Incidence Of Respiratory Tract Disease Research Articles

Сопутствующие заболевания у детей с врожденной расщелиной губы и нёба в регионе с промышленными экотоксикантами

Objective. To evaluate the incidence of somatic diseases in children with congenital cleft lip and palate residing in regions with industrial pollution. Patients and methods. We analyzed medical records of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of the Republican Children's Clinical Hospital in Ufa made between January 1, 1985 and December 31, 2019. A total of 3.463 children with congenital cleft lip and/or palate aged 0 to 16 years were treated and followed-up during this period. Results. We found that 2017 children with congenital cleft lip and/or palate (58.24%) were born and resided in areas with welldeveloped petrochemical industry, whereas 1446 children (41.76%) were born and resided in the areas without petrochemical pollution. Clinical analysis of the health status of children with congenital cleft lip and/or palate living in the areas with petrochemical pollution demonstrated high incidence of respiratory tract diseases and acute respiratory viral infections. Conclusion. We observed a positive correlation between the level of environmental pollution and incidence of concomitant somatic diseases in children with congenital cleft lip and/or palate. This should be considered in pre- and postoperative rehabilitation of children with congenital cleft lip and/or palate with the involvement of pediatricians. Key words: congenital cleft lip and palate, industrial pollutants, concomitant diseases, preoperative preparation

Effect of different pain management protocols on the health status of German Holstein heifer calves undergoing hot iron disbudding

Hot iron disbudding of calves is a stressful and painful procedure. Previous parts of an ongoing comprehensive study on disbudding in dairy calves dealt with various types of pain management and the direct effects of the procedure on physiological, biochemical and behavioral processes. The goal of this study part was to investigate the effects of the disbudding procedure per se, pain management and the age of the calf at the time of disbudding on the health status of the calf. A total of 337 German Holstein heifer calves were used for this prospective, randomized and triple-blinded study. The calves were disbudded at 4-10 days or at 15-28 days of age. Each calf was randomly assigned to one of 9 treatment groups, which differed with respect to pain management (sedation, local anesthesia, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, placebo). All but the sham-disbudded calves underwent hot iron disbudding and all calves were monitored clinically before and until 4 weeks after the procedure. The findings were analyzed using valuation scores and a threshold model of the SAS software. Disbudding exhibited adverse effects on respiratory health. Calves undergoing sham disbudding experienced the lowest incidence of respiratory disease and calves that did not receive any anesthesia or pain medication displayed the highest frequency. All treatments showed mitigating effects on the incidence of respiratory tract diseases, however the effects varied with the type of pain management. Fever was less common in calves that were disbudded early in life than calves that underwent disbudding at an older age. Disbudding of young calves poses a risk to respiratory health. If breeding of polled offspring is not possible or when farming of horned cattle is not feasible, the risk of respiratory disease induced by disbudding can be minimized by adequate pain management. Disbudding of very young calves is feasible and recommended. The present study underlines the importance of optimal pain management during disbudding of dairy calves.

Results of an online questionnaire to survey calf management practices on dairy cattle breeding farms in Austria and to estimate differences in disease incidences depending on farm structure and management practices.

BackgroundCalf disease may result in great economic losses. To implement prevention strategies it is important to gain information on management and to point out risk factors. The objective of this internet based survey was to describe calf management practices on registered dairy breeding farms in Austria and to estimate differences in calf disease incidences depending on farm structure and management practices.ResultsA total of 1287 questionnaires were finally analysed (response rate 12.2 %). Herd characteristics and regional distribution of farms indicated that this survey gives a good overview on calf management practices on registered dairy farms in Austria. The median number of cows per farm was 20 (interquartile range 13–30). Significant differences regarding farm characteristics and calf management between small and large farms (≤20 vs >20 cows) were present. Only 2.8 % of farmers tested first colostrum quality by use of a hydrometer. Storing frozen colostrum was more prevalent on large farms (80.8 vs 64.2 %). On 85.1 % of the farms, whole milk, including waste milk, was fed to the calves. Milk replacer and waste milk were more often used on large farms. In accordance with similar studies from other countries, calf diarrhoea was indicated as the most prevalent disease. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that herd size was associated with calf diarrhoea and calf respiratory tract disease, with higher risk of disease on large farms. Furthermore, feeding waste milk to the calves was associated with increasing calf diarrhoea incidence on farm. In the final model with calf respiratory tract disease as outcome, respondents from organic farms reported less often a respiratory tract disease incidence of over 10 % compared with conventional farms [odds ratio (OR) 0.40, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.21–0.75] and farmers that housed calves individually or in groups after birth significantly reported more often to have an incidence of respiratory tract disease >10 % compared with farms where all calves were housed individually (OR 2.28, 95 % CI 1.16–4.48).ConclusionThe results obtained in this study provide an overview on calf management on dairy breeding farms in Austria and may help to further point out areas to be improved on farm.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13028-015-0134-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Cigarette smoke impairs neutrophil respiratory burst activation by aldehyde-induced thiol modifications

