Incidence Of Parasitism Research Articles

PARASITOS GASTRINTESTINAIS EM VACAS LEITEIRAS PRESENTES EM EXPOSIÇÕES AGROPECUÁRIAS NA REGIÃO OESTE DE SANTA CATARINA, BRASIL

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of gastrointestinal parasites in dairy cattle participants of farm show in western Santa Catarina, in order to know the situation of the animals exposed in these events. In three fairs of great expression of the western region of the state of Santa Catarina, that occurred in the years 2013 and 2014, were collected 153 samples feces of animal exposed, which were analyzed by the McMaster technique to check the number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG). In the tests performed, was diagnosed 69 samples positive for parasites (45%), i.e., helminth eggs, coccidia oocysts, or mixed infections by helminthes (Strongylida order) and coccidia (Eimeria spp). Eggs Strongylidae family were identified as the parasites Trichostrongylus spp., Haemonchus spp., Teladorsagia spp., Cooperia spp., and Oesophagostomun spp. Therefore, cattle present in farm show, despite the required sanitary control and in some cases even with previous treatment, have infection gastrointestinal parasites.

Diet, Gastric Parasitism, and Injuries of Caimans (Caiman, Melanosuchus,andPaleosuchus) in the Peruvian Amazon

Caimans (Crocodilia: Alligatoridae) are top-level predators in aquatic ecosystems of the Neotropics. This paper presents data on the diet of caimans from the Peruvian Amazon (principally Paleosuchus spp., but also Caiman crocodilus and Melanosuchus niger), including feeding observations and stomach content examinations. A total of 58 stomach content analyses and three in situ feeding observations were made, and incidence of gastric parasitism and external injury were also studied. Insects, crustaceans, and fish were the most frequently encountered prey in the gut of P. trigonatus, but reptiles, fish, crustaceans, and mammals composed the greatest proportion of the diet by stomach content dry mass. We report novel squamate and fish species in the diet of Amazonian caimans and overall dietary findings consistent with that of other caiman diet literature. Gastroliths were absent from C. crocodilus and M. niger, although 44% of P. trigonatus sampled contained gastroliths. Parasitic nematodes were recovered from just under half of sampled C. crocodilus and P. trigonatus and 71% of M. niger. Injury rates were low in M. niger and P. trigonatus (< 10% of individuals) while 35% of C. crocodilus were injured, most often through damage to the tail. These data on caiman diet, gut parasitism, and injury rates help provide a baseline for comparison between species and study populations.

Time trends and changes in the distribution of malaria cases in the Brazilian Amazon Region, 2004-2013.

Recent efforts to reduce malaria incidence have had some successes. Nevertheless, malaria persists as a significant public health problem in the Brazilian Amazon. The objective of this study was to describe changes in malaria case characteristics and to identify trends in malaria incidence in the Brazilian Amazon. This study used data from the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance and Case Notification Information System from 2004 to 2013. The annual parasite incidence (API) was calculated and joinpoint regression was used to assess the trends in API over time. There was a sharp increase in API in the state of Acre, followed by two periods of decrease. Pará also presented inconsistent decreases over the study period. Amapá, Amazonas, Rondônia, and Roraima showed statistically significant decreases over the period. The sharpest decrease occurred in Rondônia, with a reduction of 21.7% in the average annual percent change (AAPC) (AAPC: -21.7%; 95% confidence interval: -25.4%, -17.8%; p < 0.05). This panorama of malaria incidence highlights the importance of integrating evidence-based malaria surveillance and control. Malaria is highly preventable, and eliminating its transmission should be a goal in coming decades.

