Incidence Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research Articles

Influence of post-traumatic status on health-related quality of life among survivors 10 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China.

China is a country with frequent earthquakes. Beichuan was the epicenter of what was later called the Wenchuan earthquake, which caused nearly 80% of the houses in the area to collapse, with 8,605 people killed and 9,693 people missing. The aim of our study was to explore the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its influence on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among the survivors 10 years after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. A total of 610 survivors from Leigu town in Beichuan County were investigated by a systematic sampling method. Post-traumatic status, HRQOL, and demographic sources were measured by the PTSD Checklist Civilian Version (PCL-C), 36-item Health Survey Short Form (SF-36), and self-questionnaire, respectively. Ten years after the Wenchuan earthquake, the prevalence of PTSD for survivors was 1.6%. There were significant negative correlations between survivors' SF-36 scores and the scores of PCL-C. Higher scores in post-traumatic status were associated with a higher rate of poor physical HRQOL, which was lower than the mean score [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1/4 0.96 per SD increase, P 1/4 0.001] and mental HRQOL (adjusted OR 1/4 0.93 per SD increase, P 1/4 0.001). The independent contribution of post-traumatic status to the risk for poor physical and mental HRQOL was 4.9% and 18.7% respectively. As time has elapsed, the incidence of PTSD has gradually declined after the Wenchuan earthquake. Post-traumatic status was found to influence the health related quality of life of survivors.

Incidence of psychological illness after coronavirus outbreak: a meta-analysis study

BackgroundThe COVID-19 has had an enormous impact worldwide and is still spreading. Globally confirmed infections have surpassed 41.1 million, of which more than 1 million resulted in deaths. Considering the...

Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and associated risk factors in type A aortic dissection.

Surgery is the primary option of acute type A aortic dissection (AAAD) treatment. However, the unique traumatic stress of cardiovascular disease and surgery brings physical and psychological suffering to the patients and causes post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of PTSD in AAAD patients after surgery and identify the risk factors of this complication. A prospective cohort design was used. All patients who underwent AAAD surgery from September 2017 to June 2019 were included. Resilience, anxiety, and depression level were assessed before patients discharged from the hospital. Additionally, the PTSD symptoms were assessed three months after discharge from hospital. The data were analyzed by SPSS 24.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) and P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Two hundred and twenty-four patients were included in this study. The incidence of PTSD was 21.4%. Symptoms were highly prevalent with reexperience and increased alertness. "Primary or below" AAAD patients had a significantly higher score in "increased alertness" (P<0.05). Depressive symptoms (B=1.621, β=0.398, P<0.001), female gender (B=-7.539, β=-0.311, P<0.001) were the risk factors associated with PTSD, while optimism (B=-0.920, β=-0.169, P=0.012) was the protective factor in AAAD patients. AAAD patients exhibited high prevalence of PTSD, which was highly prevalent with reexperience and increased alertness. Higher depressive level, female gender, and lower optimism were associated with higher risk of PTSD. The findings suggest that medical staff should assess the psychological health status of AAAD patients timely and identify high-risk patients early to improve the outcome.

Mental health outcomes among health-care workers during the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran

PurposeThe increasing prevalence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global crisis that leads to physical and psychological outcomes for health-care workers, so this study aims to investigate the mental health outcomes (including general health, generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder) in health-care workers in Rafsanjan, Iran.Design/methodology/approachBy using convenience sampling, this cross-sectional study was conducted on 332 health-care workers working in public hospitals in southern Iran. Data collection lasted from March to April 2020. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) and Impact of Event Scale were used to collect data. The data were then analyzed by using SPSS 25 and descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square and multivariate logistic regression).FindingsIn total 45.5% of the participants had psychological disorder according to GHQ. In addition, 25.3% of the participants had GAD and 31.6% had posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The results using multivariate logistic regression showed that only income was significantly associated with psychological disorders (95% confidence interval for odds ratio: 1.32–6.45, P = 0.008).Practical implicationsAccording to the results, the incidence of GAD and PTSD was high among health-care workers. Therefore, it is recommended that the psychological skills of health-care workers be strengthened through counseling and training programs.Originality/valueThis paper provides a novel analysis of mental health in health-care workers in Iran.