Exposure to airborne pollutants such as tobacco smoke is associated with increased activation of inflammatory-immune processes and is thought to contribute to the incidence of respiratory tract disease. We hypothezised that cigarette smoke (CS) could synergize with activated inflammatory/immune cells to cause oxidative injury or result in the formation of unique reactive oxidants. Isolated human neutrophils were exposed to gas-phase CS, and the production of nitrating and chlorinating oxidants following neutrophil stimulation was monitored using the substrate 4-hydroxyphenylacetate (HPA). Stimulation of neutrophils in the presence of CS resulted in a reduced oxidation and chlorination of HPA, suggesting inhibition of NADPH oxidase or myeloperoxidase (MPO), the two major enzymes involved in inflammatory oxidant formation. Peroxidase assays demonstrated that neutrophil MPO activity was not significantly affected after CS-exposure, leaving the NADPH oxidase as a likely target. The inhibition of neutrophil oxidant formation was found to coincide with depletion of cellular GSH, and a similar modification of critical cysteine residues, such as those in NADPH oxidase components, might be involved in reduced respiratory burst activity. As α,β-unsaturated aldehydes such as acrolein have been implicated in thiol modifications by CS, we exposed neutrophils to acrolein prior to stimulation, and observed inhibition of NADPH oxidase activation in relation to GSH depletion. Additionally, translocation of the cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase to the membrane, a necessary requirement for enzyme activation, was inhibited. Protein adducts of acrolein (or related aldehydes) could be detected in several neutrophil proteins, including NADPH oxidase components, following neutrophil exposure to either CS or acrolein. Alterations in neutrophil function by exposure to (environmental) tobacco smoke may affect inflammatory/infectious conditions and thereby contribute to tobacco-related disease.

Effects of tilmicosin phosphate, administered prior to transport or at time of arrival, and feeding of chlortetracycline, after arrival in a feedlot, on Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal secretions of transported steers.

To determine effects of time of administration of tilmicosin and feeding of chlortetracycline on colonization of the nasopharynx of transported cattle by Mannheimia haemolytica (MH). 454 steers (body weight, 200 kg). 3 studies included 4 truckloads of steers assembled and processed in the southeastern United States. For each truckload of steers, a third received tilmicosin before transportation (PRIOR), then all were transported to a feedlot in New Mexico (23 hours). At arrival (day 0), another third received tilmicosin (ARR). The remaining third did not receive tilmicosin (control steers [CTR]). Steers in studies 1 and 2 were housed in a feedlot, and steers in study 3 were housed on wheat pasture. One half of the steers from each group in studies 2 and 3 were fed chlortetracycline on days 5 to 9. Steer with signs of respiratory tract disease were treated. Nasal swab specimens were examined for MH to determine colonization. PRIOR and ARR steers had a lower incidence of respiratory tract disease and MH colonization than CTR steers, but PRIOR and ARR steers did not differ. Feeding chlortetracycline did not have an effect. Tilmicosin can inhibit MH from colonizing the nasopharynx of cattle. Because tilmicosin inhibits the growth of MH in the respiratory tract, medication with tilmicosin prior to transport should reduce the incidence of acute respiratory tract disease during the first week at the feedlot when calves are most susceptible to infectious organisms.

Association between infection of the respiratory tract attributable to bovine coronavirus and health and growth performance of cattle in feedlots.

