTRACT Fusarium wilt, caused by F. oxysporum, is a prevalent destructive tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) disease in Nigeria. Development of safe, and efficient biocontrol measures is important in the management of the disease. In this study, incidence of fusarium wilt of tomato in four agricultural zones of Oyo State was established through purposive sampling, and the abundance, and in vitro-biocontrol potential of Bacillus endophytes were determined. Strains of F. oxysporum and Bacillus endophytes were isolated from tomato plants collected from 21 farms. In vitro-inhibition potential of endophytes was determined through a modified, dual-culture assay, involving six endophytes, and carbendazim (fungicide), set up in a completely randomized design. Using a rating-scale of 0–9, the highest wilt severity (6.67) and incidence (39.30%) were observed on Akinware farm in Ibadan/Ibarapa agricultural zone of Oyo State. Fusarium oxysporum IB3q caused severe wilt symptoms, including leaf chlorosis, necrosis, vascular discoloration, and wilt, on infected Alausa and Ibadan-local tomato varieties. Thirty-nine strains of Bacillus endophytes were isolated from the tissues of healthy tomato plants. Six of the isolated Bacillus endophytes inhibited F. oxysporum. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Sa08 and B. subtilis Og04 had inhibitory zones of 15.67 and 19.43 mm, respectively, against F. oxysporum, and caused hyphal disintegration of the pathogen. They produced cell wall-degrading enzymes, with relative activities ranging from 0.87 to 5.04. Based on their in vitro-inhibition potential, B. amyloliquefaciens Sa08 and B. subtilis Og04 should be deployed, as prospective biocontrol measures against seed-borne fusarium pathogens and fusarium wilt on tomato plants.

Effects of different crop rotations on the incidence of cotton Verticillium wilt and structure and function of the rhizospheric microbial community

Effects of different crop rotations on the incidence of cotton Verticillium wilt and structure and function of the rhizospheric microbial community

Survey on the incidence of Fusarium wilt of tomato incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) in major tomato growing areas of Khordha district, Odisha, India

One of the main issues with tomato production is fusarium wilt, often known as vascular wilt or Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. In order to determine the disease incidence of fusarium wilt in several tomatogrowing regions of the Khordha district, Odisha, in the years 2021–22 and 2022–23, a survey was conducted. A total of ten villages (one village from each block) were visited, and each village’s five fields were examined. This was done by counting the number of sick or infected plants in each field’s randomly chosen five-byfive-meter tomato field. Pichukuli village (25.70%), Jankia village (23.69%), and Jagannathpur village (22.59%) had the highest per cent disease incidence. Nachuni village (16.72%) and Siko (17.28%) had the lowest per cent disease incidence, respectively. The survey’s findings showed that there was a disease incidence that was causing output and crop losses for tomatoes.

Evaluation of Culture Filtrates of Endophytic Microorganisms from Tomato against Ralstonia solanacearum

A novel approach to biological control using endophytes has gained immense potential in disease management. The endophytes constitute a valuable source of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, sterols and phenolic compounds which play a major role in plant defense mechanisms. Therefore an experiment was carried out to study the effect of secondary metabolites of endophytes from tomatoes against the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum both in vitro and in vivo conditions using their culture filtrates. In vitro evaluation of the culture filtrates of the endophytes was carried out by inoculating the pathogen on a five per cent culture filtrate amended Potato Dextrose Agar medium. Complete inhibition of the pathogen was observed in all endophytes indicating the inhibitory effect of their culture filtrates. In order to study the effect of secondary metabolites of endophytes on R. solanacearum under in planta conditions, culture filtrates along with culture suspensions for comparison were used. The tomato seedlings dipped first in culture filtrate/suspension then in bacterial ooze showed lowest wilt incidence and among the two, seedling dip in filtrate was the effective one. The minimum wilt incidence was noticed with seedlings dipped first in culture filtrate of endophyte Trichoderma viride-2 recording 10.92, 15.68 and 19.84 per cent followed by T. harzianum-1 and Bacillus subtilis, which showed 12.5, 16.67 and 22.22 per cent at 7, 10 and 14 days after inoculation respectively. Thus the above findings clearly indicated the inhibitory effect of secondary metabolites of the endophytes on bacterial wilt pathogen.

