Incidence Of Salmonellae Research Articles

Incidence of <em/Salmonella</em> in Traditional White Cheese in Gaza markets, Palestine

Introduction: Salmonella has gained more interest because it cause food borne illnesses. Traditional soft cheese made from unpasteurized milk may contain salmonella. Methods: A descriptive study was performed, one hundred and four samples of fresh white cheese collected from street venders and the local markets to investigate the incidence of salmonella in fresh white cheese in Gaza. Results: Salmonella was found in four samples of "Traditional cheese". Differences between percentages of samples were not statistically significant. Conclusion: traditional cheese highly contaminated and usually exceeded the Palestinian Standard. The detection of Salmonella spp. suggests that traditional soft cheese commercialized in Gaza may represent a health risk for the consumers.

Incidence of salmonellae and E.coli in Meals Served in Egyptian Hotels

Incidence of salmonellae and E.coli in Meals Served in Egyptian Hotels

Use of Genetic Method for Investigating of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella Dublin Isolated From Local Cows in Iraq

This study carried out in Salahaldeen province in period January to September 2019. The aims of this study were to investigate the incidence of salmonella typhimurium and salmonella dublin in cow by using of PCR test. The results of current study showed that salmonella species isolation from cow in rate of 13.3% by culture methods, high of them from aborted cows in rate of 22.2%. Result of PCR test showed that salmonella typhimurium and salmonella Dublin detection in rate of 55% and 25% respectively while other salmonella species detected in rate of 20% from total salmonella isolates . Introduction Salmonellosis is one of most important zoonotic dangerous diseases, caused by bacteria return to genera of salmonella (1). Salmonella is gram negative bacilli, non-spore forming , non-capsulated, motile by Peritrichous Flagella except S. gallinarum and S. pullorum . lactose and sucrose non ferment while ferment of glucose, maltose and sorbetoil (2).

Incidence of Salmonella spp.in animal derived-protein in Egypt.

This work aimed to determine the incidence of Salmonella in various sources of meat One hundred and twenty random samples of different meat samples represented by chilled minced beef, meat block, poultry cuts (breast and thigh), and fish flesh (T.niloticus,M.cephalus) (20 of each) were collected from different supermarkets and butcher's shops in Menoufia governorate,Egypt. The results showed that the incidence of salmonella in the examined samples of minced beef, meat block, breast meat ,thigh meat ,flesh of T.niloticus and flesh of M.cephalus were 35%, 25%, 20%, 30%, 15%and10% respectively.While serotyping of Salmonellae isolated from the examined samples were S.Enteritidis,S.Typhimurum and S.Virchow in block meat While in minced meat,they were S.Enteritidis,S.Typhimurum , S.Virchow and S.Heidberg inaddition to in chicken meat samples ,they were S.Enteritidis,S.Typhimurum , S.Virchow and S.Kentucky in breast meat and S.Enteritidis,S.Typhimurum and S.Kentucky in thigh meat . Salmonella strains isolated from mugil cephalus were S.Enteritidis,S.Typhimurum from T.niloticus were S.Enteritidis, S.Virchow and S.Infantis.Also enterotoxin gene were isolated from S.Enteritidis,S.Typhimurum,S.Kentucky and S.Virchow also could isolate hilA gene from S.Enteritidis,S.Typhimurum,S.Kentucky , S.Virchow and S.Heidelberg. FimH were isolated from S.Enteritidis, S.Typhimurum,S.Kentucky , S.Virchow ,S.infantis and S.Heidelberg. The presence of this bacterial species in the examined samples is a result of contamination during the slaughtering ,defeathering or offal removal ,transportation ,distribution, storage, slicing, packaging, and retail sale of the products.

Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of salmonella infection.

Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection is the most frequent infection worldwide and it has been postulated that it predisposes to multiple enteric pathogens and diarrheal diseases. Salmonella infection is common in tropical and under developed communities and is associated with wide range of diseases from gastroenteritis to typhoid fever. This study aimed at detecting the impact of H pylori infection on the incidence of salmonella infections.The study participants were sampled from cohorts of patients in four university hospitals in different Egyptian Governorates. Their age ranged from 20 to 59 years and followed up for a rising Widal test. Case patients (n = 109) were subjects who visited the outpatient clinic because of diarrhea and typhoid like illness. They were either positive for H pylori stool antigen (n = 53) or negative to it (n = 56). All patients were subjected to thorough history taking, clinical examination, routine laboratory investigations, abdominal ultrasonography, H pylori stool antigen detection, and serial Widal test assay.The proportion of salmonella-infected subjects was lower among case patients with H pylori infection (22.6%) than among those negative for H pylori (33.9%) albeit not statistically significant (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24–1.33; P = .21). The association persisted nonsignificant after adjusting for sociodemographic variables (adjusted OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.18–1.39; P = .18). In a multivariate analysis that adjusted for sex, dietary habits, socioeconomic status, and educational level subjects who eat outdoors were associated with a significantly greater risk of salmonella typhi infection.Our findings suggest that there is no association between H pylori infection and salmonella infection in patients presented with typhoid fever or typhoid like illness.

In vitro assessment of Leuconostoc mesenteroides zinc nanoparticles against Salmonella serovars recovered from broilers chickens

Salmonella serovars are responsible for a variety of acute and chronic diseases in poultry. Leuconostoc mesenteroides probiotic can exert antimicrobial activity by producing diverse fermentative metabolites with bactericidal or bacteriostatic activities such as lactic and acetic acids, fatty acids, hydrogen peroxide or diacetyl and antimicrobial proteins such as bacteriocins and peptidoglycan hydrolase enzymes. This trial aimed at adding novel therapy against virulent and multidrug resistance avian salmonellosis. The incidence of salmonellae in this study was 20% with high recovery rate from liver followed by yolk sac and the most common serovars were Salmonella Kentukey, Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Enteritidis whose antibiogram showed high resistance to ampicillin, nalidexic acid, sulphamethoxasole + trimethoprim and tetracyclines. Selected virulent and multidrug resistant Salmonella serovars were exposed to probiotic mixture consisting of L. mesenteroides and zinc nanoparticles in different concentration to detect the antibacterial effect against different Salmonella serovars as novel therapy for avian salmonellosis. This study revealed that green synthesis of zinc nanoparticles by using L. mesenteroides biodegradation 100 nm in size and 10 µg/ml in concentration has potent inhibitory effect against broad range of Salmonella serovars but its salmonicidal effect occurred only at 2000 µg/ml. Key words: Broilers chicken, Salmonella, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, zinc nanoparticles.

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATIONS OF SOME HAZARD BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM TABLE EGGS