To determine the association between respiratory tract infection with bovine coronavirus (BCV), treatment for respiratory tract disease, pulmonary lesions at slaughter, and average daily gain in cattle in feedlots. 837 calves in feedlots in Ohio and Texas. Nasal swab specimens were obtained from cattle at arrival in a feedlot (day 0) and at various times during the initial 28 days after arrival. Specimens were tested for BCV, using an antigen-capture ELISA. Serum samples were obtained at arrival and again 28 days after arrival and tested for antibodies to BCV, using an antibody-detection ELISA. Information was collected regarding treatment for cattle with respiratory tract disease and average daily gain during the feeding period. Pulmonary lesions were evaluated at slaughter. Cattle shedding BCV from the nasal cavity and developing an antibody response against BCV were 1.6 times more likely to require treatment for respiratory tract disease than cattle that did not shed the virus or develop an immune response against BCV. Additionally, cattle that shed BCV from the nasal cavity were 2.2 times more likely to have pulmonary lesions at slaughter than cattle that did not shed the virus. The BCV shedding or seroconversion status did not affect average daily gain. Bovine coronavirus infects feedlot cattle and is associated with an increased risk for cattle developing respiratory tract disease and pulmonary lesions. Development of appropriate control measures could help reduce the incidence of respiratory tract disease.

Epidemiologic and pathologic characteristics of respiratory tract disease in dairy heifers during the first three months of life

Objective To describe the incidence of respiratory tract disease in dairy calves and to compare antibody titers and microbial isolates from transtracheal wash samples between calves with and without respiratory tract disease (cases and controls, respectively). Design Prospective observational cohort study, with matched case-control substudy. Animals 410 dairy heifers; in substudy, 105 cases and 59 controls from the same population. Procedure Calves were examined weekly by a veterinarian during the first 3 months of life. Blood samples were collected for serologic testing at the first visit for each calf and during acute and convalescent periods for cases. Transtracheal wash samples also were obtained during the acute period from cases and controls. Results Incidence and case-fatality risk for clinician-diagnosed pneumonia were 25.6 and 2.2%, respectively. Mycoplasma sp and Pasteurella multocida together were isolated from 29% of cases and 11% of controls, and Mycoplasma sp alone from 7% of cases and 30% of controls (both P ≤ 0.05). From postcolostral to acute-phase serum samples, Mycoplasma dispar titers increased 1.3-fold among cases, compared with 0.7-fold among controls; from acute- to convalescent-phase samples, Μ dispar titers increased 2.4-fold among cases, compared with 5.6-fold among controls (both P ≤ 0.005). Clinical Implications Results of this study suggested a synergistic effect between Mycoplasma sp and P multocida and a possible initiative role of Μ dispar in the development of respiratory tract disease. Postcolostral total IgG values and antibody titers were not significantly different between cases and controls, implying that other factors have an important role in the development of respiratory tract disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:2035-2042)

Antigenic diversity of respiratory syncytial viruses and its implication for immunoprophylaxis in ruminants

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a very important pathogen of cattle and perhaps other ruminants. It is a major contributor to the incidence of respiratory tract disease in nursing beef and feedlot and dairy calves. The genome of respiratory syncytial viruses encodes 10 proteins translated from 10 unique mRNAs. The major glycoprotein (G), fusion protein (F), 1A protein and the 22K protein are components of the viral envelope. The nucleocapsid contains the nucleocapsid protein (N), the phosphoprotein (P), and the large protein (L). The matrix protein (M) forms a structural layer between the envelope and the nucleocapsid. Antibodies to all the structural proteins develop in convalescent calves. However, evidence suggests that immunity develops primarily as a result of the antigenic stimulus by the major glycoprotein G and the fusion glycoprotein F. It is known also that activated cytotoxic T cells interact with N and F protein antigens and helper T cells interact with N, F, and 1A protein antigens. With the exception of the major glycoprotein, the respective proteins of various respiratory syncytial viruses share major antigenic domains. Based on antigenic differences of the major glycoprotein, at least 3 subgroups of RSV are recognized; human A, human B, and bovine RSV. Indirect evidence suggests that a second subgroup of BRSV exists. However, we have identified only one BRSV subgroup based on our work with RNase mismatch cleavage analysis of the G protein gene from a limited number of strains. Furthermore, our data indicated that a caprine RSV isolate is closely related to the bovine strains, but an ovine isolate is not. The latter may constitute yet another subgroup of RSV. These data affect decisions on optimization of immunoprophylaxis since evidence suggests that protection against a homologous RSV subgroup virus is superior to that against a heterologous strain in immune subjects.