Evaluation of F1 Crosses of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Landraces for Fruit Yield, Quality and Tolerance to Bacterial Wilt

Field experiment was carried out at All India Coordinated Research Project on Vegetable Crops, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India in order to identify the superior F1 crosses for marketable fruit yield quality and resistance to bacterial wilt. All total 21 F1 crosses evolved from seven distinctly diverse local landraces of brinjal along with a hybrid check, Mahy Green were evaluated by adopting Randomized Block Design and replicated twice in rabi 2021-2022. Results revealed significant variations among various fruit quality attributes (TSS: 4.32 oBrix to 6.00 oBrix and ascorbic acid content of fruit: 5.10 mg100g-1 to 7.10 mg100g-1), incidence of bacterial wilt (30 DAT: 0.00% to 4.17%, 60 DAT: 0.00% to 12.50% and 90 DAT: 0.00% to 20.83%). Out of 21 crosses, nine cross showed immune reaction to bacterial wilt at 90 DAT. The marketable fruit yield plant-1 varied significantly from 1.00 kg to 1.99 kg. The F1 cross viz. BBSR-08-2 × Selection from BBSR-145-1(1.99 kg) recorded significantly highest fruit yield plant-1 followed by BBSR-08-2 × BBSR-10-25(1.87 kg) and BBSR-08-2 × BBSR-10-26 (1.81 kg). Thus, it may be concluded that, F1 crosses obtained from local landraces of brinjal viz., BBSR-08-2 × Selection from BBSR-145-1, BBSR-08-2 × BBSR-10-25 and BBSR-08-2 × BBSR-10-26 may be recommended for higher marketable fruit yield, fruit quality and over all resistance to bacterial wilt for higher profit. These local landraces may also be used for future brinjal improvement programme towards development varieties with higher fruit yield quality and resistance to bacterial wilt.

Priming Watermelon Resistance by Activating Physiological Response and Defense Gene Expression to Alleviate Fusarium Wilt in Wheat-Watermelon Intercropping

Wheat intercropping in watermelon could provide relief from the occurrence of Fusarium wilting of watermelon, a severe soil-borne disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON). The current study aims to investigate the effect of root exudates from three wheat cultivars and one watermelon cultivar on the growth of FON and the responses of Fusarium wilt in watermelon to intercropping with wheat. The results revealed the contrasting effects of root exudates on the mycelial growth of FON; the wheat root exudates inhibited the mycelial growth of FON, and watermelon root exudates promoted the mycelial growth of FON. Watermelon plants suffered less Fusarium wilt in the intercropping system than in the monocropping system. Wheat intercropping reduced the incidence of Fusarium wilt in watermelon, and this effect was associated with the role of wheat root exudates that inhibited the growth of FON. Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents decreased in the intercropping system compared with the monocropping system after FON inoculation. The catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities, and total phenolics and flavonoid contents in the roots of watermelon in the intercropping system were significantly higher than those in the monocropping system. Real-time PCR analysis showed that ClCAT, ClSOD, ClAPX, and ClPPO defensive enzymes and ClPDF2.1 and ClPDF2.4 defensin-like gene expression were significantly induced during the early stage after FON inoculation in the intercropping system compared to the monocropping system, while peroxidases did not show a significant response to FON infection. It is suggested that intercropping with wheat alleviates Fusarium wilt of watermelon by reducing the population of FON in rhizospheric soil and activating physiological responses and defense gene expression to protect watermelon from FON infection and improve the resistance of watermelon to FON in the intercropping system.

Uji Kemampuan Trichokompos Dalam Menekan Penyakit Layu Fusarium Pada Tanaman Tomat

Fusarium wilt is one of the deadly diseases on tomato plants that need to be controlled.Trichocompost is compost containing the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp., which increasessoil fertility and controls plant pathogens. This study aimed to examine the effect of trichocompostdoses on: (1) the growth and yield of tomato plants, (2) the incidence of fusarium wilt, and (3) theseverity of fusarium wilt disease in tomato plants.This research was conducted at the Laboratoryof Plant Diseases and Greenhouses of Faperta Undana from March 2021 to August 2021. Thisstudy used a Randomized Block Design consisting of seven treatments repeated three times, sothere were 21 experimental units. The treatments tried were Trichocompost 25 g/polybag twoweeks before F. oxysporum inoculation, Trichocompost 50 g/polybag two weeks before F.oxysporum inoculation, Trichocompost 75 g/polybag two weeks before F. oxysporum inoculation,Trichocompost 25 g/polybag two weeks after F. oxysporum inoculation, Trichocompost 50g/polybag two weeks after inoculation of F. oxysporum, Trichocompost 75 g/polybag two weeksafter inoculation of F. oxysporum, andInoculation of F. oxysporum at planting withouttrichocompost application. The results showed that: (1) Trichocompost 75 g/polybag applied twoweeks before Fusarium oxysporum inoculation was able to increase plant height, the number ofleaves, and the number of tomato fruits, (2) Trichocompost applied two weeks before and afterinoculation of Fusarium oxysporum was able to reduce the incidence of fusarium wilt, (3)Trichocompost 75 g/polybag, applied two weeks before Fusarium oxysporum inoculation, reducedthe severity of fusarium wilt and was included in the category of high control effectiveness.