The objective of this study was to determine bacteriological status, incidence and molecular characterization of E.coli, salmonellae and staph. aureus in both baladi and farm table eggs. A total of 50 random chicken eggs contents samples (25 for each baladi and farm eggs) were collected from different supermarkets in Kafr-Elsheikh Governorate. Aerobic plate count showed mean values of 2.48x104± 0.39x104 for baladi eggs and 6.15x103± 1.41x103 for farm eggs, coliform count showed mean value of 9.53x102± 2.16x102 for baladi eggs and 4.99x102± 0.72x102 for farm eggs and staphylococcal count showed mean value of 2.05x103± 0.91x102 for baladi eggs and 5.00x102± 0.30x102 for farm eggs. Incidence of E. coli isolated from the examined samples of baladi and farm eggs contents (25 for each) were 4 isolates (16%) and 2 isolates (8 %), respectively. Serotypes of isolated E. coli were O1: H7 (1 isolate from farm eggs), O2: H6(1 isolate from baladi eggs), O44: H18 (1 isolate from baladi eggs), O78(2 isolate from baladi eggs and 1 isolate from farm eggs). Incidence of salmonellae isolated from the examined samples of baladi and farm eggs contents (25 for each) were 5 isolates (20%) from baladi eggs (2 isolates for S. enteritidis and 1 isolate for S. typhimurium, S. kentucky and S. virchow) and 3 isolates (12%) from farm eggs (2 isolates for S. enteritidis and 1 isolate for S. kentucky). Incidence of staph.aureus isolated from the examined samples of baladi and farm egg contents (25 for each) 2 isolates (8%) were isolated from each type. Multiplex PCR for identification of tetracycline resistance genes (tetB, tetC and tetD) of E. coli were (O78 and O1) Positive E. coli strains for tetB gene, (O78 and O44) Positive e. coli strains for both tetB and tetD genes, (O78) positive E. coli strain for tetC gene, (O2) positive E. coli strain for tetD gene. Multiplex PCR for identification of B-lactamase resistance genes of Salmonella species were (S. enteritidis) Positive strains for blaCMY gene, (S. enteritidis and S. kentucky) Positive strains for blaCTX gene, (S. typhimurium) Positive strain for blaCTX and blaCMY genes, (S. enteritidis) and (S. virchow) Negative strains for both genes. Multiplex PCR of enterotoxins genes (sea, seb, sec and sed) for characterization of s. aureus, 1 isolate positive s. aureus strain for sea and seb genes, 1 positive isolate s. aureus strain for sec gene, 1 isolate positive s. aureus strain for sea gene and 1 isolate negative s. aureus strain for enterotoxins genes. Farm eggs were bacteriologically better than baladi eggs. We recommend that strict hygienic measures to safe guard eggs from being deteriorated should be adopted in the farms and during handling and processing of eggs and not consumed raw.

Multiplex PCR-based detection of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis in Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) and Commercial Eggs

Salmonella serovars are one of the major bacterial causes of food borne diseases. Eggs are commonly identified as food sources responsible for salmonellosis outbreaks. This study aimed to isolate Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis from 1750 hens’ eggs, and use of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (Multiplex PCR) in the identification of different Salmonella serovars from eggs. The incidence of salmonellae among the Balady eggs yolk was 1.3%, while the incidence was 1.2% among white and brown eggs samples (each). S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis were identified (0.6 and 0.5% respectively). The isolates were confirmed using fliC, sefA genes and gene specific for genus Salmonella. All albumen samples negative for isolation of isolation of salmonellae by culture method were retested by PCR. From the retested albumen samples 3%, 8.4% and 6% collected from balady, white and brown eggs respectively were positive for Salmonella serovars using Multiplex PCR. No salmonellae could be detected from specific pathogen free (SPF) eggs using both PCR and conventional methods.

347 Do changes in the incidence of occupationally-acquired food-borne zoonotic infections precede changes in the wider population?

ObjectivesRecently the WHO estimated that up to 75% of emerging pathogens may be of zoonotic origin. Occupationally acquired zoonoses are of particular concern in food producing sectors because of the...

Inoculation of newly hatched broiler chicks with two Brazilian isolates of Salmonella Heidelberg strains with different virulence gene profiles, antimicrobial resistance, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns to intestinal changes evaluation

Salmonella Heidelberg is one of the 3 most frequently isolated serovars from human Salmonella cases in Canada, and the fourth most commonly reported Salmonella serovar in human foodborne disease cases in the United States. Since 1962, Salmonella Heidelberg has been isolated and reported in poultry and poultry products in Brazil. The poultry industry has focused efforts on reducing salmonellae incidence in live production in an effort to reduce Salmonella in the processing plant. A better understanding of the initial infection in chicks could provide approaches to control Salmonella contamination. The objective of the present study was to evaluate 2 Salmonella Heidelberg strains that differed in the presence of virulence genes invA, agfA, and lpfA; antimicrobial resistance profiles; and epidemiologic profiles on aspects of pathogenicity and intestinal morphology. Newly hatched broiler chicks were inoculated with 2 strains (SH23 and SH35) of Salmonella Heidelberg and cecal morphometry, histopathology, electron microscopy, and bacterial counts in the liver and cecum were assessed. The SH23 and SH35 strains resulted in different changes in villi height and crypt depth and inflammatory cell infiltration in the cecum. The SH35 group had higher liver and cecum bacterial cell counts when compared with SH23 strains.

