Terrorist Incidents Research Articles

ENGLISH-CAUSES AND FACTORS OF ISLAMOPHOBIA: STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME

Phobia as per Merriam-Webster dictionary is an unexplained and illogical fear of something. It is very difficult to know the reasons and the roots of this fear, but in reality, this agitation does exist in minds. During the past few decades, a terror that had hit the world is Islamophobia: the (unreasonable fear of Islam and Muslims).The main source of spreading this fear in world is media. Islam is the religion that is less preached and taught in the west. Many people around the world never had any contact with Muslims and Islam. They only take Islam the way their media had portrayed it in front of them. Without having any basic knowledge of Islam that Islam is the religion of Peace, love and care. They (the effected minds) think that Islam is based on cruelty, suicide bombing, and violating human rights. This wrong and negative perception of Islam had led the term Islamophobia in western society and in new generation of Muslims too. After 9 September 2001, every incident of target killing, bombing and terrorism is linked with Islam without knowing the actual facts. Many studies have been conducted against Islam, but none have been conducted to protect and secure Islam and to erase islamophobia from west. If Muslims want to have their sacred position back in the world they need to follow the guidance by Allah and His Messenger (PBUH). The Muslims scholars should put more effort to bring the positivity of Islam in front of all mankind

Anniversary reactions among journalists covering terror: stress reactions and well-being 10 years after the terror in Norway

ABSTRACT Background: Covering terror and catastrophes can be traumatic for journalists, potentially resulting in long-term impairment. This study investigated 10-year anniversary reactions among Norwegian journalists who covered the Oslo/Utöya terror incident in Norway, 2011. Objective: The study aimed to investigate whether level of traumatic exposure and support actions in 2011 were related to anniversary reactions and current psychological well-being in 2021. It also explored if magnitude of anniversary reactions was related to level of current well-being. Method: A cross-sectional survey was sent to journalists who still work within journalism, eight weeks after the 10-year anniversary (N = 200). Participants reported retrospectively on trauma exposure, ethical dilemmas and social support in 2011, as predictors, and attitude to media anniversary coverage, anniversary-related stress, and well-being, as outcome variables. Results: More ethical dilemmas in 2011 (r = .295, p < .001) were related to a larger degree of anniversary-related stress in 2021. Having received less workplace social support in 2011 was related to more stress reactions (r = −.196, p < .05), while the magnitude of overall traumatic exposure in 2011 was not related to stress. Social support also predicted a higher level of current well-being in 2021 (r = .381, p < .001). More severe anniversary-related stress symptoms were significantly associated with decreased level of current well-being (r = −.259, p < .001). Conclusion: Journalists can experience lasting consequences from demanding experiences at work, including fluctuating stress symptoms during incident anniversaries. It is crucial for both journalists and newsrooms to recognize and be aware of the potential impact of anniversaries on the well-being of those involved in the initial coverage.

DERADIKALISASI: UPAYA PEMERINTAH SEBAGAI PEMANGKU KEBIJAKAN DALAM MENJAGA PERDAMAIAN NEGARA MENURUT PERSEKTIF FIKIH JIHAD

Terrorism problem in Indonesia is one of the main problems that caught a serious attention from government. Series of a terror incidents so far show that there is a serious problem that has not solved yet to be fixed. Indonesia in the report of Global Terrorism Index (GTI) 2023 is ranked 24th from 163 countries that get most affected by terrorism with the total 638 incidents since 2000 until 2020. The terrorism action can endanger the security of nation and state. The consequence of that action are lost a life, a suspicion towards a particular race or religion, break up the nation's unity, damage physically and mentally, and raises fear in the society because the feel of threatened by the presence of terrorists. To deal with terrorism and radicalism, the government implements a program which known as deradicalization under National Counter Terrorism Agency (BNPT). With the deradicalization as the coaching program which aimed to change the terrorism convicts' radical character creates the expectation from public to the government in eradicating terrorism crime.