Using remote sensing and modeling techniques to investigate the annual parasite incidence of malaria in Loreto, Peru

Between 2001 and 2010 significant progress was made towards reducing the number of malaria cases in Peru; however, the country saw an increase between 2011 and 2015. This work attempts to uncover the associations among various climatic and environmental variables and the annual malaria parasite incidence in the Peruvian region of Loreto. A Multilevel Mixed-effects Poisson Regression model is employed, focusing on the 2009–2013 period, when trends in malaria incidence shifted from decreasing to increasing. The results indicate that variations in elevation (β = 0.78; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.75–0.81), soil moisture (β = 0.0021; 95% CI, 0.0019–0.0022), rainfall (β = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.56–0.61), and normalized difference vegetation index (β = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.83–2.43) is associated with higher annual parasite incidence, whereas an increase in temperature (β = -0.0043; 95% CI, − 0.0044-− 0.0041) is associated with a lower annual parasite incidence. The results from this study are particularly useful for healthcare workers in Loreto and have the potential of being integrated within malaria elimination plans.

Spatial and spatio-temporal analysis of malaria in the state of Acre, western Amazon, Brazil.

Since 2005, the State of Acre, western Amazon, Brazil, has reported the highest annual parasite incidence (API) of malaria among the Brazilian states. This study examines malaria incidence in Acre using spatial and spatio-temporal analysis based on an ecological time series study analyzing malaria cases and deaths for the time period 1992- 2014 and using secondary data. API indexes were calculated by age, sex, parasite species, ratio of Plasmodium vivax to P. falciparum malaria, malaria mortality rate and case fatality rate. SaTScan was used to detect spatial and spatio-temporal clusters of malaria cases and data were represented in the form of choropleth maps. A high-risk cluster of malaria was detected in Vale do Juruá and three low-risk clusters in Vale do Acre for both parasite species. Those younger than 19 years of age and females showed a high incidence of malaria in Vale do Juruá, but working-age males were the most affected in Vale do Acre. The malaria mortality rate showed a decreasing trend across the state, while the case fatality rate increased only in the micro-region of Rio Branco during the study period. We conclude that malaria is a focal disease in Acre showing different spatial and spatio-temporal patterns of cases and deaths that vary by age, sex, and parasite species. Malaria incidence is thought to be influenced by factors related to regional characteristics; therefore, appropriate disease and vector control strategies must be implemented at each locality.

Parasitic weed incidence and related economic losses in rice in Africa

Parasitic weeds pose increasing threats to rain-fed rice production in Africa. Most important species are Striga asiatica, S. aspera and S. hermonthica in rain-fed uplands, and Rhamphicarpa fistulosa in rain-fed lowlands. Information on the regional spread and economic importance of parasitic weeds in cereal production systems is scant. This article presents the first multi-species, multi-country, single-crop impact assessment of parasitic weeds in Africa. A systematic search of public international and national herbaria and the scientific literature was conducted to collect all available data on the regional distribution, incidences and related yield losses of the most important parasitic weeds in rice. Herbaria specimens were geo-referenced and these coordinates were overlapped with rain-fed rice areas. Probabilistic diffusion waves of parasitic weeds were generated to derive most likely incidence values. Estimates from this spatial analysis were then combined with secondary data from the literature into a stochastic impact assessment model to generate a confidence interval of the likely economic impact per country and for sub-Saharan Africa as a whole. Rhamphicarpa fistulosa occurs in at least 36 African countries, 28 of which produce rice in rain-fed lowlands where this species thrives. Striga hermonthica is found in at least 32 countries, Striga asiatica in at least 44 and S. aspera in at least 17. A total of 50 countries have at least one of these three species of Striga, 31 of which produce rice in the rain-fed uplands where these species can be encountered. An estimated 1.34 million ha of rain-fed rice is infested with at least one species of a parasitic weed in Africa. Our stochastic model estimates that annual economic losses inflicted by all parasitic weeds exceeds, with 95% certainty, a minimum value of US $111 million and most likely reaches roughly US $200 million and increases by US $30 million annually. To reverse this trend and support small-holder rice farmers in Africa with effective, sustainable and affordable solutions for control, targeted investments in research, development and capacity building are required. The top-10 priority countries where such investments would probably have the highest return are Nigeria, Guinea, Mali, Côte d’Ivoire, Cameroon, Tanzania, Madagascar, Uganda, Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso.

Apparent Acquired Resistance by a Weevil to Its Parasitoid Is Influenced by Host Plant.

