Incidence Of Sports Injuries Research Articles

Utility of FMS to understand injury incidence in sports: current perspectives.

The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a popular movement screen used by rehabilitation, as well as strength and conditioning, professionals. The FMS, like other movement screens, identifies movement dysfunction in those at risk of, but not currently experiencing, signs or symptoms of a musculoskeletal injury. Seven movement patterns comprise the FMS, which was designed to screen fundamental movement requiring a balance between stability and mobility. The 7 movement patterns are summed to a composite FMS score. For an instrument to have wide applicability and acceptability, there must be high levels of reliability, validity, and accuracy. The FMS is certainly a reliable tool, and can be consistently scored within and between raters. Although the FMS has high face and content validity, the criterion validity (discriminant and convergent) is low. Additionally, the FMS does not appear to be studying a single construct, challenging the use of the summed composite FMS score. The accuracy of the FMS in screening for injury is also suspect, with low sensitivity in almost all studies, although specificity is higher. Finally, within the FMS literature, the concepts of prediction and association are conflated, combined with flawed cohort studies, leading to questions about the efficacy of the FMS to screen for injury. Future research on the use of the FMS, either the composite score or the individual movement patterns, to screen for injury or injury risk in adequately powered, well-designed studies are required to determine if the FMS is appropriate for use as a movement screen.

Can Neck Strength be Measured Using a Single Maximal Contraction in a Simulated Contact Position?

Salmon, DM, Handcock, PJ, Sullivan, SJ, Rehrer, NJ, and Niven, BE. Can neck strength be measured using a single maximal contraction in a simulated contact position? J Strength Cond Res 32(8): 2166-2173, 2018-Neck strengthening has been postulated to potentially reduce the incidence and severity of concussions and neck injuries in collision-based sports. A quick and reliable method to assess neck strength would permit identification of those at risk and tracking of progress after injury. The purpose of this study was to determine if neck strength could be reliably assessed in a simulated contact posture using a single maximal contraction. During a single session, 30 healthy male university students performed 3 maximal voluntary contractions of the neck musculature in each of the following directions: extension (Ext), flexion (Flx), left lateral flexion (LtFlx), and right lateral flexion (RtFlx). To evaluate the reliability of these measures, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated. The findings revealed a significant effect for direction (p < 0.01), where Ext (234.8 N) tested stronger than Flx (141.0 N), LtFlx (134.5 N), and RtFlx (123.0 N). In addition, Flx tested stronger than RtFlx (p = 0.03). No other differences were observed between LtFlx and RtFlx. When the combined mean values of the trials (1: 151.6 N, 2: 160.0 N, 3: 163.5 N) and the interaction contrast were compared, these were not significant (p = 0.08-1.0), indicating no changes in peak force occurred over the 3 trials. The ICC values for Ext, RtFlx, and LtFlx were all "excellent" (0.91-0.94), whereas Flx demonstrated "good" reliability (0.86). In a simulated contact posture, a reliable measure of peak force was obtained using a single maximal contraction. This may have practical applications for the quick and reliable assessment of contact sport athletes in a position that has functional relevance to their sports.

Epidemiology of Surgical Treatment of Youth Sports Injuries in the United States

Objectives:There is concern that the number of youth sports injuries are increasing in the United States. The purpose of our study was to utilize a large national database to characterize the incidence of surgical procedures for various pediatric sports orthopedic injuries as well as trends amongst certain patient populations.Methods:A search of the Truven Health MarketScan Database (over 39 million patients per year) was conducted to identify the incidence of various orthopaedic conditions as well as associated surgical procedures from 2008 through 2014 amongst patients 10-19 years of age. The database was searched for patients who had International Classification of Disease (ICD-9) codes and Current Procedure Terminology (CPT) codes for operative treatment for the following conditions: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, knee collateral ligament injuries, chondral injuries, Osgood-Schlatter syndrome, and elbow ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury. Patients identified were characterized by gender, age, and year of injury as well as surgery. Regression analysis was used to evaluate differences in surgery trends between individual patient groups delineated by age, and gender. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to identify significant differences in surgery trends seen yearly.Results:A total of 660,982 patients sustained an injury with 165,590 (25%) having related surgery during the study period. Surgery was performed for 65,224 (54.4%) patients for ACL injury, 3,839 (3.7%) patients for knee collateral ligament injury, 91,217 (30.6%) patients for chondral injury, 211 (0.2%) patients for Osgood-Schlatter syndrome, and 5,099 (22.71%) patients for UCL injury. Only knee collateral ligament injuries demonstrated an increase in the rate of surgical intervention over time, from 2% in 2008 to 5.3% in 2014 (p < .0001). Age greater than 15 yrs was associated with a higher likelihood for surgical intervention for all diagnoses (p < .001). Average age of surgical intervention ranged from 15.9 yrs for Osgood-Schlatter syndrome to 16.8 yrs for a UCL injury and did not change for any diagnosis over time. Females were more likely to undergo surgery for ACL injuries (OR = 1.5, p < .0001), knee collateral ligament injury (OR = 1.7, p < .0001), and Osgood-Schlatter syndrome (OR = 1.8, p < .0001) while males were more likely to undergo surgery for chondral injuries (OR = 1.6, p < .0001) and UCL injuries (OR = 1.1, p < .0005). Both male and female patients demonstrated a sustained increase in surgery for knee collateral ligament injuries over the study period, with no other diagnosis showing trend changes secondary to gender.Conclusion:Our study found the incidence of surgical treatment of five common sports injuries remained stable over time with only knee collateral ligament injuries demonstrating an increase in surgical incidence over the study period. There was no significant change over time in the average age of surgical intervention for all diagnosis. Females were more likely to undergo surgery for ACL injuries, knee collateral ligament injuries, and Osgood-Schlatter syndrome while males were more likely to undergo surgery for chondral and UCL injuries. Despite concern that incidence of youth sports injuries and surgeries are increasing over time and that average age of these injuries is decreasing, our data using a large US National Database does not support this.