Development of an Anticipatory Triage-Ranking Algorithm Using Dynamic Simulation of the Expected Time Course of Patients With Trauma: Modeling and Simulation Study.

In cases of terrorism, disasters, or mass casualty incidents, far-reaching life-and-death decisions about prioritizing patients are currently made using triage algorithms that focus solely on the patient's current health status rather than their prognosis, thus leaving a fatal gap of patients who are under- or overtriaged. The aim of this proof-of-concept study is to demonstrate a novel approach for triage that no longer classifies patients into triage categories but ranks their urgency according to the anticipated survival time without intervention. Using this approach, we aim to improve the prioritization of casualties by respecting individual injury patterns and vital signs, survival likelihoods, and the availability of rescue resources. We designed a mathematical model that allows dynamic simulation of the time course of a patient's vital parameters, depending on individual baseline vital signs and injury severity. The 2 variables were integrated using the well-established Revised Trauma Score (RTS) and the New Injury Severity Score (NISS). An artificial patient database of unique patients with trauma (N=82,277) was then generated and used for analysis of the time course modeling and triage classification. Comparative performance analysis of different triage algorithms was performed. In addition, we applied a sophisticated, state-of-the-art clustering method using the Gower distance to visualize patient cohorts at risk for mistriage. The proposed triage algorithm realistically modeled the time course of a patient's life, depending on injury severity and current vital parameters. Different casualties were ranked by their anticipated time course, reflecting their priority for treatment. Regarding the identification of patients at risk for mistriage, the model outperformed the Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment's triage algorithm but also exclusive stratification by the RTS or the NISS. Multidimensional analysis separated patients with similar patterns of injuries and vital parameters into clusters with different triage classifications. In this large-scale analysis, our algorithm confirmed the previously mentioned conclusions during simulation and descriptive analysis and underlined the significance of this novel approach to triage. The findings of this study suggest the feasibility and relevance of our model, which is unique in terms of its ranking system, prognosis outline, and time course anticipation. The proposed triage-ranking algorithm could offer an innovative triage method with a wide range of applications in prehospital, disaster, and emergency medicine, as well as simulation and research.

TAKING STOCK AND SIZING UP: A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF IFRS 16 LEASES ON THE STOCK PRICE AND SIZE OF PUBLICLY-TRADED EUROPEAN AIRLINES

ABSTRACT The past few decades for the European airline industry could be described as tumultuous ones. Unforeseeable exogenous shocks such as global contagions, terrorist incidents and fluctuating oil prices have caused increased operational and financial risk for airlines around the globe, including in Europe. Such risks are contrasted against an exigent need for strong solvency and liquidity to fund an array of fixed and variable costs, making the airline model unique in this sense. A further characteristic that typifies this industry is exposure to promulgation of new accounting standards which carry the potential for severe changes to financial reporting. Such a standard, IFRS 16, became effective January 1st, 2019 for publicly-traded firms, mandating capitalization of leased “right-of-use” assets and associated liabilities on airline balance sheets which had previously not been reported. Such a reporting change was significant for airlines with estimates of approximately $3 trillion in newly-capitalized assets. In this study, we analyze a longitudinal dataset spanning 2017-2019 to determine whether passage of IFRS 16 was associated with a statistically significant change in stock price and size, with various proxies employed including market capitalization, total assets and load factors. Other variables including operating income, cash flows from operations, revenues, and debt-to-equity ratio were also examined for any significant changes. The longitudinality of this study was purposively selected to avoid the potentially confounding effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. We show that passage of IFRS 16 was not significantly associated with changes in any of the dependent variables utilized in this research. This study offers valuable findings and a viable contribution to the empirical literature in this field by showing that institutional and individual investors appear to have understood that the extreme changes to the balance sheet were ultimately a reporting nuance rather than a detrimental change to actual cash flows and liquidity. Such findings offer positive implications to financial reporting, costs of capital, market capitalization, and the effect of legislative transparency on airline equities markets. Keywords IFRS 16, Airlines, Leases, Market Capitalization, Load Factor

An Epidemiological Analysis of Terrorist Attacks in the Nordic and Baltic Countries from 1970 through 2020.

Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, and the recent Russo-Ukrainian war that started in 2022, were triggers that radically changed the perception of security in the Nordic and Baltic countries. The on-going Russian hybrid war has resulted in a renewed global interest in the safety and security of many countries (eg, the Nordic-Baltic Eight). The prospective North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) membership of Finland and Sweden may drastically change the regional military and political landscape.The objective of this study was to identify and characterize all documented terrorist attacks in this region as reported to the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) from 1970 through 2020. The GTD was searched using the internal database functions for all terrorism incidents in the Nordic-Baltic states: Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden.Temporal factors, location, target type, attack and weapon type, perpetrator type, number of casualties, and property value loss were collated. Results were exported into an Excel spreadsheet for analysis. There were 298 terrorism-related incidents from 1970 through 2020. Most attacks occurred in Sweden, followed by Norway and Finland. No entries were recorded for the Baltic states prior to their independency in 1991. The 298 incidents resulted in a total of 113 fatalities and 277 injuries.Facility/infrastructure attacks were the most frequently identified attack type (35.0%), followed by bombings and explosions (30.9%). Armed assaults were responsible for 80 fatalities and 105 injuries, followed by bombings/explosions with 15 fatalities and 72 injuries. The predominant target types were immigrants and refugee shelters (64/298 incidents). In only 33.6% of the incidents, perpetrators were known. Right-wing assailants represented the largest group, accounting for 27 incidents. From 1970 through 2020, there were 298 terrorist attacks in the Nordic-Baltic Eight. Sweden accounted for 50% of incidents.The profile of terrorist attacks was very diverse, as were the perpetrators and targets. Every country had its own incident characteristics. The surge of right-wing extremism must be closely monitored.

Terrorism and Regional Security: The Challenges of Insurgency in the Sahel

This paper examines the incidences of terrorism in the Sahel region of Africa and its impact on regional security. The study suggests that terrorism festering in the Sahel is a product of bad governance and the inability of the states within the sphere of influence to exert the needed political will and corresponding action to nip in the bud the slip further down of insecurity. The study also posits that terrorism is a major hindrance to development. Using the Regional Security Complex Theory as a theoretical framework for analysis, the paper tries to explain how despondency results when regional intervention are not implemented. The paper recommends an overhaul of broader regional intervention as a matter of urgency, especially where state cannot tackle the security implications. The data used for this paper were gathered through secondary sources. These sources are textbooks, journal publications, newspapers, magazines and internet sources.

The Relationship Between Geopolitical Risk and Credit Default Swap Premium: Evidence from Turkey*

This study investigates the relationship between the geopolitical risk in Turkey arising out of the war and terror incidents happened in the region during the period 2003:01-2020:06 with the CDS premium. A two-step approach is undertaken for this assessment, in which an ARDL limit test and then a time-varying symmetric and asymmetric causality test are applied to study the possible causality vis-a-vis the subperiods. The ARDL limit test does not reject the hypothesis that there is a co-integrated relationship between CDS premium and geopolitical risk index. In addition, the time-varying symmetric and asymmetric test also identifies causality between CDS premium and geopolitical risk, and establishes periods where the latter influences the former variable both in a positive and negative way. In summary, both the ARDL limit test and the time-varying symmetric and asymmetric test deduce a causal relationship between the studied variables.

