Incidents Of Sexual Violence Research Articles

Taking Action Together (TAT): An annual, intersectional, peer-based sex education program

College students are at high risk for experiencing sexual violence. Living without parents, lack of understanding of consent, new relationships, high stress, and experimenting with drugs and alcohol are some factors that increase the risk of sexual violence among college students. Pacific University has existing prevention programs aimed to decrease the incidence of sexual violence, but existing workshops only target first year students and athletes. There is a gap for students who don’t fit in either category. Post-test surveys from these existing prevention programs shows that students favor peer-led workshops. Other sexual violence prevention programs report the benefits of peer-education and find that students need information repeated to them to retain new information. New research involving intersectionality in health education programs report higher student involvement within workshops and improve education around varying identities. Using an intersectional model, TAT aims to reduce the incidence of sexual violence among undergraduate Pacific University students through a multi-year, peer-based education program. Pacific University undergraduate students will be required to attend this program each school year to improve retention rates of the material. TAT will educate on topics of sexual violence prevention, healthy relationships, consent, root causes, bystander intervention, and available resources. As a result of this program, we foresee a 30% decrease in sexual violence incidence and a 40% increase in student’s self-efficacy by believing that they can successfully intervene in a potentially dangerous situation.

Preventing sexual violence in college men: a randomized-controlled trial of GlobalConsent

BackgroundSexual violence—any sexual act committed against a person without freely given consent—disproportionately affects women. Women’s first experiences of sexual violence often occur in adolescence. In Asia and the Pacific, 14% of sexually experienced adolescent girls report forced sexual debut. Early prevention with men that integrates a bystander framework is one way to address attitudes and behavior while reducing potential resistance to participation.MethodsThis paper describes a study protocol to adapt RealConsent for use in Vietnam and to test the impact of the adapted program—GlobalConsent—on cognitive/attitudinal/affective mediators, and in turn, on sexual violence perpetration and prosocial bystander behavior. RealConsent is a six-session, web-based educational entertainment program designed to prevent sexual violence perpetration and to enhance prosocial bystander behavior in young men. The program has reduced the incidence of sexual violence among men attending an urban, public university in the Southeastern United States. We used formative qualitative research and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Map of the Adaptation Process to adapt RealConsent. We conducted semi-structured interviews with college men (n = 12) and women (n = 9) to understand the social context of sexual violence. We conducted focus group discussions with university men and stakeholders (n = 14) to elicit feedback on the original program. From these data, we created scripts in storyboard format of the adapted program. We worked closely with a small group of university men to elicit feedback on the storyboards and to refine them for acceptability and production. We are testing the final program—GlobalConsent—in a randomized controlled trial in heterosexual or bisexual freshmen men 18–24 years attending two universities in Hanoi. We are testing the impact of GlobalConsent (n = 400 planned), relative to a health-education attention control condition we developed (n = 400 planned), on cognitive/attitudinal/affective mediators, prosocial bystander behavior, and sexual violence perpetration.DiscussionThis project is the first to test the impact of an adapted, theoretically grounded, web-based educational entertainment program to prevent sexual violence perpetration and to promote prosocial bystander behavior among young men in a middle-income country. If effective, GlobalConsent will have exceptional potential to prevent men’s sexual violence against women globally.Trial registrationU.S. National Library of Medicine Clinicaltrials.govNCT04147455 on November 1, 2019 (Version 1). Retrospectively registered. Protocol amendments will be submitted to clinicaltrials.gov.

Trends, Issues, and Community Participation in to Prevent Sexual Violence in Children at Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta

OBJECTIVE: Violence in children is a phenomenon like an iceberg, more victims do not report than report to related parties. This study will observe the trends of sexual violence that occurred in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta City in 2015-2018, and see community participation in preventing sexual violence against children to provide advice for policymakers in making regulations regarding sexual violence against children to create a bright generation.
 
 METHOD: This research was a descriptive cohort study with a survey method. The sample of the research was 321 children aged 2-18 years in Sleman Regency. This research was done from 2015 to 2018. The data was collected then processed by using linear regression analysis.
 