High-Throughput Genotyping of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Allowing Geographical Assignment of Haplotypes and Pathotypes within an Urban District of Jakarta, Indonesia

High-throughput epidemiological typing systems that provide phylogenetic and genotypic information are beneficial for tracking bacterial pathogens in the field. The incidence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection in Indonesia is high and is associated with atypical phenotypic traits such as expression of the j and the z66 flagellum antigens. Utilizing a high-throughput genotyping platform to investigate known nucleotide polymorphisms dispersed around the genome, we determined the haplotypes of 140 serovar Typhi isolates associated with Indonesia. We identified nine distinct serovar Typhi haplotypes circulating in Indonesia for more than 30 years, with eight of these present in a single Jakarta suburb within a 2-year period. One dominant haplotype, H59, is associated with j and z66 flagellum expression, representing a potential pathotype unique to Indonesia. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that H59 z66(+), j(+) isolates emerged relatively recently in terms of the origin of serovar Typhi and are geographically restricted. These data demonstrate the potential of high-throughput genotyping platforms for analyzing serovar Typhi populations in the field. The study also provides insight into the evolution of serovar Typhi and demonstrates the value of a molecular epidemiological technique that is exchangeable, that is internet friendly, and that has global utility.

Fermented liquid feed for pigs.

Abstract Liquid feeding systems develop a microflora that usually becomes dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and this can be beneficial to the health of the pigs. When levels greater than 100 mM lactic acid are generated in liquid feed (LF), this can significantly reduce the numbers of enteropathogens and reduce the incidence of Salmonella . Using fermented co-products from the human food industry or deliberately fermenting LF has the potential to improve gut health and nutrient utilization. The evidence indicates that spontaneous fermentation of LF is unreliable and fails to yield consistently good results. Maintaining a continuous fermentation by retaining a proportion of the feed each day can result in the development of a resident microflora dominated by yeasts. This may compromise both palatability and health and reduce the nutritional value of the feed. Batch fermentation of the cereal portion of the diet using inoculants selected to generate high concentrations of lactic acid has the potential to produce more consistent results. This approach may enable the combination of the preservative and probiotic effects of LAB, while also improving the availability of nutrients in the feed and reducing levels of anti-nutrients and mycotoxins. Accurate assessment of these changes will enable nutritionists to modify raw material specifications and constraints to take advantage of these improvements, and in so doing, improve pig performance and reduce environmental impact.

Risk factors associated with the salmonella status of dairy farms in England and Wales

Between October 1999 and February 2001 the salmonella status of 449 dairy farms in England and Wales was determined by environmental sampling on up to four occasions. Data were collected...

Recovery of salmonellae following pH adjusted pre-enrichment of broiler carcasses treated with trisodium phosphate

Trisodium phosphate (TSP) has been reported to decrease the recovery of salmonellae from processed poultry carcasses. It has been suggested that the high pH and detergent-like properties of TSP solutions are responsible for the reduction in salmonellae recovery. This project was conducted to determine if controlling pH during salmonellae pre-enrichment alters the effect of TSP on salmonellae recovery. Carcasses were obtained from a commercial processing plant immediately after the final inside-outside carcass washer, prior to any other antimicrobial treatments, and before chilling. Carcasses were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: (1) TSP and alkaline pre-enrichment, (2) TSP and neutral pre-enrichment, (3) non-TSP and alkaline pre-enrichment, 4) non-TSP and neutral pre-enrichment. Carcasses were placed into plastic bags with 500 mL of buffered peptone water (with or without pH adjustment) and shaken for 1 min. Preincubation pH of the rinsate was measured. Carcasses were incubated in the rinse at 37 degrees C for 24 h, and incidence of salmonellae was determined. The pH of the preincubation rinsate was 8.4 for the TSP alkaline pre-enrichment, 7.2 for the TSP neutral pre-enrichment, 8.6 for the non-TSP alkaline pre-enrichment, and 7.1 for the non-TSP neutral pre-enrichment. Salmonellae were detected from 40% of the TSP alkaline pre-enrichment carcasses, 44% of the TSP neutral pre-enrichment carcasses, 54% of the non-TSP alkaline pre-enrichment carcasses, and 38% of the non-TSP neutral pre-enrichment carcasses. Neither TSP treatment nor pre-enrichment pH adjustment significantly influenced carcass salmonellae detection.

