Incidence Of Post Research Articles

Comparison between intravenous lidocaine and dexamethasone in reducing postoperative sore throat after endotracheal extubation at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; a prospective cohort study

BackgroundPost-operative sore throat is the common complaint and uncomfortable side effect in patients receiving general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. Drugs with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, like steroids and local anesthetics, are the best options for postoperative sore throat prophylaxis. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of intravenous lidocaine and dexamethasone in reducing postoperative sore throat following endotracheal extubation at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from January 1 to March 30, 2023 G.C.MethodsA prospective cohort study was carried out at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. Data from 50 patients in the lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg), 50 in the dexamethasone (8 mg), and 49 in the control groups were analyzed. The data were collected using observation based on structured questionnaires. A systematic random sampling technique was applied to select respondents. The data were entered into EpiData version 4.6.0.6 and transferred to STATA version 17 statistical software for analysis. A comparison of continuous data among the groups were performed using a one-way ANOVA test for parametric data. The Kruskal–Wallis rank test was used for non-parametric data. Associations between variables were tested using chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test, and binary logistic regression. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine degree of association.ResultsThe incidence of POST was 40%, 32%, and 57.1% in the lidocaine, dexamethasone, and control groups, respectively (P = .0356). Dexamethasone reduced the incidence of POST during the first 24 h (AOR: 0.374, 95% CI: 0.149–0.939). However, no difference was observed in the severity of POST at 3 h (p = 0.130), 6 h (p = 0.096), 12 h (p = 0.313), and 24 h (p = 0.525) of the post-extubation period among the three groups. IV lidocaine did not effectively reduce the incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat at different time intervals.Conclusion and recommendationIntravenous dexamethasone is more effective than intravenous lidocaine in reducing the incidence of postoperative sore throat among the groups. Based on these findings, intravenous dexamethasone is recommended to decrease the incidence of postoperative sore throat.

The effect of different endotracheal tube cuff pressure monitoring systems on postoperative sore throat in patients undergoing tracheal intubation: a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundPostoperative sore throat (POST) is an unpleasant outcome that can occur as a result of tracheal intubation in adults. Increased pressure from the endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff often leads to local mucosal injury, resulting in sore throat. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two different ETT cuff pressure monitoring systems vs. no cuff pressure monitoring on the incidence and severity of POST in adults.MethodsOne hundred and fourteen ASA I-III patients of either gender, aged 18–65 years, and undergoing surgery requiring endotracheal intubation were included in this study. Patients were randomized into three groups: control (C), cuff pressure gauge (G), and automated cuff controller (A). The ETT cuff pressure was not monitored intraoperatively in group C but was monitored using a cuff pressure gauge and an automated cuff controller in groups G and A, respectively. Postoperatively, patients were assessed at 2, 24, and 48 h for the presence and severity of POST, hoarseness and cough.ResultsOne hundred and eleven patients completed the study. POST occurred in 40.5% of the patients in group G (n = 37) (p = 0.013) and 23.7% of the patients in group A (n = 38) (p < 0.001) within 48 h after surgery, compared to 69.4% in group C (n = 36). There were no significant differences in hoarseness, coughing, and dysphagia across the groups at any time. When comparing groups A and C, individuals in group A exhibited a lower occurrence of significant (grade ≥ 2) POST and hoarseness (10.5% vs. 41.7%, p = 0.002; 26.3% vs. 58.3%, p = 0.005). The incidence of significant cough and dysphagia did not differ substantially across the patient groups within 48 h after surgery. POST scores in group A at 2, 24 h postoperatively were both 0 (0–0), which was significantly lower than those in group C (1 (0–2) at 2 h, p < 0.001 ; 1 (0–1) at 24 h, p = 0.001). POST in group G at 2 h postoperatively was graded as 0 (0–1.5) which was milder than group C (P = 0.024). The severity of hoarseness in group A with scores of 0 (0–2) was superior to that in group C (2 (0–2), p = 0.006) at 2 h postoperatively.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the findings of this study indicated that the occurrence of POST can be reduced by using either the cuff pressure gauge approach or the automated cuff controller method. The automated cuff controller monitoring can potentially decrease the severity of POST and hoarseness.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry, identifier: ChiCTR2100054089, Date: 08/12/2021.