Effect of intensive care unit diary on incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression of adult intensive care unit survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To systematically evaluate the effect of intensive care unit diary psychotherapy on the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression after discharge from intensive care unit. Many studies have reported the potential advantages and risks of intensive care unit diary psychotherapy in adult patients discharged from intensive care unit, but the results are divergent. Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective randomized controlled or case-controlled studies. Databases such as Cochran Library, Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL, and ProQuest databases, China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) were searched for literatures published from January 2000-March 2020. We use the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for quality assessment and audit manager 5.3 software for meta-analysis. The main result is the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. Ten studies meeting the inclusion criteria were identified, including eight randomized controlled studies and two case-controlled studies, with a total of 1,210 patients. The pooled results of this meta-analysis indicated that the intensive care unit diary could reduce the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. This study showed that an intensive care unit diary could improve the psychological symptoms of adult intensive care unit patients after discharge. However, due to limitations such as publication bias and case sample size, the results should be carefully considered. Researchers need to further clarify the multidisciplinary collaborative process of intensive care unit diary therapy, the real beneficiaries, and its impact on family members' psychological status by conducting large, robust studies in the future. This study's findings suggest that medical staff need to re-examine the role of intensive care unit diary therapy, its standardized implementation and provide effective intervention for reducing psychological stress-related symptoms of intensive care unit patients after discharge.

Incidence and Direct Medical Cost of Acute Stress Disorder and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Korea: Based on National Health Insurance Service Claims Data from 2011 to 2017.

BackgroundWe aimed to investigate the annual incidence of trauma and stress-related mental disorder including acute stress disorder (ASD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using the National Health Insurance Service Database. In addition, we estimated direct medical cost of ASD and PTSD in Korea.MethodsTo examine the incidence, we selected patients who had at least one medical claim containing a 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems code for ASD (F43.0) and PTSD (F43.1) and had not been diagnosed in the previous 360 days, from 2010 to 2017. We estimated annual incidence and the number of newly diagnosed patients of ASD and PTSD. Annual prevalence and direct medical cost of ASD and PTSD were also estimated.ResultsThe number of newly diagnosed cases of ASD and PTSD from 2011 to 2017 totaled 38,298 and 21,402, respectively. The mean annual incidence of ASD ranged from 8.4 to 13.7 per 100,000 population and that of PTSD ranged from 4.2 to 8.3 per 100,000 population, respectively. The incidence of ASD was found more in females and was highest among the 70–79 years of age group and the self-employed individuals group. The incidence of PTSD was also more common in the female group. However, the incidence of PTSD was highest in the 60–69 years of age group and in the medical aid beneficiaries group. The annual estimated medical cost per person of ASD ranged from 104 to 149 US dollars (USD). In addition, that of PTSD ranged from 310 to 426 USD.ConclusionFrom 2011 to 2017, the annual incidence and direct medical cost of ASD and PTSD in Korea were increased. Proper information on ASD and PTSD will not only allows us to accumulate more knowledge about these disorders themselves but also lead to more appropriate therapeutic interventions by improving the ability to cope with these trauma related psychiatric sequelae.

Love and war: Prospective associations between relationship distress and incidence of psychiatric disorders in active-duty Army personnel.

Research with probability samples of civilians has found that marital distress is associated with incidence of several psychiatric disorders. However, there is little longitudinal research on marital distress and incidence of psychiatric disorders in military personnel. This study examined the prospective association between marital distress and incidence of major depressive episode (MDE), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorder in a probability sample of active-duty soldiers from the U.S. Army (N = 934). Results indicated that among individuals who did not meet diagnostic criteria for the associated disorder at baseline, marital distress at baseline was associated with 30-day incidence of MDE, GAD, and PTSD assessed 5 years later. These results support continued research on the role of marital distress and the onset and course of psychopathology in active-duty military personnel and suggest that couple-based interventions designed to prevent or reduce marital distress may be effective in the prevention and treatment of psychopathology in military personnel. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Resilience and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Flood Affected Farmers of Kerala, India