Influence of environmental factors and human activity on the presence of Salmonella serovars in a marine environment.

The temporal and spatial distribution of Salmonella contamination in the coastal waters of Galicia (northwestern Spain) relative to contamination events with different environmental factors (temperature, wind, hours of sunlight, rainfall, and river flow) were investigated over a 4-year period. Salmonellae were isolated from 127 of 5,384 samples of molluscs and seawater (2.4%), and no significant differences (P < 0.05) between isolates obtained in different years were observed. The incidence of salmonellae was significantly higher in water column samples (2.9%) than in those taken from the marine benthos (0.7%). Of the 127 strains of Salmonella isolated, 20 different serovars were identified. Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg was the predominant serovar, being represented by 54 isolates (42.5%), followed by serovar Typhimurium (19 isolates [15%]) and serovar Agona (12 isolates [9.4%]). Serovar Senftenberg was detected at specific points on the coast and could not be related to any of the environmental parameters analyzed. All serovars except Salmonella serovar Senftenberg were found principally in the southern coastal areas close to the mouths of rivers, and their incidence was associated with high southwestern wind and rainfall. Using multiple logistic regression analysis models, the prevalence of salmonellae was best explained by environmental parameters on the day prior to sampling. Understanding this relationship may be useful for the control of molluscan shellfish harvests, with wind and rainfall serving as triggers for closure.

Unheated Water in the First Tank of a Three-Tank Broiler Scalder

Scalding with unheated water in the first tank of a simulated three-tank scalder was tested to determine whether carcass bacteria, efficiency of feather removal, and cooked breast meat tenderness are affected as compared with carcasses scalded at the same temperature (57 C) in all tanks. This experiment was performed on 3 d using 6-wk-old broilers. On each day, eight birds per treatment were processed. During the first 40-s scalding period, one carcass was placed in approximately 24 C water. The other carcass was placed simultaneously in a scalder unit containing approximately 2,050 L of water at 57 C. Carcasses were then held out of the water for 15 s, after which both were placed for 40 s in opposite ends of the scalder containing water at 57 C. After the second scalding period, both carcasses were again removed from the water for 15 s, followed by another 40 s in the 57 C water. Total scald time was 2 min for each treatment. After picking, carcasses were rinsed with 200 mL of sterile 0.1% peptone water for 1 min. Aerobic bacteria and Escherichia coli were enumerated and incidence of salmonella was determined by standard methods. After rinsing, carcasses were eviscerated by hand and chilled for 30 min in ice slush. All carcasses were scored for the presence of feathers, and the appearance and condition of the skin were noted. Four hours postmortem, breast fillets were removed from carcasses and chilled overnight at 2 C. The next morning, breast fillets were cooked to an internal endpoint temperature of 75 to 80 C. Warner-Bratzler shear values were measured to determine tenderness. No differences were found in numbers of aerobic bacteria and E. coli, incidence of salmonellae, tenderness of cooked breast meat, or number of feathers left on carcasses.

Characterization of Salmonella associated with pig ear dog treats in Canada.