 RESULT: The regression coefficient of the relationship variable with the victim has a positive but very weak effect on sexual violence in children, 2, 419 with a confidence level of 95% at the limit of 0.006-0.061, which means that the relationship with the victim increases the number of child abuse by 2.419%. The coefficient of the location of the incident has a positive effect on sexual violence on children, 2, 800 with a confidence level of 95% at the limit of 0.12 to 0.70, which means the location of the effect on the incidence of sexual violence on children.
 
 CONCLUSION: Victims of violence that occur in girls in the elementary-junior high school age range, the Government of Sleman Yogyakarta through the Technical Implementation Unit for the Protection of Women and Children (UPTD PPA) provides counseling to restore children’s mentality so that they can return to society in good condition and avoid violence sexual future. For children to avoid sexual violence against children, sexual education needs to be given starting from the basic layer, namely the family level, besides that parents must be able to play a maximum role in giving attention and protection to realize safety for children.

Is it Rape or a “Disgraceful Act?” Transformative Justice as an Alternative Approach of Addressing Sexual Violence in Egypt’s Civil Spaces

The efforts of ending sexual violence as a structural form of violence in work and civil spaces are one of the centre points of feminist attention. While many feminist groups develop different tools to investigate and punish sexual violence incidents, Transformative Justice emerges as a methodology that addresses the root causes of sexual violence and sets long-term plans to end it rather than short-term intervention. This essay engages with Transformative Justice literatures, displaying what they can offer away from coercion and carceral approaches. Within this framework, I look at a case study from Egypt that took place at the end of 2017, where a presidential candidate was accused of harassment and a prominent human right lawyer of rape. Through the reading of the case, I draw attempts to point out how transformative justice would have managed the case differently. With this reading, I am touching upon the feminist tensions that manifested and looking into transformative justice narratives that would be of benefit to conceptualize and approach these tensions differently.

Sexual violence in the Kosovo conflict: a lesson for Myanmar and other ethnic cleansing campaigns

In this article, we analyze the patterns of sexual violence against Albanian women during the Kosovo conflict (1998–1999) as a weapon of the Milosevic regime’s campaign of ethnic cleansing. We used a broad combination of sources: a secondary literature of history and social science, human rights reports, trial records, our oral history of survivors, interviews with advocates and psychologists handling hundreds of survivors, and a subset of survey data of reported discrete incidents of sexual violence. Our focus on Kosovo as a single-case study rich in data allowed us to discern patterns that offer important insights for understanding how women’s bodies come to be sites of militarized violence in the context of ethnic exclusion and destruction. This carries policy implications for preventing the use of sexual violence in other conflicts, or, in the case of Myanmar military’s sexual violence against Rohingya women, to offer a roadmap for the prosecution of perpetrators.

Risk factor sexual violence in children in Palopo city

This study aims to determine the risk of education of parents with the incidence of sexual violence in children in Palopo city. The design of this study was analytic observational with a case control study. The technique of determining the sample in this study used a total sampling technique. Thirty people involved as a sample study. Data collection techniques in this study used primary data obtained through observation and interviews using questionnaires, as well as secondary data obtained from the Palopo Police Women's and Child Protection Unit about the number of cases of sexual violence in children from 2016 to 2018 years. The analysis in this study consisted of univariate analysis and bivariate analysis, using SPSS version 20. The Results showed that parental divorce (OR 4.750; CI 95% 1.097-20.570) and parental education level (OR=3.596; CI 95% 1.431-9.036) are risk factors for sexual violence in children. Parental divorce and parental education level are risk factors for sexual violence events, in which children with parental divorce have a risk of 4.750 times compared to children whose parents are not divorced while the low education level of parents is 3.596 compared to high parents education level.

Identification of Risk Factors and Consequences of Sexual Violence in Children

An increase in cases of sexual violence against children triggers various health problems in children, both physical, psychological and social. This paper aims to explore the sexual violence on children, risk factors and the impact of sexual violence on children. This study of sexual violence in children refers to various empirical literature studies. Furthermore, the collection of information was analyzed using the problem tree analysis approach to find out the risk factors and their impact on children. Cases of sexual violence in the community are difficult to detect because of the lack of recognition from victims. This is because the offender called pedophile comes from within the family (familial abuse) or can come from outside the family environment (extra-familial abuse) who have established close relationships with children. Sexual violence is generally motivated by the problem of weak protection from parents which is also strengthened by socio-economic problems, low access to reproductive health education and less optimal law enforcement. Therefore, children who have experienced sexual violence find it difficult to avoid physical, biological, psychological and social risks. Children who have experienced sexual violence find it difficult to avoid physical, biological, psychological and social risks. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the capacity of parents in the prevention of sexual violence against children and law enforcement needs to complete the system of early detection and rapid response to the incidence of sexual violence against children.