Dying to die: New micro and macro evidence that suicide terrorists are suicidal

AbstractThe self‐sacrifice of suicide terrorists is subject to sophisticated models of altruistic sacrifice. Yet, a simpler account is that it reflects common suicidal tendencies. This paper offers new micro and macro evidence supportive of this hypothesis. At the micro level, the paper compares a sample of suicide and non‐suicide terrorists in the United States from 1948 to 2017. Results indicate that suicide terrorists are more likely to display various established suicidal risk factors including history of child abuse, absent parent/s, and relationship troubles. Results from Bayesian Model Averaging indicate that suicide risk factors outperform other individual factors (e.g., ideology and lone‐actor terrorism) in explaining suicide terrorism. At the macro level, the paper takes advantage of the cross‐national variations in suicidal tendencies to explain the incidence of suicide and non‐suicide terrorist attacks worldwide from 1991 to 2014. Results reveal that countries with higher share of deaths from suicide display higher incidences of suicide attacks but similar incidences of non‐suicide attacks. However, other contextual factors such as the share of Muslims also predict the incidence of suicide terrorism. The decision of some terrorists to sacrifice their life may well have been subject to over‐theorization.

Phases and Their Transitions Characterizing the Dynamics of Global Terrorism: A Multidimensional Scaling and Visualization Approach

This paper proposes a technique based on unsupervised machine learning to find phases and phase transitions characterizing the dynamics of global terrorism. A dataset of worldwide terrorist incidents, covering the period from 1970 up to 2019 is analyzed. Multidimensional time-series concerning casualties and events are generated from a public domain database and are interpreted as the state of a complex system. The time-series are sliced, and the segments generated are objects that characterize the dynamical process. The objects are compared with each other by means of several distances and classified by means of the multidimensional scaling (MDS) method. The MDS generates loci of objects, where time is displayed as a parametric variable. The obtained portraits are analyzed in terms of the patterns of objects, characterizing the nature of the system dynamics. Complex dynamics are revealed, with periods resembling chaotic behavior, phases and phase transitions. The results demonstrate that the MDS is an effective tool to analyze global terrorism and can be adopted with other complex systems.

Democratization of Terrorism: An Analysis of Vehicle-based Terrorist Events

Introduction:The COVID-19 pandemic inspired social changes that promote outdoor activities including eating at restaurants, which may linger in a world hyperfocused on disease transmission prevention, increasing the vulnerabilities to vehicle-based terrorism. Vehicle ramming attacks started to transition from a relatively rare method of attack to one of the most lethal forms of terrorism prior to the emergence of COVID-19.Method:This study aims to provide a historical analysis of the terrorism-based attacks using vehicles between 1970 and 2019 by retrospectively searching the Global Terrorism Database for terror events that used a vehicle as a means of attack–a methodology suggested by Tin et al.Results:257 recorded terror attacks involved some type of vehicle between 1970 and 2019. The attacks resulted in 808 fatalities and 1715 injuries when excluding the September 11 attacks. 76 events occurred in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, 25 in the USA, 16 in Israel, and 14 in the UK. Of the 257 terror incidents, 71% (183) occurred within the last 6-year span of inquiry.Conclusion:By 2016, vehicle attacks were the most lethal form of attack comprising just over half of all terrorism-related deaths in that year. Large gatherings such as festivals, sporting events, and now outdoor seating at restaurants, leave a number of people highly vulnerable to vehicle ramming attacks depending on established countermeasures. The increased prevalence of outdoor activities and gatherings in a post-COVID-19 world will further expose large numbers of people to the potential vulnerabilities of vehicle-based terrorism. The scale of the casualties from a vehicle-based terror attack can overwhelm traditional resources and strain the abilities of the healthcare sector. Counterterrorism and disaster medicine specialists are crucial players in educating first responders and emergency medicine providers, allowing them to adequately prepare for an evolving threat in a world devastated by COVID-19.