In the summer of 1999, the incidence of Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis infections in Alberta rose dramatically. Subsequent laboratory and epidemiological investigations established that an outbreak of human disease caused by this organism was occurring across Canada and was associated with pet treats for dogs produced from processed pig ears. Laboratory investigations using phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) established that isolates of Salmonella serotype Infantis from pig ear pet treats and humans exposed to pig ear pet treats comprised a well-defined subset of all isolates analyzed. Of the 53 subtypes of Salmonella serotype Infantis obtained around the time of the outbreak as defined by PFGE and phage typing, only 6 subtypes were associated with both human infection and isolation from pig ears. Together with information from epidemiological studies, these investigations established pig ear pet treats as the cause of the Salmonella serotype Infantis outbreak. The results are consistent with a model in which contaminated pig ear pet treats constitute a long-term, continuing vehicle for infection of the human population rather than causing temporally delimited point-source outbreaks. During the course of this outbreak, several other Salmonella serotypes were also isolated from pet treats, suggesting these products may be an important source of enteric infection in both humans and dogs. Though isolates of Salmonella serotypes other than Salmonella serotype Infantis from pet treats were also subjected to PFGE and phage typing, no link with human disease could be definitively established, and the contribution of pig ear pet treats to human disease remains unclear. Elimination of bacterial contamination from pet treats is required to reduce the risk of infection from these products.

INCIDENCE OF SALMONELLA AND E. COLI IN PACKED MEAT PRODUCTS SOLD IN ASSIUT CITY

INCIDENCE OF SALMONELLA AND E. COLI IN PACKED MEAT PRODUCTS SOLD IN ASSIUT CITY

Evaluation of a Novel Vaccine Consisting of Siderophore Receptor Proteins and Porins for Controlling Salmonellosis in a Commercial Dairy Herd

The purpose of this study was to determine the safety of an autogenous subunit vaccine consisting of a highly purified preparation of siderophore receptor proteins and porins (SRP-P) derived from Salmonella bredeney. The organism was isolated from a commercial dairy herd showing severe clinical signs of salmonellosis: acute enteritis and septicemia resulting in high adult and calf mortality and morbidity. The vaccine was given to all cows (n=125) in the herd. The experimental trial examined the safety of the immunizing composition based on tissue reactivity of the injected material at the site of injection; loss of milk production after vaccination; serological response to vaccination; and effect on the incidence of salmonella within the herd.

Relationship between aerobic bacteria, salmonellae and Campylobacter on broiler carcasses

Broiler carcasses were removed from commercial processing lines immediately after defeathering, before chilling, and after chilling to determine whether any relationship exists between aerobic bacteria and the human enteropathogens salmonellae and Campylobacter. In two experiments, a whole carcass rinse procedure was used to sample 30 carcasses after defeathering, 90 carcasses before chilling, and 90 carcasses after chilling, for a total of 210 different carcasses. Aerobic bacteria and Campylobacter spp. were enumerated and the incidence of salmonellae was determined. Salmonellae and Campylobacter incidences were 20 and 94%, respectively, for all carcasses sampled. After picking, neither salmonellae-positive nor Campylobacter-positive carcasses had mean aerobic most probable number (MPN) values that were different from carcasses negative for those organisms. Immediately before chilling, aerobic and Campylobacter counts were 7.12 and 5.33 log10 cfu per carcass, respectively. Immersion chilling reduced aerobic counts by approximately 1.8 log and Campylobacter by 1.5 log, with no change in salmonellae-positive carcasses. There was no difference in aerobic or Campylobacter counts between carcasses that were positive or negative for salmonellae at any of the sampling locations, nor was any correlation found between levels of aerobic organisms and Campylobacter. Carcasses with aerobic counts above the mean or more than one standard deviation above the mean also failed to show any correlation. Discriminant analysis indicated error rates as high as 50% when numbers of aerobic bacteria were used to predict incidence of salmonellae or Campylobacter on individual carcasses. Aerobic bacteria are not suitable as index organisms for salmonellae or Campylobacter on broiler carcasses.