Nowhere to go: disclosure and help-seeking behaviors for survivors of violence against women and girls in South Sudan

BackgroundDespite high rates of violence against women and girls (VAWG) in conflict and humanitarian contexts, many survivors do not tell anyone about their experience or seek help from support r services (e.g. health, legal, psychosocial support, police).MethodsThis paper examines disclosure and help seeking behaviours of survivors of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) and intimate partner violence (IPV) among women and girls aged 15–64 from three sites in South Sudan. It seeks to understand how exposure to armed conflict is associated with disclosure and help seeking practices.ResultsFor NPSV, respondents for whom an incident of sexual violence occurred during conflict had twice the odds of telling someone about their experience (aOR: 2.2; 95%CI: 1.3–3.7; p < 0.01) and three times the odds of seeking help (aOR: 3.1; 95%CI: 1.7–5.9, p < .001), compared to respondents for whom the incident of violence did not occur during conflict. Age, the identity of the perpetrator, working status of the woman, poverty and location also affected disclosure and help seeking behaviours for survivors of NPSV. For IPV, exposure to conflict increased the odds a respondent would tell someone about her experience (aOR 1.7; 95%CI 1.2–2.5; p < .01), but was not associated with seeking support services. The severity of IPV affected both disclosure and help seeking behaviours, with the odds of disclosing IPV increasing if the respondent experienced both physical and sexual IPV (compared to only sexual violence), had been injured, thought their well-being was affected, was afraid of their partner, or was controlled by their partner. However, not all these factors were subsequently associated with help seeking behaviours for survivors of IPV and respondents who reported they were sometimes afraid of their partner had reduced odds of seeking help, compared to those who were never afraid of their partners.ConclusionsThese findings are important as, prior to this analysis, it was unclear how experiencing conflict-related VAWG would influence disclosure and help seeking. Given the findings of this paper, it is important that the international community consider how to reduce barriers to reporting and help seeking for non-conflict-related forms of violence in these settings.

Validasi Komik Asertif Organ Reproduksi Seri “Bagian Tubuh”

Abstract: Sexual violence in early childhood is prevalent and shows an increasing prevalence. The impact caused by the occurrence of sexual violence experienced will affect the mental health of the victim. Therefore, early childhood needs to be saved from incidents of sexual violence because children are the future owners of the nation. Thus, the importance of equipping children with knowledge, attitudes and skills about themselves and their bodies to prevent sexual violence. The researchers in this study aim to produce Reproductive Organ Assertive Comics for early childhood and test the validity of assertive comics with the theme "Body Parts" as an effort to prevent sexual violence in young children. This research uses the design of Research and Development (R&amp;D). There are ten stages carried out in this study. In this paper the researcher discusses only the content validity test of three expert judgments. Based on the results of the assessment of expert judgment, it was found that the comic assertive of reproductive organs (the prevention of sexual violence) with the theme "Parts of the Body" was appropriate to be used as an effort to prevent sexual violence for young children.

The missing dalit women in testimonies of #MeToo sexual violence: Learnings for social movements

While the #MeToo movement inspired many women to share their stories of sexual harassment on social media, the impact of the movement in India remains limited as it did not reflect the voices of subjects who have been historically marginalised. This note discusses the ways in which the erasure of dalit women’s testimonies of sexual violence happens by reflecting on a few central aspects of Satyabhama’s case, a victim/survivor of a caste-based incident of sexual violence in Maharashtra. It argues the relevance and importance of dalit women’s testimonies of sexual violence, which have been overlooked, for strengthening both the feminist and the dalit movements.