Background: In mid-August 2018, Kerala witnessed the worst floods since 1924 due to abnormally high rainfall and simultaneous release of water from its dams, resulting in extreme flooding in 13 of 14 districts in the State. The large-scale flooding impacted millions of people and caused nearly 400 deaths as well as immense damage to property. This was followed by flooding yet again in August 2019, thereby triggering further damage. Farmers whose crops got completely wiped out were one group that were severely affected. This study investigated the presence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in farmers and also checked the relationship between PTSD and resilience. A purposive sample of 100 farmers from the Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta district of Kerala which were severely affected were taken. Data was collected through the PTSD-8, Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) along with sociodemographic data and flood related information. Data was analyzed to find that there was a high incidence of PTSD among the farmers (74%). Prevalence of PTSD was higher in interior Pathanamthitta than in coastal Alappuzha which was used to flooding due to its proximity to the sea and river mouth. The flood related variables such as level of damage did not have significant correlation with PTSD. However there was significant negative correlation between PTSD and resilience (r=- 0.64).

Emotional memory processing in post-traumatic stress disorder affected Colombian youth.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a neuropsychological condition caused by exposure to chronic stressors and extreme trauma. In past decades, Colombia (South America) has experienced high levels of armed conflict, which created an environment of chronic stress, resulting in an increased incidence of PTSD in children. Limited research exists on the effects of PTSD on emotional memory functioning of these Colombian youth living in chronically stressful environments. In the present study, 23 PTSD affected youth and 26 controls were asked to recall items from a memorised word list, as well as remembering details from a short emotional story. Although no significant differences were found for word list memory, deficits for emotional story content were found in the PTSD youth, particularly for facts involving negative emotional details. The latter may suggest a deficit in executive functioning for the integration of emotionally laden stimuli, perhaps induced as a by-product of their traumatic experiences.

Does Peritraumatic Ketamine Reduce Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?

INTRODUCTIONAcute stress disorder (ASD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are chronic diseases which can affect patients following a severe trauma. As these patients typically first present to the emergency department, it is critical for emergency physicians to remain updated on the use of ketamine or other anesthetic agents which may impede development or reduce symptoms which may impair normal functioning. The purpose of this clinical review was is to review the literature regarding how the use of peritraumatic ketamine could decrease the incidence of ASD and PTSD. In 2019, the authors completed a MEDLINE search was performed yielding 25 articles which were initially evaluated by the first and second authors. Four articles which met inclusion criteria are discussed in this manuscript.SUMMARY of EVIDENCEAlthough two earlier research groups have found that peritraumatic ketamine administration contributed to increased symptoms of PTSD (e g., reexperiencing, dissociation, avoidance, and hyperarousal), two later studies have indicated that ketamine had no effect on PTSD development. Additionally, one 2012 study group has suggested propofol use may alleviate PTSD symptoms at six months post-trauma. Another 2017 study team found that the number of surgical procedures was directly correlated with increased PTSD development.CONCLUSIONSBased on the literature to date, peritraumatic ketamine does not appear to influence the prevention nor development of ASD and subsequent PTSD. More research is needed to clarify the psychopharmacologic effects of ketamine when used in the management of reactions to acute trauma experiences. Based on the results of the two later works, future research is indicated considering whether propofol may contribute to PTSD development.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review.

The objective of the present review is to provide an overview of existing research that has reported on the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and ischemic heart disease. Specific focus is given to the incidence of PTSD following myocardial infarction (MI). A systematic review using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines was performed by searching four bibliographic databases: PubMed, PsychINFO, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. A total of 39 articles were included in this literature review. The results of these studies suggest that the occurrence of an acute cardiac event is likely to contribute to the development of PTSD. Not only is this type of psychiatric disorder associated with significant suffering and impaired quality of life, but it is also a predictor of an increased risk of recurrent adverse cardiovascular events and mortality. Screening, assessment, and treatment of PTSD and posttraumatic stress symptoms following a major cardiac event are critical for offsetting potential deleterious psychological and physical consequences.