Incidence and risk factors for postoperative sore throat after general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation: prospective cohort study.

To determine the prevalence and risk factors of POST following endotracheal intubation under general anaesthesia. From 20 April to 20 May 2021, a multicenter prospective cohort study design and systematic random sampling were used to select study participants from patients over the age of 18 who underwent anaesthesia-assisted surgery with endotracheal intubation. A structured questionnaire was developed after reading some of the relevant literature. SPSS version 20 was used to enter and analyze the data, and binary logistic regression was used to select a variable for multivariable logistic regression. To identify statistically significant factors, a P value of 0.05 for the association between the independent and dependent variables was used in multivariable analysis. Sore throat occurred in 94 (61.8%) of the 152 patients who had undergone surgery under general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation. The size of the endotracheal intubation was found to have a p value of 0.04, (adjusted odds ratio 0.04, 95% CI 0.002-0.79), and the duration of the anaesthesia was found to have a p value of 0.003, (adjusted odds ratio 4.5, 95% CI 1.66-12.18). The POST was associated with a large endotracheal tube, patient age, and an extended period of anaesthesia in this study, with a prevalence of 94 (61.8%) cases. In this study, the incidence of POST was high 94 (61.8%), large size endotracheal tube, patient age, and duration of anaesthesia were associated factors for POST. Awareness creation through training based on research findings should be made about the problem for all health professionals who were involved in postoperative patient care.

Effect of continuous measurement and adjustment of endotracheal tube cuff pressure on postoperative sore throat in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPostoperative sore throat (POST) is a common postoperative complication after endotracheal tube removal. There are still no effective preventive methods for POST. The aim of this trial is to confirm whether maintaining intraoperative cuff pressure below the tracheal capillary perfusion pressure could effectively reduce the incidence of POST among patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery.MethodsThis study is a single-center, randomized, parallel-controlled, superiority trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio. Sixty patients whose age is between 18 and 65 years and scheduled for gynecological laparoscopic surgery will be randomized to the cuff pressure measurement and adjustment (CPMA) group and the only cuff pressure measurement without adjustment group (control group). The primary endpoint is the incidence of sore throat at rest within 24 h after extubation. The secondary endpoints include the incidence of cough, the incidence of hoarseness, the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), POST, and pain intensity within 24 h after extubation. Blocked randomization will be conducted with a computer-generated central randomization online service. The blind method will be applied to subjects, data collectors, outcome evaluators, and statisticians. Outcome assessments will be performed at 0 h and 24 h post-extubation.DiscussionThis randomized controlled study hypothesizes that cuff pressure is the primary influencing factor of POST. By continuous monitoring of endotracheal tube cuff pressure and maintaining it within the range of 18–22 mmHg compared with only continuous measurement without adjustment, it aims to prove that continuous measurement and adjustment of endotracheal tube cuff pressure could be effective in reducing the incidence of POST in gynecological laparoscopic surgery patients. The result of this study could be used as a reference for future multicenter studies to confirm the effect of cuff pressure on POST and provides a scientific theoretical basis for preventing POST to further support comfort medicine.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2200064792. Registered on 18 October 2022. This protocol (version 1.0, 16 March 2022) was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital.