TWO YEAR ACL REINJURY RATE OF 2.5%: OUTCOMES REPORT OF THE MEN IN A SECONDARY ACL INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAM (ACL-SPORTS)

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Specialized Post-Operative Return to Sports (ACL-SPORTS) randomized control trial (RCT) examined an evidence-based secondary ACL injury prevention training program, involving progressive strengthening, agility training, and plyometrics. The RCT examined the benefit of the training program with and without a neuromuscular training technique called perturbation training. The purpose of this study was to report the return to sport and second ACL injury incidence outcomes of the men in the ACL-SPORTS trial. Secondary analysis of a RCT. Forty cutting and pivoting sport male athletes participated in the ACL-SPORTS trial, return to sport testing, and in follow-up sessions at one and two years after ACL reconstruction. Variables of interest at one and two years were return to sport, return to preinjury level of sport, and second ACL injuries. Mean time to passing return to sport criteria, the number of athletes returning to sport and preinjury level of sport and the incidence proportion of second ACL injuries were calculated. Athletes passed return to sport criteria 232 ± 99 days after ACLR. One year after ACL reconstruction 95% had returned to sport, 78% at their preinjury level. Two years after ACL reconstruction all athletes had returned to sport, 95% at their preinjury level and only one athlete had a second ACL injury. The results of this study indicate that men in the ACL-SPORTS trial had much higher return to sport rates and much lower second ACL injury rates than those reported in the literature. 1b.

Ten-year Trends In Major Trauma Or Death Resulting From Sport And Recreation In Victoria, Australia

Sports injuries which result in major trauma or death are associated with significant health-care burden and societal costs. Understanding changes in injury trends, and their drivers, is needed to implement policy aimed at risk reduction and injury prevention. To date, there has been no population-level reporting on trends in serious sport and recreation injuries anywhere in Australia over such an extended period, nor any studies of this length capturing comprehensive data on all sports-related major trauma internationally. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of sport and active recreation injuries resulting in major trauma or death for a 10-year period from July 2005-June 2015 in Victoria, Australia. METHODS: All sport and active recreation-related major trauma cases and deaths in Victoria, a state of Australia, were extracted from the population-level Victorian State Trauma Registry and the National Coroners Information System, over a 10-year period. Poisson regression analysis was used to examine trends in the incidence of sport and active recreation-related major trauma and death. RESULTS: There were 2,847 non-fatal major trauma cases and 614 deaths (including 96 in-hospital deaths) over the 10-year study period. The highest frequencies of major trauma cases and deaths were in cycling, motor sports and equestrian activities. The participation-adjusted major trauma and death rate was 12.2 per 100,000 participants per year. There was an 8% increase in the rate of major trauma (IRR=1.08, 95%CI, 1.06, 1.10; p<0.001), and a 7% decrease in the death rate (IRR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.90, 0.97; p<0.001). Out of all sports, there were significant increases in the rate of major trauma (including deaths) in equestrian activities, motor sports and cycling. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of major trauma due to participation in sport and recreation has increased over the past 10 years in Victoria, which was largely attributable to equestrian activities, motor sports and cycling. Study findings highlight the need to prioritize investment in the prevention of trauma in these activities.