Posting the story of your sexual assault online: a phenomenological study of the aftermath

ABSTRACT Silence and shame often surround incidents of sexual violence. As technology and social media spawn movements for survivors to speak about their experiences, it is unknown if public online disclosures are aiding or hindering sexual assault recovery. This study explored the experiences of survivors of sexual violence who utilized social media to publicly disclose surviving sexual assault (n = 20). Qualitative interviews explored survivors’ motivations and overall experiences of self-disclosing their sexual assault via social media. A thematic, open-coded analysis was conducted using NVivo qualitative data analysis software. Four major themes emerged from the data: “I didn’t want to be silenced anymore,” “I named myself a resource,” “The fence begins to have holes in it once you disclose,” and “Disclosing myself was a form of renewal.” The findings elucidate how the majority of participants experienced a positive benefit from disclosing publicly, with two notable exceptions of negative experiences. The findings support further research into this phenomenon to discern whether disclosing one’s story of sexual assault via social media can be seen as an avenue for positive coping and facilitate further resolution after a sexual trauma, specifically regarding a sense of empowerment and a sense of contributing to a larger online narrative of survivors.

Listening to the narratives of students’ sexual exposures in selected tertiary institutions in Abia state of Nigeria

Background: Sexual violence is now increasingly practiced in many tertiary institutions in both developing and developed countries. There is need to listen to the students, especially from the perspectives of affected individuals on the types of sexual exposures they experience in tertiary institutions. This will assist researchers to package along with the students, relevant intervention strategies that will minimize the incidence of sexual violence in tertiary institutions. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study using self-administered questionnaire on Students sexual behaviours was done. Three tertiary institutions, federal, state and private universities were randomly selected for study. Purposively, 30 participants were used in each university. Participants were selected to ensure maximum variation in age, gender and exposure. Narrative methods that considered how individuals’ sex, age and level of education shaped sexual exposures and experiences were used. To elucidate the practical and feasible steps that could minimize sexual violence among students, integrated narrative analysis grounded with feminist intersectional theory was used to obtain information from the students. This was done realizing that young people's faces, voices, thoughts, inputs, and creativity are useful in suggesting how to reduce sexual violence in tertiary institutions.Findings: Results showed that in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture (MOUA), 5 (17%) and 4 (13%) of the students respectively practiced anal and oral sex. In ABSU, 2 (7%) and 5 (17%) respectively indulged in anal and oral sex while in Rhema, 8 (28.8%) and 7 (26%) respectively, gave narratives on their involvement in anal and oral sex. Also some students in the three universities narrated being involved in group sex, self- masturbation, Hetro-masturbation, and homosexual relations showing that probably, a good number of them had unprotected sex. The common reasons given for practicing other forms of sex apart from vaginal sex were: to prevent HIV&STIs, to avoid group sex, for quicker sexual satisfaction and to prevent pregnancy. Conclusion: The study provides further evidence that in order to reduce sexual violence among youths in tertiary institutions, their views, inputs and creativity should be explored.

Exploring the Academic Experience of College Student Survivors of Sexual Violence

This article reports findings from an exploratory study of six undergraduate college students who described their academic experience after undergoing an incident of sexual violence while in college. Eight essential constituents comprise the academic experiences the six participants described: negative emotional and mental health consequences, shame and self-blame, isolation from classmates and professors, impaired ability to focus on academic tasks, losing motivation and questioning academic goals, finding ways to cope, healing and reconnection, and academic identity as more than GPA.

Sexual violence at live music events: Experiences, responses and prevention

Recent media reporting has highlighted that incidents of sexual violence frequently occur at live music events. Sexual violence has significant impacts on the health of those who experience it, yet little is known of how it impacts on everyday engagements with music, nor what measures venues and promoters might take to prevent and respond to incidents. Through interviews with concert goers, venue managers, promoters and campaigning groups, we investigated experiences of sexual violence at indie, rock, punk and funk gigs in small venues in one English city. We show that sexual violence at live music events significantly impacts on (predominantly) women’s musical participation. We argue that venues and promoters must work proactively to create musical communities that act as a defence against the normalisation of sexual violence, taking inspiration from safer space policies.