Study of mutagenic pollution in Bombay

Airborne suspended particulate matter (SPM) from seven areas in and around Bombay city were collected over glass fibre filters (0.8 μm porosity). The chemicals from the SPM were extracted in dimethylsulfoxide and distilled water and were further tested for mutagenicity by Ames' test using five mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. Of the seven areas studied, only four exhibited mutagenicity, which was confirmed by dose—response assays using the mutant strain TA 100. The very high mutagenicity observed in central Bombay correlates with the higher incidence of respiratory tract diseases in the resident population.

Process-dependent risk of delayed health effects for welders.

In most industrialized countries large numbers of workers are exposed to welding fumes. Although the general pattern of welders' health may not significantly differ from that of workers in other dusty industrial occupations which demonstrate elevated incidence of respiratory tract diseases with long latency periods, the extremely wide range of substances at potentially high concentrations produced by various welding technologies may give rise to undetected process-specific high-risk working conditions: ("hot spots"). The origin, prevalence and range of magnitude of such hot spots, especially for cancer of the respiratory tract, is discussed, with emphasis placed on the assessment of risk resulting from exposure to Cr(VI) and Ni accompanying the use of various technologies for the welding of stainless and high alloy steels. The wide variation of health effects found within the industry, however, indicates the need for a standard protocol for future epidemiological studies, as well as for the development of suitable methodologies for experimental risk assessment.

Process-Dependent Risk of Delayed Health Effects for Welders

In most industrialized countries large numbers of workers are exposed to welding fumes. Although the general pattern of welders' health may not significantly differ from that of workers in other dusty industrial occupations which demonstrate elevated incidence of respiratory tract diseases with long latency periods, the extremely wide range of substances at potentially high concentrations produced by various welding technologies may give rise to undetected process-specific high-risk working conditions: ("hot spots"). The origin, prevalence and range of magnitude of such hot spots, especially for cancer of the respiratory tract, is discussed, with emphasis placed on the assessment of risk resulting from exposure to Cr(VI) and Ni accompanying the use of various technologies for the welding of stainless and high alloy steels. The wide variation of health effects found within the industry, however, indicates the need for a standard protocol for future epidemiological studies, as well as for the development of suitable methodologies for experimental risk assessment.

Respiratory Illness in Preschool Children With Different Forms of Day Care

The incidence of respiratory tract disease was investigated in three groups of Swedish children: those in 14 day-care centers with 18 to 68 children each; those in home care (usually no siblings); and those in family day-care homes (average, four children). In family day-care homes a mother cared for her own and one to four other children during the day. A preliminary nine month study of 41 preschool children attending a day-care center and 41 comparable children in home care showed that children under 2 years of age in the center had more days with respiratory symptoms and more febrile illnesses (four per child) than those in home care (one per child). In a subsequent eight-month study of children under 2 years of age, children in day-care centers and home care were compared with children in family day-care homes. The 108 children in centers had more febrile illness (five per child) than the 57 children in home care (two per child), but the 42 children in family day-care homes had as many illnesses as those in day-care centers. The data suggest that increasing the number of contacts of an infant in day care beyond four to six children does not increase remarkably the incidence of respiratory tract disease.

Bacterial Flora of the Nasopharynx in Children

The high incidence of respiratory tract disease in children, coupled with the rather indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents, stands in marked contrast to the paucity of exact data concerning the bacterial flora of the nasopharynx. The frequency of the development of resistant organisms which may lead to serious complications indicates that such data should be obtained. The purpose of the present communication is to report the results of the nasopharyngeal cultures from 1,116 infants and children. Material and Methods Thirteen hundred eighty-five cultures on 1,116 children between the ages of 3 weeks and 14 years were obtained in the outpatient clinic of the Children's Hospital of the University of Texas Medical Branch during the period from October, 1952, through July, 1954. The vast majority of cultures were from subjects having mild or severe respiratory tract symptoms, while 104 were from infants and children having no evidence of respiratory disease. Cultures