Autonomic modulations of heart rate variability are associated with sports injury incidence in sprint swimmers

ABSTRACTObjectives: Young athletes’ participation in competitive sports is becoming increasingly common, and this increased involvement raises concerns about the occurrence of overtraining and sports injuries. Since these issues are poorly understood, this study analyzed heart rate variability, stress/recovery relationship, and sports injury incidence during a training macrocycle of young sprint and endurance swimmers.Methods: Thirty teenage swimmers (aged 12 to 17 years) were divided into two groups as follows: Sprint (n = 17) and Endurance (n = 13). Subjects were evaluated over 20 weeks, based on the following three schedules: general, specific, and competitive. In addition to heart rate variability and sports injury incidence, the Recovery-Stress-Questionnaire of Athletes was used to analyse stress/recovery states in athletes. All procedures were developed at the initial moment and at the end of each periodization step.Results: The Sprint group presented a reduced standard deviation of normal-normal beats (73.0 ± 6.6 vs. 54.1 ± 3.5 ms; p < 0.05) and root mean square of the successive differences (55.3 ± 6.2 vs. 42.0 ± 3.7 ms; p < 0.01) from the period of general preparation until the time of competition. Recovery-stress monitoring was affected only by the swimming training periodization (p < 0.05). During the general period, differences between recovery and stress scales were correlated directly with the root mean square of the successive differences (r = 0.576; p = 0.001), the standard deviation of instantaneous variability beat-to-beat (r = 0.521; p = 0.003) and the triangular index (r = 0.476; p = 0.008). Differences between general recovery and stress scales were inversely correlated with geometric indexes after the specific training period. Moreover, the Sprint group showed a higher incidence of sports injury than the Endurance group (0.0214 ± 0.0068 vs. 0.0136 ± 0.0050 cases/1000 hours).Conclusion: Sprint training was associated with progressive activation of the sympathetic nervous system as well as a higher incidence of sports injury in comparison to endurance swimming during a training macrocycle.

Ten-Year Incidence of Sport and Recreation Injuries Resulting in Major Trauma or Death in Victoria, Australia, 2005-2015.

Background:Sports injuries that result in major trauma or death are associated with significant health care burden and societal costs. An understanding of changes in injury trends, and their drivers, is needed to implement policy aimed at risk reduction and injury prevention. To date, population-level reporting has not been available regarding trends in serious sport and recreation injuries anywhere in Australia over such an extended period, nor have any studies of this length captured comprehensive, long-term data on all sports-related major trauma internationally.Purpose:To describe the incidence of sport and active recreation injuries resulting in major trauma or death over a 10-year period (July 2005 to June 2015) in the state of Victoria, Australia.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiological study.Methods:All sport and active recreation–related major trauma cases and deaths in Victoria, Australia, over a 10-year period were extracted from the population-level Victorian State Trauma Registry and the National Coroners Information System. Poisson regression analysis was used to examine trends in the incidence of sport and active recreation–related major trauma and death.Results:The 10-year study period entailed 2847 nonfatal major trauma cases and 614 deaths (including 96 in-hospital deaths). The highest frequencies of major trauma cases and deaths were in cycling, motor sports, and equestrian activities. The participation-adjusted major trauma and death rate was 12.2 per 100,000 participants per year over the study period. An 8% increase was noted in the rate of nonfatal major trauma (incident rate ratio [IRR], 1.08; 95% CI, 1.06-1.10; P < .001) and a 7% decrease in the death rate (IRR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.97; P < .001). Significant increases were found in the rates of major trauma (including deaths) in equestrian activities, motor sports, and cycling.Conclusion:The death rate from sport and active recreation decreased by more than half over the course of 10 years in Victoria, while the rate of nonfatal major trauma almost doubled. This increase is largely attributable to equestrian activities, motor sports, and cycling. Study findings highlight the need to prioritize investments in the prevention of trauma in these activities.

An estimation of the burden of sports injuries among African adolescents

The extent to which sports injuries contribute to the burden of injury among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is unknown. The goal of this study was to estimate the incidence of sports injuries among adolescents in Africa. Data from the World Health Organization Global School-Based Student Health surveys were used to estimate the annual number of African adolescents sustaining sports injuries. Gender-stratified injury rates were calculated and applied to every African country’s adolescent population to estimate country-specific and continent-wide injury totals. A total of 21,858 males and 24,691 females from 14 countries were included in the analysis. Country-specific annual sports injury rates ranged from 13.5% to 38.1% in males and 5.2% to 20.2% in females. Weighted average sports injury rates for males and females were 23.7% (95% CI 23.1%–24.2%) and 12.5% (95% CI 12.1%–12.9%), respectively. When these rates were extrapolated to the adolescent populations of the African continent, an estimated 15,477,798 (95% CI 15,085,955–15,804,333) males and 7,943,625 (95% CI 7,689,429–8,197,821) females sustained sports injuries. Our findings suggest that over 23 million African adolescents sustained sports injuries annually. Further work will help to more precisely define the burden of sports injuries in LMICs and the role that surgery can play in mitigating this burden.

