Incidence Of Unplanned Pregnancy Research Articles

Attitude toward the acceptability and practice of modern contraceptives among women of child bearing age in Jigawa state, Nigeria

Background: Despite recent improvements in the use of contraceptives amongst married women in Jigawa, the utilization rates are still far below the national figures in the emerging regions of the country. Therefore, there is a need to assess the attitude toward the acceptability and determinants to practice of modern contraceptives among women of child bearing age in Jigawa state, Nigeria. Aim: This study assess the attitude toward the acceptability and determinants to practice of modern contraceptives among women of child bearing age in Jigawa state, Nigeria. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive research was conducted on the respondents. The study population comprised all the eligible women of child bearing age within the study area, who were selected and agreed to participate in the study. Sample sizes of Four Hundred and four (404), respondents were recruited using a multistage sampling technique. Data was collected using Questionnaire Data collected was coded, entered, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Result: Majority of the respondents (92.3%) had heard about the contraception while (7.70%) had not. Injection Depo-Provera was the most (85.6%) known method of contraception whereas pills and condom recorded 84.8% and 82.7% respectively. Lactation Amenorrhea (8.2%) was the least method heard. The study shows that majority of the respondents had got information of contraception through mass media (33.2%) and health workers (28.1%). Only few (9.6%) got the information through relatives. The study result shows that avoiding unwanted pregnancy was the most (24.3%) known benefit of contraception However, only 14.3% respondents reported decreases the economic burden of the family as the benefit of family planning. Conclusions: The findings from this study will help to develop programs that can improve knowledge of females and services provided by the health-care system and can reduce adverse effects from contraception and the incidence of unplanned pregnancies.

Maternity in women with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder

PurposeMaternity rates in women with schizophrenia have tripled in the past decades, with a current percentage similar to the general population (50–60%). However, mothers with schizophrenia present higher rates of single marital status, and social dysfunction than the general population. In addition, the incidence of unplanned pregnancy, abortions, miscarriages and obstetric complications is higher.This study aimed to describe variables related to maternity in this population. MethodsOne-hundred and ninety-two outpatient women diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders were included (DSM-IV-TR criteria) in a two-site study. Psychosocial risk factors, demographic variables and clinical features were recorded in the same visit. Non-parametric tests were used in order to describe variables for likelihood offspring in psychotic women. ResultsOne-hundred and forty-seven (76.6%) women suffered from schizophrenia and 45 (23.4%) schizoaffective disorder. Psychotic mothers used to be married/having a partner and presented a later onset of the illness (over 36 years old) compared to non-mothers. In addition, mothers generally presented pregnancy before the onset of illness. Regarding obstetric complications, around the 80% of the sample presented at least one obstetric complication. Although desire or wish of pregnancy was reported in 66.3% of the mothers, rates of planned pregnancy were 25% and only the 47.9% were currently taking care of their children with their husband/partner. ConclusionMaternity rate is high in this population. This study highlights the need to promote reproductive health care for women with mental disorders and to consider their reproductive life plan.Later onset of disease and being married are potential predictors of maternity in our sample of women with a schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders while only the half were caring their children at the moment of the evaluation.

Contraception needs and pregnancy termination in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of demographic and health survey data

BackgroundWomen in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have a higher risk of unintended pregnancies that are more likely to be terminated, most of which are unsafe with associated complications. Unmet need for contraception is highest in SSA and exceeds the global average. This study investigates the association between unmet/met need for contraception and pregnancy termination SSA.MethodsWe used pooled data from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted from January 2010 to December 2018 in 32 countries in SSA. Our study involved 265,505 women with diverse contraception needs and with complete data on all variables of interest. Multilevel logistic regression at 95% CI was used to investigate the association between individual and community level factors and pregnancy termination.ResultsWe found an overall pregnancy termination rate of 16.27% ranging from 9.13% in Namibia to 38.68% in Gabon. Intriguingly, women with a met need for contraception were more likely to terminate a pregnancy [aOR = 1.11; 95% CI 1.07–1.96] than women with unmet needs. Women with secondary education were more likely to terminate a pregnancy as compared to those without education [aOR = 1.23; 95% CI 1.19–1.27]. With regards to age, we observed that every additional age increases the likelihood of terminating a pregnancy. At the contextual level, the women with female household heads were less likely to terminate a pregnancy [aOR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.92–0.97]. The least socio-economically disadvantaged women were less likely to terminate a pregnancy compared to the moderately and most socio-economically disadvantaged women.ConclusionsOur study contributes towards the discussion on unmet/met need for contraception and pregnancy termination across SSA. Women with met need for contraception have higher odds of terminating a pregnancy. The underlying cause of this we argued could be poor adherence to the protocols of contraceptives or the reluctance of women to utilise contraceptives after experiencing a failure. Governments of SSA and non-governmental organisations need to take pragmatic steps to increase met needs for contraception and also utilise mass media to encourage women to adhere to the prescription of contraceptives in order to reduce the incidence of unplanned pregnancies and unsafe abortions.