Will they Panic? The Effect of Risk Messaging on Public Behavior During Non-conventional Terrorism

Introduction:Non-conventional terrorism (NCT) is laced with uncertainty that can foster fear and lead to unwanted public behavior. One such example is the masses of worried-well overcrowding hospitals. The purpose of this study was to explore public behavioral intentions during NCT and the effect of risk messaging in attenuating unwanted behavior.Method:An online intervention-based study was conducted among 1,802 adult Israeli participants. Threat perception and behavioral intent before and after exposure to hypothetical NCT scenarios were assessed stratified to the media type, exposure to rumors and fake news, and risk messaging.Results:Participants perceived the CBRN terrorism threat as low-medium in likelihood, and threat intrusiveness and perceived incident severity were estimated at a medium level. Nearly half (45%) of participants indicated it is highly likely that they would seek medical attention following an NCT incident. Exposure to fake news significantly increased the intention to seek medical attention (p=0.001). However, the odds of participants exposed to risk messaging reporting this intention were 0.470 (95% CI: 0.359, 0.615) times that of participants not exposed to risk messaging (χ2=30.366, p&lt;0.001).Conclusion:This study shows that overcrowding hospitals by worried-well following a non-conventional terror incident can be attenuated by risk messaging. In particular, this study suggests that simple, timely, and clear risk messaging is capable of overcoming fake news that otherwise can increase unwanted behavior. Rumors and fake news have limited power to alter threat perception, but they can significantly change behavioral intent and cause unwanted behavior that could jeopardize crisis management. Rational behavior by the public during NCT can be considered an outcome of rational decision-making by crisis managers, especially risk communicators.

Analysis of The Application of Deradicalization And Constraints And Obstacles: A Case Study of Bandung Suicide Bombing

Introduction: The concept of deradicalization itself has been running for the first time since 2005 but there is no guide or patent concept for this program. The effect given through the deradicalization program must be recognized is not optimal, but this does not necessarily make deradicalization a failed innovation, keep in mind that the existence of the deradicalization program is an answer to the handling of terrorism that is considered hard and intimidative (hard approach), while the more subtle ways of dialogue and religious approach (soft approach) is considered also able to neutralize the values of terrorism in someone who is already radical.Purposes of the Research: The real purpose of de-radicalization in general is to prevent repeated terror incidents by former prisoners, because the National Police itself has the task of being able to detect and prevent acts of violence that insurgents. Methods of the Research: The research method used is normative legal research with a statute legal approach and a conceptual approachResults of the Research: The deradicalization Program is not a program that can be assessed directly as a failed program, deradicalization must be remembered as a reflection of the bad and hard handling (hard approach) so that the form of humanism and respect for human rights can actually be reflected by the existence of deradicalization, with the existence of deradicalization also illustrates that the perpetrators of terror or ex-prisoners have hope to return to normal life, also indicates that the government pays attention to those who commit this crime.

“You have to live with some risk, it’s part of the profession”. Specialist ambulance nurses’ perceptions of assignments involving ongoing lethal violence

BackgroundAs a result of several violent terrorist incidents, authorities in Sweden have shifted from previous approaches of being certain that it is safe for the ambulance service to enter the scene, to a one where “safe enough” is sufficient, potentially making it possible to save more lives. The aim was therefore to describe specialist ambulance nurses' perceptions of the new approach to assignments involving incidents with ongoing lethal violence.MethodsThis interview study employed a descriptive qualitative design with a phenomenographic approach in accordance with Dahlgren and Fallsberg.ResultsFive categories containing conceptual descriptions were developed from the analysis: Collaboration, Unsafe environments, Resources, Unequipped and Risk taking and self-protection.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the need to ensure that the ambulance service is a learning organisation, where clinicians with experience of an ongoing lethal violence event can pass on and share their knowledge with colleagues to prepare mentally for such an event. Potentially compromised security in the ambulance service when dispatched to ongoing lethal violence incidents needs to be addressed.