Preoperative gum chewing for different durations to prevent postoperative sore throat after endotracheal intubation: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPostoperative sore throat (POST) is one of the most prevalent patient complaints following endotracheal intubation (ETI). We conducted this trial to evaluate the preoperative chewing gums' effect for two or 4 min on POST after ETI. Patients and methodsThis randomized controlled trial enrolled 150 female cases aged from 21 to 65 years old planned for elective breast surgery under general anesthesia. Cases were randomly distributed into three equal groups. Patients chewed one piece of sugar-free herbal gum for 2 min in Group G2 and for 4 min in Group G4 then spat it out. Group C: patients swallowed two times only before surgery. ResultsOne case in group G2, and two cases in group G4, and in group C dropped out. The numeric rating scale (NRS) was significantly lower in group G2 and group G4 than in group C with no difference between group G2 and group G4 at 2, 6, and 24h. Incidence of moderate/severe POST was significantly lower in both G2(16.33%) and G4 (10.42%) groups than in group C (54.17%), with no significant difference between group G2 and G4. Cough was significantly lower in group G2 (8.16%) and group G4(4.17%) than in group C (22.92%), with no significant difference between groups G2 and G4. Hoarseness of voice was comparable among the studied groups. ConclusionPreoperative gum chewing can efficiently decrease the incidence of POST following ETI. Chewing gum for 2 min is non-inferior to chewing gum for 4 min to decrease POST incidence.

A Prospective Double Blind Observational Study to Assess the Incidence and Risk Factors Associated With Endotracheal Intubation in Patients undergoing General Anaesthesia

Background: To assess the incidence and risk factors of sore throat, cough and hoarseness in 180 patients undergoing general anaesthesia and endotracheal intubation. Postoperative sore throat is one of the common adverse events after general anaesthesia and has a reported incidence from 21 to 71%. Though it is not a life threatening complication, it is an important cause of postoperative morbidity and patient dissatisfaction during the hospital stay.&#x0D; Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 180 patients ASA PS 1 and 2, in the age group of 18-65 years of both gender, undergoing general anaesthesia and endotracheal intubation. Preoperatively h/o smoking and tobacco chewing were recorded. Intraoperatively number of attempts of intubation, duration of laryngoscopy, presence of throat pack and ryle’s tube, position of head during surgery and duration of surgery were recorded. Post operatively complaints of sore throat, cough and hoarseness were recorded at 6hrs and 24 hrs using 4-point scale. Data were analysed with SPSS 22 version software, p value of &lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant after assuming all the rules of statistical tests.&#x0D; Results: The incidence of sore throat was 30.6%, hoarseness was 4.4% and cough was 2.8% in our study in patients undergoing general anaesthesia and endotracheal intubation.&#x0D; Conclusion: The incidence of sorethroat was 30.6%, hoarseness 4.4%, and cough 2.8% in our study. Tube lubrication, position of head extension with pillow under shoulder and presence of throat pack shows higher incidence of POST.

EFFECTIVENESS OF NEBULISED DEXMEDETOMIDINE IN COMPARISON TO NEBULISED KETAMINE, IN ALLEVIATING POST OPERATIVE SORE THROAT IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING THYROIDECTOMY: A RANDOMISED, COMPARATIVE STUDY

Background:Ketamineisalreadyinuseinthenebulisedform,forattenuatingPOST,Dexmedetomidine,ontheotherhandis known to cause sedation and analgesia. The aim of our study was to assess the respective incidence and severity of POST and compare the effectiveness of nebulised dexmedetomidine and nebulised ketamine in reducing or alleviating POSTin adult patients undergoing thyroidectomy under GA. Method:Aprospective,randomized, double-blinded, comparative studywas conducted on a total of 96 patients,further divided into two age and gendermatched groups, in Super Specialty Hospital, GMC Jammu, over a period of 1 year. Patients in the age group of 18-60 years, who were scheduled to undergo elective thyroid surgery under general anaesthesia (GA) with endotracheal intubation, were included in the study. First group received ketamine 50mg (1mL) with saline (4mL) nebulisation and second group received dexmedetomidine 50µg (1mL) with saline (4mL) nebulisation. Results: No signicant difference in the mean age (in years), mean weight, gender ratio and duration of surgery between the two groups. Incidence of POST was 14.58% (7/48) in ketamine and 16.66% (8/48) in dexmedetomidine group, at 2 Hour interval. Severity was moderate for two patients in each group at 2 hour interval. POST persisted for a longer duration in Ketamine group as compared to Dexmedetomidine group. Signicant reduction in the severity of sore throat in both groups at all time points during 24 Hours. Conclusion:NebuliseddexmedetomidinemaybeconsideredasasafealternativetonebulisedketamineforalleviatingPOST

Evaluation of gender differences in postoperative sore throat and hoarseness following the use of Ambu AuraGain laryngeal mask: the randomised controlled LadyLAMA trial study protocol

IntroductionPostoperative sore throat (POST) is a comparatively minor but very common side effect of general anaesthesia with a supraglottic airway device. The patient considers these side effects a mirror of...