Early detection of Verticillium wilt of potatoes using near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning modeling

Verticillium wilt, primarily caused by the pathogen Verticillium dahliae, is an economically devastating disease of potato crops. Early detection of this disease is critical in informing growers to apply management measures to reduce Verticillium wilt incidence and severity. However, early detection of V. dahliae can be challenging due to the cryptic nature of its symptom emergence and expression. This paper presents the implementation of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with machine learning to develop an efficient and objective tool for the early detection of Verticillium wilt in potato plants. Two artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed using the raw absorbance values within the 1596 – 2396 nm light spectral range as inputs to predict photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (gs), as well as predict whether plants were infected or non-infected. The results showed high accuracy for Model 1 (R = 0.89 using all samples from trial 1) with a deployment accuracy of R = 0.76 using all samples from trial 2. High accuracy was also obtained for Model 2 using samples from trial 1 (94 %) with a deployment accuracy of 84 % using samples from trial 2. Results showed that V. dahliae presence could correctly be identified in plants two days after inoculation (DAI) without any visible symptomatology. These model types have never been presented for Verticillium wilt of potato and show high potential in introducing a cost-effective, efficient, and user-friendly means for growers to detect Verticillium wilt before symptoms occur.

Management of Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melongenae) using Organic Soil Amendments in Eggplant

Brinjal is one of the important vegetable crops in India. Many diseases affect its production. Among them, Fusarium wilt disease causes great losses in yield. Normally, this disease is controlled with fungicides, which not only develop resistance in disease-causing pathogens but also have deleterious effects on human health and the environment. So, in the present study, alternative methods of control that are eco-friendly, safe, easy, and affordable by using organic soil amendments were tested both In vitro and in pot culture studies. In the present study, aqueous extracts of different organic amendments were tested at 10 and 15 percent concentrations against the growth of the pathogen in vitro. Among them, neem cake showed highest percentages of mycelial inhibition (80.88% and 85.56%), followed by mustard cake (78.72% and 73.41%) against the test pathogen at 10 and 15 percent, respectively. However, the least mycelium growth inhibition was recorded with cotton cake extract (34.06% and 54.67%). Besides, pot culture studies also yielded similar results. Out of nine organic amendments tested against Fusarium wilt in pot conditions, neem seed kernel cake recorded the lowest wilt incidence (22.19% and 16.95%), followed by mustard cake (23.49% and 17.54%) at 100 and 150 g concentrations, respectively, whereas treatments with vermicompost, goat manure, and poultry manure showed lower inhibition against wilt incidence when compared to the remaining oil cake organic amendments at both concentrations tested. In the present study, it was found that aqueous extracts of organic amendments tested against the pathogen showed significant inhibition in-vitro. Similarly, incorporation of organic amendments into sick soil inoculated with pathogen showed a significant reduction in the incidence of wilt disease as compared to the untreated control.

Characterization of chaetoglobosin producing Chaetomium globosum for the management of Fusarium-Meloidogyne wilt complex in tomato.

Simultaneous management of FOL and RKN causing wilt complex in tomato by chaetoglobosin-producing Chaetomium globosum. Random survey was carried out to isolate Fusarium and Chaetomium. Twelve Fusarium isolates were characterized, and FOL4 (virulent) was molecularly identified. Wilt complex by FOL, RKN was assessed individually and in combination under greenhouse. RKN (1000 juveniles ml-1) inoculation followed by FOL4 (5×105 spores ml-1) accounted for 90% incidence. The chaetoglobosin-producing Chaetomium was isolated, characterized morphologically and molecularly. Among 55 isolates, nine showed >50% inhibition against FOL, and crude culture filtrate showed a significant reduction in RKN egg hatching (15.66%) and juvenile mortality (100%). Chaetomium Cg 40 was confirmed as C. globosum using SCAR marker (OK032373). Among 40 volatile compounds, hexadecanoic acid and 1,2-epoxy-5,9-cyclododecadiene exhibited antifungal and nematicidal properties in GC-MS. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed chaetoglobosin A (0.767μg μl-1), and the presence of bioactive molecules chaetoglobosin (528.25m/z), chaetomin (710m/z), chaetocin (692.8m/z), chaetoviridin (432.85m/z), and chaetomugilin (390m/z) was confirmed by LC/MS/MS. Cg 40 and Cg 6 were able to synthesize the pks1a, b gene responsible for chaetoglobosin, sporulation, and melanin biosynthesis was confirmed by PCR. The application of an aqueous formulation as seed treatment, seedling dip, and soil drenching (application) recorded lowest wilt incidence (11.11%) and gall index (1) with the maximum growth parameter (plant height 51.9cm), fruit yield (287.5g), and lycopene content (11.46mg/100g). Cg 40 and Cg 6, containing polyketides, secondary metabolites, antibiotics, chaetoglobosin, and plant growth-promoting ability, showed antifungal and nematicidal properties against the FOL-RKN wilt complex in tomato in vitro and pot culture experiments.