Knowledge and Practice of Contraception Use Among Females of Child-Bearing Age in Mosul, Iraq.

PurposeFor thousands of years, fertility control has been used in different forms. This study was carried out to evaluate the knowledge and practice of participants regarding birth control methods with the prevalence of each method.Patients and MethodsA cross-sectional study design was employed to evaluate knowledge and practice among females. Three family-planning centers were included in addition to 2 general hospitals. A total of 440 married women between the ages of 18 and 40 years were interviewed by the first author. Self-administered version of a previously translated questionnaire was used to evaluate practice and knowledge concerning contraception use.ResultsA total sample of 388 women of child-bearing age was interviewed. The mean age ± SD was 29.76 ± 6.67, while the mean number of their offspring was 4.06 ± 2.08. The intrauterine contraceptive device was the most frequently used method followed by oral contraceptive pills, while the safe-period method was the least frequently used. More than 50% of the females obtained their contraceptives from public health centers and/or hospitals. The mean number of contraception methods known by the females was 2.15 ± 1.07. Safety was the most indicated criterion for choosing the preferred method. Out of all the respondents, 86.9% indicated that they experience adverse effects from using contraceptive methods, in which a higher rate was for oral pills (31.1%), intrauterine contraceptive device (21.3%), or from both methods (18.4%).ConclusionThis study disclosed an acceptable level of knowledge and positive practices among Iraqi women seeking health-care facilities with respect to birth control methods. Females with lower levels of education require continued education and regular communication about the importance of birth control to promote the use of modern contraceptive methods. The findings from this study will help to develop programs that can improve knowledge of females and services provided by the health-care system and can reduce adverse effects from contraception and the incidence of unplanned pregnancies.

Unintended pregnancies and family planning among women after kidney or liver transplantation

Background: To evaluate the incidence of unplanned pregnancies in female organ transplant recipients.Methods: In a single-center cross-sectional study 252 women aged 18–45 years who underwent kidney or liver transplantation were asked to fill in a survey form.Results: 217 (86%) women were enrolled in the study. Fifty-three percent of women declared 181 pregnancies, of which 30% (54/181) were unplanned. Women more frequently consulted their conception with a doctor post-transplantation (74 versus 88%, p = .064). The number of unplanned pregnancies decreased post-transplantation (34 versus 20%, p = .051). The mean time elapsed from an organ transplant to unintended conception was 27.0 ± 12.5 (3.0–63.0) months. Women with longer (>24 months) rather than shorter (≤24 months) time elapsed from the transplant became pregnant less frequently (38 versus 15%, p = .060). In 70% (38/54) of unplanned pregnancies women did not use any birth control. All cases of conceptions within the post-transplant year were unintentional. Every third woman, who underwent the transplantation up to 1 year before the study enrolment, was unaware of the necessity to prevent the pregnancy.Conclusions: Although unwanted pregnancies occur more frequently in the early post-transplant period, it seems that women after kidney or liver transplantation seem to plan their pregnancies more carefully.

Reproductive counseling, contraception, and unplanned pregnancy in fertile women treated by gynecologic oncologists

We sought to identify how gynecologic oncologists approach reproductive counseling for their fertile, reproductive age patients, and their experience with unplanned pregnancies.Members of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) were surveyed electronically regarding consistency of counseling patterns of contraception and fertility concerns, most and least common contraceptive methods utilized, referral patterns, and incidence of unplanned pregnancy. Of the 1424 SGO members identified, 261 participated in the questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 18%. Eighty-two percent of respondents agreed unplanned pregnancy is a potential problem, but only 57% believed their patients understood unplanned pregnancy is possible during treatment. Half of respondents report “always” in terms of frequency that contraception is addressed among their high-risk patients. After adjustment for gender, we found that the odds of reporting providing fertility counseling were nearly three times higher among attendings as compared to fellows [AOR=2.72; 95% CI=(1.44, 5.12), three times higher in women as compared to men [AOR=2.80; 95% CI=(1.46, 5.38)], as well as in individuals 50+ years as compared to those <40years old [AOR=4.91; 95% CI=(2.05, 11.74)]. Ninety-six percent reported <5 unplanned pregnancies, to their knowledge, in the previous five years of clinical practice. Most providers acknowledge that unplanned pregnancy is a potential risk in fertile gynecologic oncology patients, but only half believe their patients understand an unplanned pregnancy is possible. An opportunity exists to provide more directed counseling regarding fertility during and after cancer therapy, and to educate patients and providers regarding more reliable, long acting contraceptive methods.