The Effectiveness of Mometasone Spray and Triamcinolone Acetonide Gel in Preventing Sore Throat, Cough, and Hoarse after Intubation

Background: Endotracheal intubation is a procedure performed by inserting an endotracheal tube into the airway. With endotracheal intubation, there can be several complications ranging from mild to severe. Sore throat, coughing, and hoarseness were several endotracheal intbation complications. From several studies, it was found that the incidence of POST was 21-65%. This study aimed to determine the efficacy between 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide gel and 100 mcg mometasone spray in reducing sore throat, cough, and hoarseness due to endotracheal intubation.&#x0D; Method: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Open-Label was carried out on patients undergoing endotracheal intubation with general anesthesia in RSMH operating room from September 2020 - November 2020. Seventy-two study subjects met the inclusion criteria and were divided into two groups, namely the triamcinolone acetonide gel group, and the mometasone spray group. Analyzing data was SPSS version 23.&#x0D; Result: There were no difference between age, sex, ASA PS classification, and length of operation between the two groups (p&gt; 0.05). Mometasone spray 100 mcg and triamcinolone acetonide gel 0.1% had the same effectiveness to reduce endotracheal intubation such as sore throat, cough, and hoarseness within 24 hours of endotracheal intubation (p&gt; 0.05). There was a significant difference in the incidence of sore throat between two groups in the first hour (p = 0.039).&#x0D; Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference between the efficiency of mometasone spray 100 mcg and triamcinolone acetonide gel 0.1% on a sore throat, cough, and hoarseness within 24 hours of endotracheal intubation (p &gt; 0.05).

Effects of C-Mac Video Laryngoscope Aided Intubation Using D Blade on Incidence of Post-Operative Sore Throat

Abstract: Conclusion: C-MAC video laryngoscope-aided intubations using D-blade significantly reduced the incidence and severity of POST, hoarseness of voice, and cough following orotracheal intubation as compared to use of traditional Macintosh laryngoscope. Our evidence suggests that C-MAC video laryngoscopes reduce intubation failure and make intubation easier, particularly in patients with a predicted or known difficult airway, Also, it was found, use of C-MAC video laryngoscope helps anaesthetist to improve the glottic view and reduce the number of laryngoscopies in which the glottis cannot be seen. C-MAC may serve as a standard intubation device for both routine airway management and educational Results: Our study was done in the Department of Anaesthesiology MM deemed to be university Mullana-Ambala Haryana. After approval from the competent ethical committee, Study includes 130 patients as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. Both groups were comparable with respect to demographic variables, distribution of ASA, Age, Sex, BMI, and Mallampatti grade. Percentage of patients who were intubated at the first attempt was similar among the groups. While Comparing the presence and absence of POST, cough, hoarseness of voice between the two groups. When compared with group A (Macintosh), total number of patients found having the above symptoms was found less in group B (C-MAC video laryngoscope). Keywords: Sore throat, Laryngoscope, Preoperative complications, Endotracheal intubation, C-MAC video laryngoscope, Macintosh D balde.

Intracuff alkalinized lignocaine improves endotracheal tube induced emergence phenomenon

