Incidence Of Pulmonary Diseases Research Articles

Pulmonary diseases in patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma relative to a matched background population: A Danish national cohort study.

Late toxicities can impact survivorship in patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) with pulmonary toxicity after bleomycin-containing chemotherapy being a concern. The incidence of pulmonary diseases was examined in this Danish population-based study. A total of 1474 adult patients with cHL treated with ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine) or BEACOPP (bleomycin, vincristine, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, procarbazine and prednisone) between 2000 and 2018 were included along with 7370 age- and sex-matched comparators from the background population. Median follow-up was 8.6 years for the patients. Patients with cHL had increased risk of incident pulmonary diseases (HR 2.91 [95% CI 2.30-3.68]), with a 10-year cumulative risk of 7.4% versus 2.9% for comparators. Excess risks were observed for interstitial lung diseases (HR 15.84 [95% CI 9.35-26.84]) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 1.99 [95% CI 1.43-2.76]), with a 10-year cumulative risk of 4.1% and 3.5% respectively for patients. No excess risk was observed for asthma (HR 0.82 [95% CI 0.43-1.56]). Risk factors for interstitial lung diseases were age ≥60 years, the presence of B-symptoms and low albumin. These findings document a significant burden of pulmonary diseases among patients with cHL and emphasize the importance of diagnostic work-up of pulmonary symptoms.

Regression equations for peak expiratory flow rate in children aged 5-10 years of Western Maharashtra, India: a cross-sectional study

Background: Incidence of pulmonary diseases in urban children is on the rise. Peak expiratory flow rate, a component of pulmonary function tests, is a useful measure for initial pulmonary assessment. It is easily implementable on large population due to its simplicity. Studies presenting such data for Indian children are severely lacking, as PEFR is anthropometric, population and region specific. The present study aimed to establish an equation for predicting PEFR in urban children in Pune city in western Maharashtra, India. Methods: The cross-sectional study was done in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Children from different schools were selected by cluster sampling. The number of participants screened was 2100 of which 1760 were selected. Best of three readings of PEFR was recorded for each child using an EU Scale Peak Flow meter (Breath-O meter, Cipla). Anthropometric data like height, weight, chest expansion, waist/hip ratio were measured and BMI was calculated along with PEFR of each child. Results: Out of the 1760 children included in the study 933 (53%) were boys and 827 (47%) were girls. The stepwise regression analyses were carried out using age, height, weight and waist/hip ratio as predictor variables. Conclusions: Final regression equation was derived using height. Approximately 80% of the data was used for prediction of regression equation and remaining 20% data was used as a control group to validate the derived equation. The regression equation formulated shall offer a predicted PEFR value as guideline for healthcare workers in Pune city, Maharashtra, India.

Diesel Particulate Matter 2.5 Induces Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Upregulation of SARS-CoV-2 Receptor during Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Alveolar Organoid Development.

Growing evidence links prenatal exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) with reduced lung function and incidence of pulmonary diseases in infancy and childhood. However, the underlying biological mechanisms of how prenatal PM2.5 exposure affects the lungs are incompletely understood, which explains the lack of an ideal in vitro lung development model. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been successfully employed for in vitro developmental toxicity evaluations due to their unique ability to differentiate into any type of cell in the body. In this study, we investigated the developmental toxicity of diesel fine PM (dPM2.5) exposure during hPSC-derived alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) differentiation and three-dimensional (3D) multicellular alveolar organoid (AO) development. We found that dPM2.5 (50 and 100 μg/mL) treatment disturbed the AEC differentiation, accompanied by upregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases and inflammation. Exposure to dPM2.5 also promoted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition during AEC and AO development via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling, while dPM2.5 had no effect on surfactant protein C expression in hPSC-derived AECs. Notably, we provided evidence, for the first time, that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a receptor to mediate the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus clade 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry into target cells, and the cofactor transmembrane protease serine 2 were significantly upregulated in both hPSC-AECs and AOs treated with dPM2.5. In conclusion, we demonstrated the potential alveolar development toxicity and the increase of SARS-Cov-2 susceptibility of PM2.5. Our findings suggest that an hPSC-based 2D and 3D alveolar induction system could be a useful in vitro platform for evaluating the adverse effects of environmental toxins and for virus research.

Respiratory diseases in HIV-infected patients (review)

The review presents information on epidemiology, clinical, laboratory and radiological manifestations of infectious and malignant respiratory diseases in HIV-infected patients.The data on the most common infections (communityacquired pneumonia, tuberculosis, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia) and malignant diseases (Kaposhi’s sarcoma, lymphomas) as well as less frequent diseases (CMV-infection, MAC-infection, fungal pneumonias) are presented.The article contains facts about the incidence of pulmonary diseases according to the severity of HIV-associated immunodeficiency. This review also presents current information on the diagnostic criteria, treatment regimens and secondary prophylaxis for HIV-associated respiratory infections and malignancies. The specialties of ART initiation in definite cases of opportunistic infections and ART assignment during the diagnostic period are highlighted.The growing number of HIV-infected patients and the wide spectrum of possible pulmonary diseases argue the need for optimal clinical approach to HIV-infected patients with respiratory lesions for various physicians (general practitioners, pulmonologists and phthisiatricians).