Incidence of Sports Injury in Middle and High School Fencers by Gender, Grade and Type during Training.

Incidence of Sports Injury in Middle and High School Fencers by Gender, Grade and Type during Training.

Differences in greater trunk acceleration frequency in badminton games between high-school and junior high-school players

Background: The incidence of sports injury is higher during competitions or games than in practice. Especially in female adolescents, the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rapidly increases during games. The magnitude and patterns of ground reaction force (GRF) affect the knee valgus moment, which potentially increases mechanical stress on the ACL. Some studies recently estimated the GRF without using a force platform or quantified the physical load during game situations by using an inertia sensor. However, the competitive movement with greater load for peripubertal players is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of greater acceleration movement during real game situations between high-school and junior high-school players.

Sports injury and illness incidence in the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Summer Games: A prospective study of 11274 athletes from 207 countries

ObjectiveTo describe the pattern of injuries and illnesses sustained during the Games of the XXXI Olympiad, hosted by Rio de Janeiro from 5 to 21 August 2016.MethodsWe recorded the daily...

Programas de entrenamiento neuromuscular para la prevención de lesiones en jóvenes deportistas. Revisión de la literatura.

&lt;p&gt;Los objetivos de esta revisión son: (1) describir los principales programas de prevención de lesiones de la extremidad inferior en jóvenes deportistas que cuentan con una eficacia demostrada, cuya prevención ha estado dirigida a deportes colectivos de balón, no requieren de material adicional para su aplicación y la duración permite su implementación como calentamiento previo a la práctica deportiva; y (2) analizar las ventajas e inconvenientes de las medidas preventivas de acuerdo a su posibilidad de implantación de manera regular en el deporte. Para ello, un total de 5 programas neuromuscularespara la prevenciónde lesiones fueron seleccionados. Aunque todos los programas han demostradoefectos positivossobre la reducción de la incidencia lesional, el análisis pormenorizado de las características de las 5 medidas preventivas recomienda el uso de los programas FIFA 11+ y el Knäkontroll por su mayor adaptabilidad al contexto de aplicacióny la facilidad de su implementación de manera regular en el deporte.&lt;/p&gt;

Should Potential Risk of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Be Discussed with Young Athletes?

As participation in youth sports has risen over the past two decades, so has the incidence of youth sports injuries. A common topic of concern is concussion, or mild traumatic brain injury, in young athletes and whether concussions sustained at a young age could lead to lifelong impairment such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). While the pathway from a concussed young athlete to an adult with CTE remains unknown, current research is attempting to provide more clarity. This article discusses how health care professionals can help foster an informed, balanced decision-making process regarding participation in contact sports that involves the parents as well as the children.

SPORTS INJURIES AMONG AMATEUR ATHLETES AT A BRAZILIAN UNIVERSITY.

ABSTRACTObjective: To obtain information on the incidence and nature of sports injuries at a Brazilian university.Method: Data from 396 student amateur athletes (61% male) playing 15 different sports during the 2013 season were retrospectively evaluated. Subjects completed the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System questionnaire at the conclusion of the 2013 sports season. Injuries that resulted in at least one day of time lost were included. Exposure was defined as one student amateur athlete participating in one practice or game and is expressed as an athlete-exposure (A-E).Results: Injury rates were significantly greater in games (13.13 injuries per 1000 A-Es, 95% CI = 10.3-15) than in practices (4.47 injuries per 1000 A-Es, 95% CI = 3.9-5.1). The mechanisms that accounted for the most injuries in games and practices were player contact (52.9%) and non-contact (54.5%), respectively. Ankle ligament sprains were the most common injury (18.2% of all reported injuries). A relatively high incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury was also observed (0.16 injuries per 1000 A-Es).Conclusion: Brazilian student amateur athletes are at great risk of sustaining non-contact injuries such as ankle sprains and anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Level III of Evidence, Study of non consecutive patients; without consistently applied reference ''gold'' standard.

Injuries in elite Korean fencers: an epidemiological study

PurposeWe aimed to assess the risk of injury associated with training activities in a population of elite Korean fencers training for the Olympic games.MethodsWe analysed the incidence of sports injuries,...