Background: Endotracheal intubation for airway management in general anaesthesia is associated with post intubation morbidities due to prolonged inflation of the ETT cuff with air. Lidocaine by instillation in the ETT cuff and its diffusion through semipermeable membrane causes reduction in mucosal irritation and inflammation. Objectives To compare the endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff pressure inflated with air or alkalinized lignocaine during anaesthesia and evaluate clinical symptoms such as coughing and sore throat (postoperative sore throat [POST]) following tracheal extubation. Material and Methods: This was a prospective randomized controlled study conducted over a period of 6 months. We included 60 patients in age group of 18–55 years posted for elective laparoscopic operative gynecological surgeries of duration more than 90 min under general anaesthesia with N2O‑O2 mixture. Patients were randomized using computer‑generated randomization table into air and lignocaine group. The ETT cuff was inflated with air or alkalinized lignocaine (2% lignocaine with 7.5% sodium bicarbonate, in the proportions of 19.0:1.0 ml) to the volume that prevented air leak using cuff pressure manometer. After extubation, an independent observer blinded to study group recorded the presence or absence of coughing and POST at immediately, 1,6,12h and 24 h postoperatively. Results: Demographic data, baseline characteristics (American Society of Anaesthesiologists grade, intracuff volume/cuff pressure at start of surgery), and duration of anaesthesia were comparable among study groups (P>0.05). Cuff pressure and volume achieved in the end of surgery were much noteworthy higher in air group as compared to lignocaine group (P < 0.0001). Incidence of coughing and POST at immediately, 1,6,12h and 24 h postoperatively was significantly higher in air group compared to lignocaine group. Conclusion: This study showed the significance of use of alkalinized 2% lignocaine in prevention of rise of cuff pressure and incidence of coughing and POST.

Efficacy of perioperative intravenous dexmedetomidine administration for the prevention of postoperative sore throat: a meta-analysis.

ObjectivePostoperative sore throat (POST) is an undesirable intubation-related complication after surgery. Several studies have investigated the efficacy of perioperative intravenous dexmedetomidine administration for the prevention of POST, but the results have been inconsistent. We aimed to summarize all existing evidence and draw a more precise conclusion to guide future clinical work.MethodsPubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were comprehensively searched for all randomized controlled trials published before 1 February 2021 that investigated the efficacy of dexmedetomidine for the prevention of POST.ResultsNine studies involving 400 patients were included in our meta-analysis. Compared with the control groups (i.e., saline and anesthetic drugs), perioperative intravenous use of dexmedetomidine significantly reduced the incidence of POST [risk ratio (RR): 0.56; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.40–0.77; I2 = 0%) and coughing on the tube during extubation (RR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.41–0.82; I2 = 0%). Additionally, patients in the dexmedetomidine group were more likely to develop bradycardia (RR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.28–4.71; I2 = 0%) and hypotension (RR: 3.26; 95% CI: 1.14–9.33; I2 = 0%) during the administration of dexmedetomidine than those in the control group.ConclusionPerioperative intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine has a positive effect on the prevention of POST.

Effectiveness of Intracuff instillation with alkalinized 2% Lidocaine versus Ketamine in attenuating post-operative sore throat

Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods have been used for attenuating post operative sore throat with varying results. The use of smaller tracheal tubes, supraglottic devices, careful airway instrumentation, gentle suction of the oropharynx, water-soluble jelly on the tracheal tube, lower Intracuff pressure etc. are some of the non-pharmacological methods which have been used to reduce the incidence of POST (15) and emergence coughing.

Effects of Ketamine Gargle for Post-operative Sore Throat, Hoarseness of Voice and Cough Under General Anaesthesia- A Randomised Control Study

Introduction: Majority of the patient undergo endotracheal intubation for various time duration, when given general anaesthesia. Injury in airway mucosa or vocal cords due to endotracheal intubation can be a contributing factor. Ketamine without affecting local healing process has an anti-proinflammatory effect as it limits exacerbation of systemic inflammation. Aim: To study the role of ketamine gargles as a pharmacological measure in order to attenuate POST, HOV and cough followed by endotracheal intubation during surgeries under general anaesthesia. Materials and Methods: A randomised controlled study was carried out for a duration of 22 months from the institutional ethical committee (Study Approval No. SVIEC/ON/MEDI/BNPG18/D19046), on 50 patients of American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade I and II. They were allocated into two groups of 25 patients. Group (K): ketamine 50 mg in 29 mL 0.9% normal saline and Group (C): 30 mL 0.9% normal saline. Patients were advised to gargle for 30 seconds just 5 minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia. Patients were intubated with appropriate size of the endotracheal tube and were extubated when fully awake and conscious. Pateints were shifted to postoperative ward and were kept in propped up position with oxygen. Pateints were assessed at 1,2,4,24 hours for incidence of POST, HOV and cough. Assessment was made as per the 4 point scale grading system. The statistical analysis was performed using unpaired t-test, p&lt;0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: In terms of POST grading in both K and C groups p-value was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) at 1 and at 2 hours postoperatively. In terms of HOV, in group K voice quality issues were reduced till 24 hours, (p&lt;0.05). In terms of cough, in group K there was a significant reduction in complaints of cough till 4 hours postoperatively, (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Ketamine gargles is effective in attenuating POST and cough till 2 hours and HOV till 4 hours postoperatively in patients following endotracheal intubation.