Perfil epidemiológico de adolescentes atendidas no pré-natal de um hospital universitário

Estudo exploratório, descritivo, quantitativo, que objetivou identificar características sociodemográficas de adolescentes grávidas, delineando o perfil epidemiológico. Realizado em um hospital universitário no Rio de Janeiro, foram analisadas 112 fichas do período 2004-2006. Os resultados evidenciam que a maioria das adolescentes (68,7%) tinha idade entre 15 e 17 anos e ensino fundamental completo (69,5 %); eram estudantes (64,3%), tinham renda familiar de 1 a 3 salários mínimos (66,9%). Tiveram sexarca 1 a 3 anos após a menarca (55,3%); eram primigestas (79,4%) e, embora 75% não tivessem planejado a gestação, esta foi bem aceita (em 58,9%). Apesar de 49,1% das jovens terem feito uso de métodos contraceptivos, 88,3% nunca praticaram aborto. Não havia registro de intercorrências obstétricas em 72 fichas, evidenciando que a maioria das jovens apresentou uma gestação fisiológica, embora a gravidez na adolescência seja considerada de risco. Conclui-se que a insuficiência de adesão aos métodos contraceptivos contribui para a elevação da incidência da gestação não planejada neste contingente populacional.

Knowledge, Attitude And Practice Of Family Planning Amongst Women With Unplanned Pregnancy In Calabar - Nigeria

Women with unplanned pregnancy who came to the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Calabar, Nigeria, for antenatal care were studied. The aim was to establish the knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning amongst these women. The incidence of unplanned pregnancy in our antenatal population is about 30%. The women considered their pregnancies unplanned because they were unmarried (31.4%), were still in school (25%) and were not economically prepared for the pregnancy (25.1%). Over 85% of the women with unplanned pregnancy were aware of, at least, one family planning method. Most of them knew the benefits of contraception, about 86% of them agreed that family planning is useful but only 8.7% of them ever used a family planning method. The reason for non-use of contraceptive methods were: refusal by husbands (54%), the belief that the methods “cause infertility and ill-health” (35%) and that it was against their religion (28%). Intensive male- targeted information, education, and public enlightenment campaigns may reverse this trend. Key words: Knowledge; Attitude; Practice; Family Planning; Women with Unplanned Pregnancy Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences Vol.18(1-2) 2003: 65-71

Hormonal postcoital contraception

Wide availability of hormonal postcoital contraception (HPC) is likely to reduce the incidence of unplanned pregnancies. The two most common indications for HPC are unprotected intercourse and 'condom accidents'. The combined estrogen/progestogen HPC described by Yuzpe is the most widely used method. It is given within 72 h of unprotected intercourse. The efficacy of combined HPC is high. The crude failure rate is 1-5 per 100 woman-months while the true reduction in pregnancy risk is over 75%. Efficacy is not influenced by the exposure-treatment interval within the 72-h 'window'.The mechanism of action is multifocal and depends on the cycle phase at which treatment is instituted. Data are presented suggesting a consistent endometrial effect. None of the side-effects of HPC are serious. When HPC fails, there is so far no evidence of an adverse effect of the treatment on the outcome of pregnancy. Counselling should include all the above together with discussion of possible side-effects such as nausea and vomiting. The clinician should ensure that the woman uses an effective contraceptive thereafter. There is renewed interest in progestogen-only postcoital contraception. Varying doses of levonorgestrel have been used. The efficacy of some regimens is similar to that of the combined HPC. Danazol has not proved to be as effective. Antiprogestins hold the greatest promise of emergency contraception with high efficacy and low side-effects.