New tourism financial condition index: extended with terrorist attacks

Purpose- In this study, a composite indicator that can be followed in the financial markets has been developed. The tourism financial conditions index has been developed in the literature for tourism based on MCI (Monetary Conditions Index) and FCI (Financial Conditions Index). The index is called the Tourism Financial Conditions Index in their studies. This study ensures that the calculation of the tourism index by adding the terror variable to the index can better reflect the expectations. Methodology- While constructing the composite indicator Z-score is used for standardization. With this standardization terrorist attacks variable is added to the composite indicator. The relationship between New Tourism Financial Composite Indicator and Tourism Stock Market Index Return is analyzed with the Threshold VAR method. This method is used because of the nonlinearity of variables. Findings: Monthly data for the period 2009:07 – 2017:12 were used in the study. The countries examined are Australia, Denmark, France, Italy, Spain, Türkiye and the UK. It is aimed to examine the relationship between the calculated NTFCI and the Tourism Stock Exchange data of each country. T-VAR results show the relationship between these variables. Conclusion - In this study, the new version of the TFCI index with terrorist incidents is presented. Chang (2015) developed the TFCI index for the tourism sector. We think that the countries should also consider the effect of terrorism in their economic and financial research in tourism area. Based on this idea, the index was expanded by adding the terror variable to the previously developed TFCI composite indicator and its relationship with the tourism stock market index as a financial indicator was examined. The TVAR model is applied which shows the short-term dynamic relationship. Models for different countries were estimated and similar results were obtained for different countries. Keywords: Tourism financial conditions index, tourism sector, monetary conditions index, financial conditions index JEL Codes: E44, E47, G32

Combating Daesh: Insights into Malaysia’s Counter-Terrorism Experience and the Deradicalisation of Former Detainees

Malaysia is no exception when it comes to the Daesh threat. Several vulnerable Muslim populations have been previously targeted by Daesh via specific modus operandi to fulfil the terrorism agenda. Based on a persistent concern about Daesh-related issues and their consequences, this article critically explores the role of the security agency, the Counter-Terrorism Division within the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP), in addressing Daesh radicalisation in Malaysia. It examines the process and effectiveness of the top down and ‘soft’ approaches undertaken by the RMP via the rehabilitation and deradicalisation of former Daesh detainees before they rejoin society. The research is qualitative, and is based on a focus group discussion and in-depth interviews with representatives from the Counter Terrorism Division, terrorism experts, government officials and former detainees. The findings show that the RMP’s efforts to curb Daesh intimidation have been effective in terms of decreasing the number of new terrorism incidents, militant recruitment and the establishment of networks and cells. The introduction of ‘Module 30′, which involves theological and psychological improvement, and civil order, along with vocational training and ‘lifelong-monitoring’, has significantly contributed to rehabilitating and deradicalising the majority of former Daesh convicts in Malaysia, such that they embrace peace and renounce violence and religious extremism.

MIND THE GAAP: DETERMINANTS OF U.S. AIRLINE OPERATING CASH FLOWS

ABSTRACT The airline industry in the United States relies heavily on strong liquidity and solvency positions to fund an array of short and long-term variable and fixed costs ranging from cabin crew salaries to aircraft lease payments and debt service. Against the backdrop of these ongoing needs for cash is the ever-present risk of extraneous and expeditious demand shocks such as pandemics, terrorist incidents, and surging fuel costs. It is thus an imperative that airlines monitor their operating cash flows closely, especially when considering that many financial performance metrics are accrual-based and do not always paint a completely accurate picture of a firm’s true cash position. This study hypothesized and investigated significant determinants of operating cash flows for publicly-traded US airlines and found a statistically significant relationship between airlines operating cash flows and their total assets, income from operations, and market capitalization; which account for a large proportion of the variance in operating cash flows. This study is imperative to helping airlines understand the major determinants of operating cash flows as they look to recover from the pandemic and increase cash flow as well as maintain robust liquidity and solvency positions to fund an array of variable and fixed costs. Keywords Airlines, Operating Cash Flows, Accruals, Pandemic, Liquidity, Solvency

A Review of Ambulance Terrorism on the African Continent.