PELATIHAN PENDIDIKAN SEKSUAL SEBAGAI UPAYA PENCEGAHAN KEKERASAN SEKSUAL PADA ANAK

Children’s sexual abuse was increasing at Tuban district. Data from the Social Service for Women Empowerment and Child Protection (Dinsos P3A), and NGOs in Tuban District recorded an increase in violence against children, especially victims of sexual abuse from 2013 to 2017, even after Regional Regulation (Perda) Number 13 of 2013 concerning Child Protection was implemented. The impact of cases of sexual violence on children is very severe because it can cause severe trauma, loss of self-confidence, victims will feel hate towards themselves to personality disorders as adults. Methods: One effort that is promoted as an action to prevent incidents of sexual violence against children is an educational workshop sexual abuse in children. The purpose of this community service activity is twofold, namely to increase understanding of sexual education in children and to increase children's awareness of acts of sexual violence, namely to fourth grade students at SDN Gesikharjo Palang Tuban. Result: The workshop was conducted by giving counseling to 86 students grade IV at SDN Gesikharjo Palang Tuban, followed by educational games using giant ladder snake media that have been modified to contain content on sexual education and sexual violence in each box with participants as the pieces to evaluate participants' awareness of sexual violence then closed with a child's self-reflection with a picture of himself to identify the possibility of violence in children. Conclusion: This activity succeeded in increasing the understanding and alertness of grade IV children at SDN Gesikharjo Palang Tuban and finding students who were victims of violence which were then treated by counselors from NGOs caring for children. Suggestions, the government and educational institutions need to launch a sexual education program and increase awareness of sexual violence against minors as an effort to prevent sexual violence against children.

Seen and unseen: sexual and gender-based crimes in the Khmer Rouge Tribunal’s Case 002/02 judgment

ABSTRACTThe most recent judgment of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), delivered in November 2018 and published in March 2019, provides rich scope for gender analysis. Some sexual and gender-based crimes are highly visible in this judgment, while others are obscured or overlooked. In the spotlight is the inhumane act of “forced marriage”, which, according to the judgment, was committed against both women and men. By contrast, incidents of sexual violence against men, forced breeding, and the repression of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities are relegated to the margins. These gaps and silences are not unique to the ECCC; rather, they are continuous with the patterns in previous international and internationalised courts.

Tackling Rape Culture in Québec Universities: A Network of Feminist Resistance

Québec university communities are facing intensified pressure to address the incidence of sexual violence on campus. The ESSIMU (Enquête Sexualité, Sécurité et Interactions en Milieu Universitaire) survey (2016) revealed that one third of respondents (students and employees from six universities, all genders combined) reported having experienced at least one form of sexual violence since arriving at university, committed by someone affiliated with the same university. As the issue is becoming increasingly institutionalized, a process that often erodes activism, this article highlights the role feminist activism has played in placing sexual violence on university campuses on the political agenda. From the dual perspective of feminist activists and researchers on the ESSIMU team, the article explores the backdrop of this mobilization, and the network of feminist resistance that fostered the ESSIMU study, itself a significant contribution to the increased recognition of sexual violence in universities. It also considers the role of university and government institutions in (re)producing such violence and the role of media in making it a public issue.

Monitoring Sexual Violence Visits in Emergency Department Data to Improve Public Health