Coming to terms with Fukushima disaster-related trauma and earlier trauma by constructing a new identity. About a case

The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety generally increases after disasters, and the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and nuclear power plant accident were no exception. Psychological first aid providers who deliver interventions to address mental health issues do not emphasize psychiatric expertise, but instead go into the field to help residents rebuild and stabilize their daily lives and provide a link between them and supporters. When psychiatric problems do not improve with such interventions and persist for more than a few years, specialized psychiatric interventions are considered. Past studies have examined the experience of prolonged exposure therapy (a specialized cognitive behavioral therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder) among survivors of the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. The participant in this study was a survivor who was evacuated from the nuclear power plant accident but had experienced multiple traumas and had been a victim of domestic violence before the disaster. Recovery in this case did not involve a simple psychiatric treatment for trauma, but rather a process of overcoming the values that caused indulgence in victimization to form a new identity.

Incidence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Coronavirus Disease.

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged from China and rapidly spread to many other countries. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among patients with COVID-19 who were treated and discharged from a university hospital in Daegu, Korea. Methods: In total, 64 patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and then hospitalized, treated and discharged from the university hospital between February and April 2020 participated in our study. We conducted telephone interviews with the participants and evaluated the presence of PTSD using the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5 (PCL-5) based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; score range: 0–80). If a score of ≥33 was obtained, then a diagnosis of PTSD was made. We analyzed the association between PTSD and demographic and clinical characteristics using the Mann–Whitney U and chi-square tests. Results: In total, 13 patients had a PCL-5 score of ≥33, which indicated that 20.3% (n = 64) of the patients had PTSD. No significant differences were observed in demographic characteristics, including, sex, age, hospitalization time and duration after discharge, between patients with PTSD and those without PTSD. Conclusions: The prevalence rate of PTSD was 20.3% in patients with COVID-19 who had been hospitalized, treated and discharged. Accordingly, clinicians should be aware of the high possibility of PTSD among COVID-19 patients. Mental health interventions supporting the mental health of patients should be provided to affected patients.

Differential promoter methylation and G-712A polymorphism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in post-traumatic stress disorder patients of Li and Han populations in Hainan province.

This study aimed to explore the correlations of promoter methylation and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Li and Han nationalities in Hainan province. Depression- and anxiety-related questionnaires were performed for PTSD-related information collection and analysis, with 164 PTSD patients and 141 healthy controls included. Serum BDNF level was measured and the methylation of BDNF promoter was evaluated. The BDNF SNP genotyping was performed, after which the risk genotypes for PTSD were detected and analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Our study found that the PTSD incidence was different in Li and Han nationalities. Serum BDNF level in PTSD patients in Li nationality was obviously lower than that in patients in Han nationality, while the methylation of BDNF promoter was higher in patients in Li nationality. The G-712A rather than rs6265 genotypes presented significant difference between PTSD patients and healthy controls. Meanwhile, the patients in Li nationality with AG genotype at G-712A inclined to depression, and patients with GG genotype had a greater degree of PTSD. G-712A and promoter methylation of BDNF were independent risk factors for PTSD. Our study demonstrated that the differences of PTSD patients between Li and Han nationalities were attributed by SNP G-712A genotypes and promoter methylation of BDNF.

Assessment of Factors Associated With Long-term Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among 56 388 First Responders After the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake

First responders are at risk for developing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Little is known about the risk factors for developing PTSD during a years-long period after complex mass disasters. To explore the long-term course of PTSD symptoms and to identify risk factors and their relative association with PTSD among first responders dispatched to the 2011 Japanese earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster. This 6-year, large, prospective cohort study was part of a continuous longitudinal study of Japan Ground Self-Defense Force first responders. The data were collected at 1, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 months after mission completion from 2011 to 2017. Of approximately 70 000 eligible participants, 56 388 were enrolled in this study. Data were analyzed from 2017 to 2020. Stress exposures owing to personal or professional disaster experience (eg, duties with body recovery or radiation exposure risk) and working conditions (eg, deployment length, postdeployment overtime work). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised score assessed PTSD symptoms; scores of at least 25 were defined as probable PTSD. Cox proportional hazards regression models assessed the risk factors for incidence of probable PTSD. Among the 56 388 participants, 97.1% were men, and the median age at enrollment was 34 (range, 18-63) years. A probable PTSD rate was 2.7% at 1 month and showed a downward trend in the first year and a subsequent plateau. The cumulative incidence of probable PTSD was 6.75%. The severity of PTSD symptoms demonstrated a high degree of rank-order stability over time. Rather than professional disaster experience, sociodemographic factors and working conditions were independently associated with the incidence of probable PTSD: personal experience of the disaster (hazard ratio [HR], 1.96; 95% CI, 1.72-2.24), deployment length of at least 3 months (HR vs <1 month, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.52-2.02), increased age (HR for ≥46 vs ≤25 years, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.79-2.92), and postdeployment overtime work of at least 3 months (HR vs little to none, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.39-1.87). Given these findings, in the future, first responders' PTSD symptoms might be mitigated by shortening deployment length, avoiding postdeployment overtime work, and paying special attention to the needs of personnel with personal experience of the disaster or older age. Efforts to alleviate responders' initial symptoms will be required.

Caregivers' and relatives' grief in intensive care unit: a literature review on nursing practices

Abstract Introduction The sudden and unexpected nature, which often characterizes death in intensive care, complicates the processing of the loss by relatives and caregivers increasing the risk of complicated grief (CG). Due to the high social impact and long-term consequences on the quality of life of relatives and caregivers, intensive care nurses should ensure evidence-based grief support interventions. This review aims to identify nursing interventions for the management of the bereavement of relatives and caregivers and to assess their effectiveness, relatives' and caregivers' satisfaction and prevention of CG. Methods Research was performed in CINAHL, PubMed, Psycinfo and Scopus databases with no limits on study design and publication timespan. The population included relatives or caregivers of patients died in intensive care unit. Results 14 studies met inclusion criteria. Two studies show that the communication of the bad news through dialogue between the team and relatives/caregivers can reduce, in the latter, the levels of anxiety and depression and the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder. The quality study by Kentish-Barnes et al. (2017) shows that subjects perceived support in receiving a letter of condolence, but the RCT of the same author concludes that those who received the letter were more exposed to the risk of CG. Four studies claim that follow-up meetings facilitate the process of adaptation to loss by providing relatives/caregivers the opportunity to clarify the circumstances of death. Finally, two studies report that the events of commemoration arouse positive emotions in family members. Conclusions The review process has identified only a small number of evidences on the effectiveness of nursing interventions, preventing the possibility of providing recommendations or guidelines. Further research is needed and it should consist of RCTs of high methodological quality. Key messages Due to the long-term consequences of the sudden death on the quality of life of relatives and caregivers, intensive care nurses should ensure evidence-based grief support interventions. The review process has identified only a small number of evidences on the effectiveness of nursing interventions, preventing the possibility of providing recommendations or guidelines.

Unseen Costs: The Direct and Indirect Impact of U.S. Immigration Policies on Child and Adolescent Health and Well-Being.

Shifts in migration and border control policies may increase the likelihood of trauma exposure related to child–parent separation and result in costs to the health system and society. In the present study, we estimated direct and indirect costs per child as well as overall cohort costs of border control policies on migrant children and adolescents who were separated from their parents, detained, and placed in the custody of the United States following the implementation of the 2018 Zero Tolerance Policy. Economic modeling techniques, including a Markov process and Monte Carlo simulation, based on data from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network's Core Data Set (N = 458 migrant youth) and published studies were used to estimate economic costs associated with three immigration policies: No Detention, Family Detention, and Zero Tolerance. Clinical evaluation data on mental health symptoms and disorders were used to estimate the initial health state and risks associated with additional trauma exposure for each scenario. The total direct and indirect costs per child were conservatively estimated at $33,008, $33,790, and $34,544 after 5 years for No Detention, Family Detention, and Zero Tolerance, respectively. From a health system perspective, annual estimated spending increases ranged from $1.5 million to $14.9 million for Family Detention and $2.8 million to $29.3 million for Zero Tolerance compared to baseline spending under the No Detention scenario. Border control policies that increase the likelihood of child and adolescent trauma exposure are not only morally troubling but may also create additional economic concerns in the form of direct health care costs and indirect societal costs.