Effectiveness of intracuff instillation with alkalinized 2% Lidocaine versus Ketamine in attenuating post-operative sore throat

Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods have been used for attenuating post operative sore throat with varying results. The use of smaller tracheal tubes, supraglottic devices, careful airway instrumentation, gentle suction of the oropharynx, water-soluble jelly on the tracheal tube, lower Intracuff pressure etc. are some of the non-pharmacological methods which have been used to reduce the incidence of POST (15)and emergence coughing.

Effect of dexamethasone gargle, intravenous dexamethasone, and their combination on postoperative sore throat: a randomized controlled trial.

BackgroundPostoperative sore throat (POST) is a complication that decreases patient satisfaction and increases postoperative complaints. The present study was conducted to investigate effects of gargling with dexamethasone, intravenous dexamethasone injection and the combination of the two on the incidence and severity of POST.MethodsStudy participants were 96 patients who had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy, randomly allocated into three groups. Group G gargled with 0.05% dexamethasone solution and were infused intravenous 0.9% normal saline before general anesthesia; group I gargled with 0.9% normal saline and were infused intravenous 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone; group GI gargled with 0.05% dexamethasone solution and were infused intravenous 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone. The incidence and severity of POST, hoarseness and cough were evaluated and recorded at 1, 6, and 24 h after the surgery.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the total incidence of POST up to 24 postoperative hours among Group G, Group I and Group GI (P = 0.367, Group G incidence = 34.38%, [95% confidence interval, 95% CI = 17.92–50.83], Group I incidence = 18.75%, [95% CI = 5.23–32.27], Group GI incidence = 28.13%, [95% CI = 12.55–43.70]). The other outcomes were comparable among the groups.ConclusionsIn patients who had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy, gargling with 0.05% dexamethasone solution demonstrated the same POST prevention effect as intravenous injection of 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone. The incidence and severity of POST were not significantly different between the combination of gargling with 0.05% dexamethasone solution and intravenous injection of 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone and use of each of the preventive methods alone.

Effect of magnesium sulphate nebulization on the incidence of post-operative sore throat

Background: Research trials have been conducted on various pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures for ameliorating POST with a varied success rate. Magnesium has antagonistic property towards NMDA receptors and hence it acts as anti-nociception and anti-inflammatory agent and so when used as premedication before surgery the incidence of POST could be reduced. Aim: To assess the efficacy of magnesium sulphate nebuliser in reducing the incidence of post-operative sore throat. Methodology: A total of 100 patients with ASA grade 1 & 2 in the age group of 18-60 years of either sex posted for elective surgeries lasting for the duration of 2hrs or more and requiring tracheal intubation were taken as our study subjects. The Patients in group A (n=50) were nebulised with 3ml of normal saline for 15 minutes, 5 minutes before induction of anaesthesia and similarly patients in group B (n=50) were nebulised with 3ml of solution containing 50 mg/mL of magnesium sulphate. Presence of sore throat was assessed at rest and at swallowing on immediate extubation, and at 2, 4 hours and 24 hours post extubation. In the postoperative ward, patients were also monitored for any drug related side effects. Results: The incidence of POST was measured at 0hr, 2 hr, 4 hrs and at the end of 24 hrs post-operatively both at rest and at swallowing. It was found that the incidence of sore throat at rest among the normal saline group during was 80%, 80%, 70% and 66% during the above said period and among the magnesium sulphate group it was 44%, 30%, 8% and 0%. Similarly the incidence of sore throat during swallowing was found to be 88%, 84%, 76% and 70% in the normal saline group and in the magnesium sulphate group it was 50%, 32%, 10% and 0% and a statistical significant difference was observed in the incidence of POST between the two groups. The incidence was found to be significantly lesser in the MgSo4 group when compared to the normal saline group. Conclusion: The use of magnesium sulfate in the form of nebulization as a pre-medication agent significantly reduces the incidence of POST compared to normal saline.