ObjectiveTo describe characteristics of sexual violence emergency department visits in Washington State.IntroductionAlthough sexual violence is a pressing public health and safety issue, it has historically been challenging to monitor population trends with precision. Approximately 31% of incidents of sexual violence are reported to law enforcement and only 5% lead to an arrest1, making the use of law enforcement data challenging. Syndromic surveillance data from emergency departments provides an opportunity to use care-seeking to more accurately surveil sexual violence without introducing additional burdens on either patients or healthcare providers.MethodsUsing the National Syndromic Surveillance Program (NSSP) Electronic Surveillance System for Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE) platform, staff from the Rapid Health Information Network (RHINO) program at the Washington State Department of Health created a syndrome definition for sexual violence in emergency department data using a combination of ICD-10 diagnostic codes and chief complaint terms likely to be used for sexual violence visits.Staff executed the query using both the Chief Complaint Query Validation and Facility Location (Full Details) data sources in the NSSP ESSENCE platform. Validation occurred by examining visits from 2017 using the Original Chief Complaint, Diagnosis Combo, and Original Triage Notes fields in the data details output to determine if a visit was a true positive for sexual violence. Staff then used the R Studio platform to create n-grams to analyze commonly occurring terms in the data.RHINO staff collaborated with colleagues in the agency's Injury and Violence Prevention Section to better understand the trends observed in the data and the utility of using syndromic surveillance to inform public health practice.ResultsThe query identified 1,550 visits for sexual violence in 2017. Female patients were disproportionately represented (87.16%), with female patients aged 10-29 years making up 47.03% of captured visits. Overall, patients 10-29 years of age represented 52.90% of all identified visits. Older patients, particularly older men were less represented.Among the captured visits, staff analyzed a sample of 347 visits and found that 88.76% were correctly identified as being related to sexual violence. Although triage notes are an optional field for Washington State syndromic reporting and only present in approximately 40% of records, analysis of the triage notes also provided contextual details on the time (36.89%) and place (18.44%) of the incident, and the identity of the assailant (17.29%).Among patients 10-29 years old, several increases in the percentage of emergency department visits for sexual violence were observed in conjunction with secondary and post-secondary school term breaks, as well as at the beginning of Autumn and end of Spring terms at most Washington State universities. The trend was present in both patients 10-19 years and 20-29 years, with a stronger signal in the 10-19 year age group. The pattern was not present in either older or younger patients.ConclusionsThe seasonal trend associated with the academic calendar in patients 10-29 years of age is consistent with other data on teen and campus dating violence2,3 and provides another piece of information to validate and inform the work of social service groups serving adolescents and young adults.Syndromic data is particularly well suited to translating surveillance into actionable public health—having additional data to support the hypotheses of state Rape Prevention and Education programs has the potential to encourage greater participation from universities and other academic institutions to improve consent and sexual violence response programs. Regardless of whether patients are affiliated with a specific institution, the overall safety of the communities where students live is of importance to academic institutions. Similarly, yearly increases in visits during annual mass gatherings may be of use in communicating with event organizers strategies for reducing incidents of violence during that period.Indexing the query for sexual violence within the NSSP ESSENCE platform allows surveillance practitioners to quickly and easily monitor emergency department visits for sexual violence using a standardized methodology. As a national platform, NSSP ESSENCE facilitates collaboration across borders between local, state, Tribal and Urban Indian, and national public health agencies. This improved availability and performance of the query. Additionally, the point-and-click nature of the ESSENCE platform makes using syndromic data more accessible for local health and social service staff who are not trained in epidemiology. The ease of collaboration between partners using the platform also makes it well suited to work which span state, local, and Tribal, and Urban Indian health needs. Data and query sharing increases the likelihood that the data will be actionable and therefore positively influence public health.

A latent class analysis of the co-occurrence of sexual violence, substance use, and mental health in youth

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand co-occurrence of sexual violence, substance use, and mental health in youth and see if there are differences in experiences among sexual identities, races, and genders. Methods: The 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey sampled 14,638 high school students. Latent class analysis was used to understand the relationship between incidence of sexual violence, substance use, and depression and suicidality in a nationally representative sample. The model controlled for demographic and bullying covariates. Results: A four-class solution provided optimal fit. Classes were low risk (51.8%); low violence, frequent substance use, and high depression and suicidal ideation (29.7%); experienced violence and moderate mental health issues(5.1%); and some violence, high substance use, and high depression and suicidal ideation (13.4%). Youth who identified as sexual minority youth were almost 2.5–5 times more likely to be in the three higher risk classes than their heterosexual peers. Those who identified as “I don’t know” were almost 3 times more likely to be in the three higher risk classes than heterosexual youth. Multiracial youth had higher likelihood of being in the three riskier classes compared to Caucasian youth. Females were 2.5 and 3 times more likely to be in the low violence and some violence classes compared to males. Conclusion: The study’s finding distinct classes of co-occurring behavioral and mental health outcomes fill gaps in the current literature and informs practitioners that LGB youth and bi/multiracial youth were at an elevated risk of co-occurring victimization, substance use, and mental health problems.

Reputation as a Disciplinarian of International Organizations

AbstractAs a disciplinarian of international organizations, reputation has serious shortcomings. Even though international organizations have strong incentives to maintain a good reputation, reputational concerns will sometimes fail to spur preventive or corrective action. Organizations have multiple audiences, so efforts to preserve a “good” reputation may pull organizations in many different directions, and steps taken to preserve a good reputation will not always be salutary. Recent incidents of sexual violence by UN peacekeepers in the Central African Republic illustrate these points.