Gender-related differences in lower limb alignment, range of joint motion, and the incidence of sports injuries in Japanese university athletes.

[Purpose] To investigate the gender-related differences in lower limb alignment, range of joint motion, and history of lower limb sports injuries in Japanese university athletes. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects were 224 Japanese university athletes (154 males and 70 females). The quadriceps angle (Q-angle), arch height index, and ranges of internal and external rotation of the hip joints were measured. History of lower limb sports injury was surveyed using a questionnaire. [Results] Females had a significantly higher Q-angle and hip joint internal rotation angle and a significantly lower arch height index than males. The survey revealed that a significantly higher proportion of females had a history of lower limb sports injuries, and that the proportion of those with a history of foot/ankle injuries was particularly high. [Conclusion] These results suggested that females experience more lower limb sports injuries than males, and that a large proportion of these injuries involve the foot/ankle. Reduced lower limb alignment and increased range of joint motion in females may be risk factors for injury because they lead to increased physical stress being exerted on the lower legs during sporting activities.

Ten-year incidence of sport and recreation injuries resulting in major trauma or death in Victoria

Ten-year incidence of sport and recreation injuries resulting in major trauma or death in Victoria

Comparison of physical activities of female football players in junior high school and high school.

[Purpose] This study aimed to compare physical activities between junior high school and high school female football players in order to explain the factors that predispose to a higher incidence of sports injuries in high school female football players. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-nine female football players participated. Finger floor distance, the center of pressure during single limb stance with eyes open and closed, the 40-m linear sprint time, hip abduction and extension muscle strength and isokinetic knee flexion and extension peak torque were measured. The modified Star Excursion Balance Test, the three-steps bounding test and three-steps hopping tests, agility test 1 (Step 50), agility test 2 (Forward run), curl-up test for 30 seconds and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test were performed. [Results] The high school group was only significantly faster than the junior high school group in the 40-m linear sprint time and in the agility tests. The distance of the bounding test in the high school group was longer than that in the junior high school group. [Conclusion] Agility and speed increase with growth; however, muscle strength and balance do not develop alongside. This unbalanced development may cause a higher incidence of sports injuries in high school football players.

Effectiveness of a stress management pilot program aimed at reducing the incidence of sports injuries in young football (soccer) players

ObjectivesSeveral attempts to reduce the incidence of sport injuries using psychosocial interventions produced fruitful, although inconclusive results. This paper presents the effectiveness and implementation issues of a pilot 3-month stress-management and muscle relaxation program aimed at reducing sport injury incidence. DesignPre-post treatment-non treatment group comparison. Program administrationThe program was administered by a trained psychologist on a once-a-week, 1-h session basis. ParticipantsSeventy-four male soccer players from four National Youth league teams voluntarily participated. Teams were randomly assigned to either treatment/non-treatment group. MeasuresInjury protocol, Self-monitoring cards, Athletes' satisfaction and commitment survey, Coaches' interview. ResultsGroup main effect and Time-Group interaction effect were both statistically significant, F(1,60) = 8.30, p = 0.005, η2p = 0.121, with the average number of injuries larger in the post-treatment phase of non-treatment group (p = 0.005, η2p = 0.077). There was a significant decrease in the average number of injuries for the intervention group before and after implementing the program (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.309). ConclusionsA controlled implementation of a psychosocial program was effective in reducing youth soccer sport injuries, with a high level of satisfaction and commitment from the athletes, as well as high acceptance from the coaches.

Masking in reports of "most serious" events: bias in estimators of sports injury incidence in Canadian children.

Surveys that collect information on injuries often focus on the single "most serious" event to help limit recall error and reduce survey length. However, this can mask less serious injuries and result in biased incidence estimates for specific injury subcategories. Data from the 2002 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey and from the Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) were used to compare estimates of sports injury incidence in Canadian children. HBSC data indicate that 6.7% of children report sustaining a sports injury that required an emergency department (ED) visit. However, details were only collected on a child's "most serious" injury, so children who had multiple injuries requiring an ED visit may have had sports injuries that went unreported. The rate of 6.7% can be seen to be an underestimate by as much as 4.3%. Corresponding CHIRPP surveillance data indicate an incidence of 9.9%. Potential masking bias is also highlighted in our analysis of injuries attended by other health care providers. The "one most serious injury" line of questioning induces potentially substantial masking bias in the estimation of sports injury incidence, which limits researchers' ability to quantify the burden of sports injury. Longer survey recall periods naturally lead to greater masking. The design of future surveys should take these issues into account. In order to accurately inform policy decisions and the direction of future research, researchers must be aware of these limitations.