Determination of the main indicators of atmospheric air pollution in different districts of Almaty city in connection with the incidence of pulmonary diseases

Determination of the main indicators of atmospheric air pollution in different districts of Almaty city in connection with the incidence of pulmonary diseases

The Relationship Between Diabetes Mellitus and Pulmonary Diseases: A Systematic Review

Diabetes mellitus (DM) as a chronic disease could lead to micro- and macrovascular disorder. Also, some evidence demonstrated that pulmonary involvement is more frequent in DM patients than the healthy population. Hence, we tried to perform a systematic search to considering pulmonary disease among the DM patients. Articles were identified through searching databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Sciences, Embase, and Scopus from 2000 to 2016. We reviewed systematically all studies reporting pulmonary disease among the diabetic patients. A total of 452 relevant records were identified by the electronic search, of which a total of 19 studies were identified as eligible papers that were original articles for the frequency of pulmonary disease among patients with DM. The incidence of pulmonary diseases has reported among diabetic patients that TB was reported to have a higher frequency when compared to other pulmonary disorder in diabetic patients. Therefore, conducting further studies on these two disorders is recommended, particularly in regions where the incidence of diabetes is increasing rapidly, and tuberculosis remains endemic.

Inducible expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase attenuates acute rejection of tissue-engineered lung allografts in rats

Lung disease remains one of the principal causes of death worldwide and the incidence of pulmonary diseases is increasing. Complexity in treatments and shortage of donors leads us to develop new ways for lung disease treatment. One promising strategy is preparing engineered lung for transplantation. In this context, employing new immunosuppression strategies which suppresses immune system locally rather than systemic improves transplant survival. This tends to reduce the difficulties in transplant rejection and the systemic impact of the use of immunosuppressive drugs which causes side effects such as serious infections and malignancies. In our study examining the immunosuppressive effects of IDO expression, we produced rat lung tissues with the help of decellularized tissue, differentiating medium and rat mesenchymal stem cells. Transduction of these cells by IDO expressing lentiviruses provided inducible and local expression of this gene. To examine immunosuppressive properties of IDO expression by these tissues, we transplanted these allografts into rats and, subsequently, evaluated cytokine expression and histopathological properties. Expression of inflammatory cytokines IFNγ and TNFα were significantly downregulated in IDO expressing allograft. Moreover, acute rejection score of this experimental group was also lower comparing other two groups and mRNA levels of FOXP3, a regulatory T cell marker, upregulated in IDO expressing group. However, infiltrating lymphocyte counting did not show significant difference between groups. This study demonstrates that IDO gene transfer into engineered lung allograft tissues significantly attenuates acute allograft damage suggesting local therapy with IDO as a strategy to reduce the need for systemic immunosuppression and, thereby, its side effects.

Fuzzy description of air quality using fuzzy inference system with degree of match via computing with words: a case study

Establishing cause–effect relationship between inhaling polluted air due to toxic auto exhaust releases and incidence of pulmonary diseases is not a trivial task. In this endeavor, epidemiological studies with air pollution parametric data have been attempted in the past using statistical technique. Earlier studies of the authors of this paper inferred that the combined belief for respiratory diseases is 0.65 for either simple bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma or allergic rhinitis coupled with conjunctivitis (Yadav et al., Int J Intell Syst 22:9–22, 2013). The sequel demonstrates the application of the computational formalism of fuzzy inference system with a degree of match concept—a level 1 complexity in computing with words for classifying air quality straightway in linguistic term with a linguistic degree of certainty attached to each description. The exhaustive case study relates to classifying air quality in 14 cities with a total of 51 monitoring locations in Maharashtra State, India. It could be stated that straightway describing air quality in linguistic term based on the new formalism is in agreement with the linguistic classification via conventional air quality index method. The study also concludes that the variability in experts’ perception on describing air quality varies from 80 to 98 %.

Risk and Incidence of Pulmonary Diseases among HIV-infected Patients in the Era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

Risk and Incidence of Pulmonary Diseases among HIV-infected Patients in the Era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

Risk and Incidence of Pulmonary Diseases among HIV-infected Patients in the Era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

Risk and Incidence of Pulmonary Diseases among HIV-infected Patients in the Era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

Characteristics of pulmonary function in patients with diabetes mellitus

The incidence of pulmonary diseases among diabetics in Japan has been found to be more than 50% at death. This suggests the existence of some pulmonary risk factors. We analyzed pulmonary functions in 50 diabetics (31 males and 19 females) without overt lung disease, compared to 21 healthy male subjects of the same age (around 50 years old). Forced vital capacity and timed vital capacity were lower in diabetics (P less than 0.005). Diffusing capacity was also decreased in male diabetics (P less than 0.05). Among diabetics, a decrease in the diffusing capacity was dominant in patients with diabetic retinopathy, which correlated with an increasing duration of their diabetes. Analysis by the partial correlation method which accounts for the smoking index showed that standardized indices for peripheral airflow in male diabetics decreased significantly as the patient's age increased (P less than 0.005); the rate of decrement was greater than that of the control subjects. Diabetic patients showed abnormal lung function in the peripheral airways which increased with age and gas transfer was also affected by diabetic microangiopathy as well as the duration of diabetes. These changes seemed to deteriorate progressively, possibly combining and contributing to respiratory insufficiency in critical pathological conditions.