Effects of benzydamine hydrochloride on postoperative sore throat after extubation in children: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPostoperative sore throat (POST) is a common, undesirable result of endotracheal intubation during general anaesthesia. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of benzydamine hydrochloride (BH) spray in reducing the incidence of POST in paediatric patients.MethodsThis randomized, double-blind, prospective study included 142 children 6–12 years of age, who were randomly assigned to receive either BH spray or control. After induction of anaesthesia, direct laryngoscope was placed and BH spray was applied to the upper trachea and vocal cord in the BH group and intubation was performed using a cuffed tube lubricated with normal saline. Intubation in the control group was performed using a cuffed tube lubricated with normal saline without any intervention. The balloon was inflated to a pressure of 20 cmH2O. Patients were extubated after fully awakened and transferred to the post-anaesthetic care unit (PACU), where they were examined for the presence of POST and any adverse events 30 min after arrival to the PACU. Postoperative pain was evaluated using a smartphone application.ResultsSeventy-one patients were allocated to each group. The incidence of POST in the BH group did not differ from that in the control group (control: BH = 35 (49.3%): 42 (59.2%); P = 0.238); postoperative pain was also similar between the groups. Other complications, such as breath holding, secretions, coughing, laryngospasm and desaturation events, did not differ between the groups.ConclusionsApplication of prophylactic BH spray to the vocal cords and upper trachea was not proven to reduce POST in paediatric patients.Trial registryNCT03074968 (ClinicalTrials.gov, Feb 26, 2017).

Preventive strategies for postoperative sore throat following endotracheal intubation under general anesthesia in adults

Background Postoperative sore throat (POST) is a common complication following endotracheal intubation under general anesthesia. Although it is self-limiting, it greatly reduces postoperative comfortableness and satisfaction. Thus, in recent years, this issue has attracted much attention from anesthesiologists. Objective To summarize the pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies for the prevention and treatment of POST in order to provide references for anesthesiologist to improve prognosis of patients undergoing endotracheal intubation. Content The currently available medications used for the intervention and treatment of POST include lidocaine, steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and others. There are some non-pharmacological methods being applied postoperatively, such as, capsule management, core application, and tracheal catheter softening. The efficacy of these methods to reduce the incidence of POST in patients underwent endotracheal intubation are individually summarized in this article. Trend Appropriate combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods could minimize the distress of endotracheal intubation and prevent POST. Key words: Endotracheal intubation; Postoperative sore throat; Prevention

Incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat: a randomized comparison of Glidescope with Macintosh laryngoscope

BackgroundPostoperative sore throat (POST) is a common problem following endotracheal (ET) intubation during general anesthesia. The objective was to compare the incidence and severity of POST during routine intubation with Glidescope (GL) and Macintosh laryngoscope (MCL).MethodsOne hundred forty adult patients ASA I and II with normal airway, scheduled to undergo elective surgery under GA requiring ET intubation were enrolled in this prospective randomized study and were randomly divided in two groups, GL and MCL. Incidence and severity of POST was evaluated at 0, 6, 12 and 24 h after surgery.ResultsAt 0 h, the incidence of POST was more in MCL than GL (n = 41 v.s n = 22, P = 0.001), and also at 6 h after surgery (n = 37 v.s n = 23, P = 0.017). Severity of POST was more at 0, 6 and 12 h after surgery in MCL (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.004 respectively).ConclusionsRoutine use of GL for ET tube placement results in reduction in the incidence and severity of POST compared to MCL.Trial regisrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02848365. Retrospectively Registered (Date of registration: July, 2016).