In recent decades, an increasing number of terrorist attacks have been carried out against medical institutions, hospitals, and health care workers. These attacks, that often result in high numbers of casualties and impaired access to health services, have a more significant impact on people's sense of security than attacks against military and police targets. Attacks on ambulances - especially on the African continent - have been sparsely studied. This study examines attacks on ambulances on the African continent during the period from 1992-2022 (until December 31, 2021). Reports of ambulance terrorism were extracted from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD), RAND Database of Worldwide Terrorism Incidents (RDWTI), United Nation's Safeguarding Health in Conflict Coalition (SHCC) database, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED), Surveillance System for Attacks on Health Care (SSA) database, and Aid Worker Security Database (AWSD). Furthermore, a grey literature search was performed. The date and location of the attacks, perpetrators, weapon and attack types, and the number of victims (dead and wounded) and hostages were collected. Results were exported into an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Corp.; Redmond, Washington USA) for analysis. During the 30-year study period, 166 attacks were observed in 18 African countries. The number of attacks significantly increased since 2016, with 81.3% of the attacks taking place from 2016 to 2022. In total, 193 people died and another 208 were injured. Attacks with firearms were most frequently noted (92 cases; 55.4%), followed by attacks with explosive devices (26 cases; 15.7%). A significant number of ambulances were hijacked (26 cases; 15.7%) and subsequently used for other terrorist attacks. In seven attacks, ambulances were used as vehicle-born improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs). In this database study on ambulance terrorism in Africa, it was found that the reported occurrence of attacks increased from 2013 onwards, including the rise of ambulances used as VBIEDs. These findings suggest that ambulance terrorism represents a real, significant risk that both governments and health care institutions must address.

Education and training as a key enabler of successful patient care in mass-casualty terrorist incidents

Background and purposeThe increase in terrorist attacks with sometimes devastating numbers of victims has become a reality in Europe and has led to a fundamental change in thinking and a reorientation in many fields including health policy. The purpose of this original work was to improve the preparedness of hospitals and to provide recommendations for training.Material and methodsWe conducted a retrospective literature search based on the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) for the period 2000 to 2017. Using defined search strategies, we were able to identify 203 articles. We grouped relevant findings into main categories with 47 statements and recommendations on education and training.In addition, we included data from a prospective questionnaire-based survey on this topic that we conducted at the 3rd Emergency Conference of the German Trauma Society (DGU) in 2019.ResultsOur systematic review identified recurrent statements and recommendations. A key recommendation was that regular training should take place on scenarios that should be as realistic as possible and should include all hospital staff. Military expertise and competence in the management of gunshot and blast injuries should be integrated. In addition, medical leaders from German hospitals considered current surgical education and training to be insufficient for preparing junior surgeons to manage patients who have sustained severe injuries by terrorist events.ConclusionA number of recommendations and lessons learned on education and training were repeatedly identified. They should be included in hospital preparations for mass-casualty terrorist incidents. There appear to be deficits in current surgical training which may be offset by establishing courses and exercises.

Investigating the impact of sensitivity to terrorism on employee psychological well-being: the mediating role of psychological resilience

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between employee sensitivity to terrorism (STT), employee psychological well-being (EPW) and the mediating role of employee psychological resilience (EPR) for both male and female employees in an environment characterized by discontinuous terrorist incidents.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses data collected from a sample of 432 university employees working in geographic areas impacted by discontinuous terrorist incidents. The study is cross-sectional.FindingsStudy findings reveal a significant relationship between employee STT and EPW. EPR mediated the impact of STT on EPW. Multigroup analysis highlighted significant causal order differences in STT between male and female employees. Females scored higher on STT.Practical implicationsFindings highlight important implications for organizational practitioners. Because STT leads to EPW and differs for males and females, practitioners should consider group differences when selecting interventions to enhance psychological resilience. Organizations should use customized training programs and development interventions to enhance psychological well-being.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is one of the few studies to investigate the relationship between STT and EPW and compare male and female employees. The study generates new insights into the experiences of male and female employees working in terrorist-ridden areas.