A survey of contraceptive use and unplanned pregnancy in Perth, Western Australia

Contraceptive use and unplanned pregnancy were studied in a stratified cluster sample of 1,511 couples with women aged 16 to 44 years resident in metropolitan Perth in 1988. Twenty-one couples were excluded from analysis owing to missing data. The proportion of couples using contraception was 76.8 per cent (1,144 of 1,490), and all but three of the remaining couples gave a reason for nonuse. Among users, surgical sterilisation made up 42.3 per cent (484 of 1,144) of all methods, with a slight predominance of tubal ligation over vasectomy. Oral contraceptives accounted for just over half of nonsurgical methods. Comparisons with a Victorian survey performed in 1978 suggested that surgical methods and condom use may have increased, whereas use of oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices may have fallen. Unplanned pregnancies conceived during the 12 months before the interview affected 3.4 per cent (51 of 1,490) of respondents. The incidence of unplanned pregnancy was four times higher in couples with inconsistent usage patterns of contraception.

The reduction of black infant mortality: an eighteen month evaluation of three Tennessee Black Health Care Task Forces' demonstration projects.

The problem of low birth weight has emerged as the single most important cause of infant death or subsequent handicaps in infancy and childhood. Although low birth weight babies (below 5.5 pounds) represent a small percentage of all babies born, well over half of all infant deaths occur among this group. The problem is even more serious for tiny infants. The relationship between infant mortality/morbidity and low birth weight has been known for many years and despite dramatic overall changes and medical advances, the incidence of low birth weight among high-risk populations continues to be a perennial problem. Efforts have been made nationally to develop programs that identify the conditions which increase the risk of having a low birth weight infant; programs that seek to reduce the risk of low birth weight; and research on new approaches to prevent premature labor as well as promoting the normal growth and development of a fetus. Since 1987, the Black Health Care Task Force, established by the Tennessee Department of Health and Environment has funded three infant mortality reduction pilot projects (Alton Park/Dodson Avenue Health Care in Hamilton County, Memphis Health Center and, Memphis-Shelby County Health Department) that operated in the two Tennessee counties where the Black infant mortality rates were extremely high. The projects goals were (1) to improve birth weight and survival rates of black infants born to indigent and Medicaid women; (2) to reduce maternal morbidity among indigent and Medicaid women; (3) to enhance the participation of indigent and Medicaid maternity clients in the appropriate and timely prenatal intrapartum and postpartum services; (4) to reduce the incidence of unplanned pregnancies among adolescents; and (5) to increase the utilization of family planning services by indigent and Medicaid women. Data will be reported and analyzed to assess whether or not the projects had a positive effect on birth outcome and a subsequent reduction in infant mortality. The data for this analysis is based on enrollment data provided by the projects, and linked birth and infant death certificates for project and nonproject comparisons, as retrieved from the Department of Health and Environment's Vital Records.

"Perceived Contribution of Children to Marriage and its Effects on Family Planning Behavior."

PIP: The impact of the perceived consequences of having children on a couple's contraceptive practices and the tendency to plan births are examined. 2 separate measures of family planning were utilized, contraceptive pattern and proportion of unplanned pregnancies. It was found that the more a woman viewed children as an essential part of the marital experience the less likely she was to use reliable contraception early in marriage. The influence of the evaluation of children on contraceptive practices also was contingent upon the number of children a couple had had and the number of years they had been married. Differences in incidence of unplanned pregnancies among women was more a result of socioeconomic circumstance and the tendency to have a large family than attitude towards children. These 2 aspects of family planning have different implications for policy decisions. Changing the incidence of unplanned pregnancies would entail attacking those conditions which handicap couples in changing their life circumstances. It would involve educating them to the concept of family planning and the techniques of birth control and also increasing economic opportunity. Changing contraceptive patterns, on the other hand, might involve encouraging alternative adult roles, and creating differential incentives for childbearing.

PERCEIVED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILDREN TO MARRIAGE AND ITS EFFECTS ON FAMILY PLANNING BEHAVIOR

PIP: The impact of the perceived consequences of having children on a couple's contraceptive practices and the tendency to plan births are examined. 2 separate measures of family planning were utilized, contraceptive pattern and proportion of unplanned pregnancies. It was found that the more a woman viewed children as an essential part of the marital experience the less likely she was to use reliable contraception early in marriage. The influence of the evaluation of children on contraceptive practices also was contingent upon the number of children a couple had had and the number of years they had been married. Differences in incidence of unplanned pregnancies among women was more a result of socioeconomic circumstance and the tendency to have a large family than attitude towards children. These 2 aspects of family planning have different implications for policy decisions. Changing the incidence of unplanned pregnancies would entail attacking those conditions which handicap couples in changing their life circumstances. It would involve educating them to the concept of family planning and the techniques of birth control and also increasing economic opportunity. Changing contraceptive patterns, on the other hand, might involve encouraging alternative adult roles, and creating differential incentives for childbearing.