Survey, identification and management of Fusarium wilt of banana in Tamirabarani tract of Southern districts of Tamil Nadu

In Tamil Nadu state, Thoothukudi district ranked second in banana production and especially the Tamirabarani tract of Thoothukudi and Tirunelveli districts are known for the production of various banana cultivars like Rasthali, Andhra Kozhi, Karpooravalli, Neypoovan, Poovan, Peyan and Chakkai. Among these varieties, cultivation of Rasthali faces 50-60% yield loss due to the incidence of Fusarium wilt disease. As the farmers have been practising ratooning for 6-7 year continuously which enhances the inoculum load of the pathogen and make the plantains succumb to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Studies carried out on different treatments in the management of Fusarium wilt of banana, Trichoderma sp. Tsp1(ALG) showed a maximum reduction of mycelial growth of Foc (72.18%) over control which was on par with Pseudomonas fluorescence 1(Pf1). Under pot culture conditions the combination of three treatments, Tsp1(ALG)+Pf1+ neem cake excelled and showed an 80% reduction of wilt incidence. A multifaceted approach comprising the application of biocontrol agents (Trichoderma sp.) + Pseudomonas sp. 1 (TNAU) and organic amendments was found to be the best management practice in containing the wilt.

Effects of Alkaline Calcareous and Magnesium Soil Amendments on the Incidence of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato

Bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the major hindrances in tomato production. Previously, we demonstrated that increases of field soil pH up to the weakly alkaline condition at approximately pH 7.5 using slag fertilizer led to the reduction of disease severity caused by bacterial wilt. However, the method was laborious and needed large quantities of slag fertilizer. Therefore, in this study, I develop a labor- and cost-effective method that can be used in integrated pest management (IPM) programs based on the previous information. First, the effects of several alkaline minerals on the incidence of bacterial wilt were examined. Alkaline minerals alone did not cause a stable reduction of disease incidence. Then, the efficacy of the representative alkaline minerals calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) against the disease were tested in the combination with supplemental minerals. In 2018, the disease incidences were reduced by the combined treatment CaCO3 + a micronutrient fertilizer (MF) + iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) + a silicon fertilizer (SF) or MgCO3 + MF + SF. Furthermore, synergistic effects were detected among the alkaline and supplemental minerals. Thus, the combinations of CaCO3 or MgCO3 with the MF, Fe2O3, or SF were synergistic against the disease and were labor and cost saving. However, in 2019, the disease incidences were not significantly reduced by each of the combined treatments, which suggests that more combinations with other IPM tools are needed for sufficient control of bacterial wilt. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

Disease incidence of fusarium wilt in organic garlic cultivation with compost plus Gliocladium on endemic land

Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae) is the most important soil-borne disease in garlic. This pathogen is a weak parasite so that it can be controlled through healthy plant cultivation approaches such as the use of organic compost fertilizer and soil microbes as biological control agents. Gliocladium sp. is an antagonist fungus that can be used as a soil borne disease control agent. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of compost plus Gliocladium to control garlic root rot in endemic land. The experiment was carried out in Tawangmangu Karanganyar at 1000 meters asl. The experiment consisted of 5 treatments arranged by completely randomized design with three replications. The main variables are disease incidence of fusarium wilt and control efficacy. The other variables observed were the fresh and dry weight of the biomass and the yield in the form of the weight of garlic bulbs per plant. Data processing carried out was analysis of variance and DMRT at 5% level. The results showed that compost plus Gliocladium produced higher effectiveness than compost alone or Gliocladium alone. The effectiveness of compost plus Gliocladium was more effective in suppressing fusarium wilt compared to farmers using fungicides and artificial chemical fertilizers.