Early Adolescent Binge Drinking Increases Risk of Psychopathology in Post-9/11 Veterans and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Exacerbates Symptom Severity.

To demonstrate that early adolescent binge drinking (BD) increases the risk for and/or severity of psychopathology in post-9/11 Veterans and determine if mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) modifies risk. Post-9/11 Veterans (n = 375) were classified into two groups: 57 Veterans with a history of early adolescent BD (E-BD; age of onset <15) and 318 who did not BD until age 15 or older (late-BD or L-BD; age of onset ≥15). History of military mTBI and mental health disorders were also assessed following military service. Logistic regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) analyses revealed that the E-BD's had significantly higher prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and more severe symptoms of AUD, substance use disorder (SUD), depression and stress. Two-way ANOVAs showed that history of military mTBI was differentially associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) incidence and severity among Veterans who had engaged in early adolescent BD. Specifically, Veterans with a history of both early adolescent BD and military mTBI were at greater risk for a PTSD diagnosis and had more severe symptoms of PTSD than those with only a history of adolescent BD. The greater PTSD symptom severity in the comorbid group was driven by hyperarousal symptoms. A history of BD during early adolescence is prevalent among Veterans and is related to higher risk for AUD and more severe AUD, SUD, mood and stress symptoms later in life. Veterans with early BD and military mTBI showed greater incidence and severity of PTSD, indicating that mTBI, a common comorbidity among post-9/11 Veterans, exacerbates risk.

Incidence Rates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Over a 17-Year Period in Active Duty Military Service Members.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects approximately 8% of the general population. The prevalence of PTSD is twice as high in active duty service members and military veterans. Few studies have investigated the incidence rates of PTSD in active duty military personnel. The present study evaluated the incidence of PTSD diagnoses and the differences between demographic factors for service members between 2001 and 2017. Data on 182,400 active duty service members between 2001 and 2017 were drawn from the Defense Medical Epidemiological Database and examined by sex, age, service branch, military pay grade, marital status, and race. From 2001 to 2017, the incidence rates of PTSD in the active force (per 1,000 service members) steadily climbed, with a low of 1.24 in 2002 to a high of 12.94 in 2016. Service members most often diagnosed with PTSD were in the U.S. Army, with the enlisted pay grades of E-5-E-9, White, married, male, and between 20 and 24 years old. Statistically significant differences, ps < .001, were found between observed and expected counts across all examined demographic variables. The present study is the first to our knowledge to provide a comprehensive examination of PTSD incidence rates in an active duty military population.

Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder of nurses exposed to corona virus disease 2019 in China.

Quantitative studies using validated questionnaires on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of Nurses exposed to corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China are rare and the baseline PTSD must first be evaluated before prevention. This study aimed to investigate the factors potentially involved in the level of PTSD of Nurses exposed to COVID-19 in China.In this cross-sectional study, male and female Nurses (n = 202) exposed to COVID-19 from HuBei China were included in the final sample. The PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C) questionnaire and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ) were used for evaluation. Multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis and spearman correlation test were performed to assess the association between various factors associated with PTSD.The incidence of PTSD in Nurses exposed to COVID-19 was 16.83%, the PCL-C score was 27.00 (21.00–34.00), and the highest score in the three dimensions was avoidance dimension 9.50 (7.00–13.25); multivariable stepwise linear regression analysis showed that job satisfaction and gender were independently associated with lower PCL-C scores (both P < .001); PCL-C scores were correlated with positive coping (r = −0.151, P = .032), negative coping (r = 0.154, P = .029).Nurses exposed to COVID-19 from HuBei China with job satisfaction, male and positive coping had low PCL-C scores which necessitate reducing the PTSD level by ways of improving job satisfaction, positive response, and strengthening the psychological counseling of female nurses in order to reduce the risk of psychological impairment.