Field parasitism rates of the Argentine stem weevil Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel; Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by Microctonus hyperodae Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are known to vary according to different host Lolium species that also differ in ploidy. To further investigate this, a laboratory study was conducted to examine parasitism rates on tetraploid Italian Lolium multiflorum, diploid Lolium perenne and diploid hybrid L. perenne ×L. multiflorum; none of which were infected by Epichloë endophyte. At the same time, the opportunity was taken to compare the results of this study with observations made during extensive laboratory-based research and parasitoid-rearing in the 1990s using the same host plant species. This made it possible to determine whether there has been any change in weevil susceptibility to the parasitoid over a 20 year period when in the presence of the tetraploid Italian, diploid perennial and hybrid host grasses that were commonly in use in the 1990’s. The incidence of parasitism in cages, in the presence of these three grasses mirrored what has recently been observed in the field. When caged, weevil parasitism rates in the presence of a tetraploid Italian ryegrass host were significantly higher (75%) than rates that occurred in the presence of either the diploid perennial (46%) or the diploid hybrid (52%) grass, which were not significantly different from each other. This is very different to laboratory parasitism rates in the 1990s when in the presence of both of the latter grasses high rates of parasitism (c. 75%) were recorded. These high rates are typical of those still found in weevils in the presence of both field and caged tetraploid Italian grasses. In contrast, the abrupt decline in weevil parasitism rates points to the possibility of evolved resistance by the weevil to the parasitoid in the diploid and hybrid grasses, but not so in the tetraploid. The orientation of plants in the laboratory cages had no significant effect on parasitism rates under any treatment conditions suggesting that plant architecture may not be contributing to the underlying mechanism resulting in different rates of parasitism. The evolutionary implications of what appears to be plant-mediated resistance of L. bonariensis to parasitism by M. hyperodae are discussed.

Cyrilia sp. (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) in the Amazonian freshwater stingray Potamotrygon wallacei (cururu stingray) in different hydrological phases of the Rio Negro.

Intraerythrocytic parasites are frequently found in fish, including elasmobranchs. The Amazonian rivers present well defined annual hydrological cycles that results in drastic modifications of the environmental conditions with deep implications in the life cycle of the whole associated biota in those fluvial systems. The freshwater stingray Potamotrygon wallacei (stingray cururu) is a new species restricted to the Middle Rio Negro basin and it is subject to strong alterations in their natural habitats (igapós) a result of the constant variations in the water level of Rio Negro. This work demonstrates the occurrence of intraerythrocytic parasite Cyrilia sp. in this stingray species. Additionally, the prevalence and quantification of hemoparasites in different phases of Rio Negro were also established. Field sampling was carried in the Archipelago of Mariuá, Middle Rio Negro, involving different stages of the water cycle. The intraerythrocytic parasites were quantified by direct counting in blood smears using a total counting of 2000 erythrocytes in each blood smear. The presence of parasites intraerythrocytic generates changes in the morphology of blood cell. The largest amount of the hemoparasites was recorded in the drought period. We observed a decreasing tendency in the number of parasites in the blood between the drought periods and inundation. We concluded that the level of Negro River influences the incidence of intraerythrocytic parasites in the cururu stingray and the drought represents the period of larger susceptibility to the infestation.

Malaria control along China-Myanmar Border during 2007-2013: an integrated impact evaluation.

BackgroundImplementing effective interventions remain a lot of difficulties along all border regions. The emergence of artemisinin resistance of Plasmodium falciparum strains in the Greater Mekong Subregion is a matter of great concern. China has effectively controlled cross-border transmission of malaria and artemisinin resistance of P. falciparum along the China-Myanmar border.MethodsA combined quantitative and qualitative study was used to collect data, and then an integrated impact evaluation was conducted to malaria control along the China-Myanmar border during 2007–2013.ResultsThe parasite prevalence rate (PPR) in the five special regions of Myanmar was decreased from 13.6 % in March 2008 to 1.5 % in November 2013. Compared with the baseline (PPR in March 2008), the risk ratio was only 0.11 [95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.09–0. 14) in November 2013, which is equal to an 89 % reduction in the malaria burden. Annual parasite incidence (API) across 19 Chinese border counties was reduced from 19.6 per 10 000 person-years in 2006 to 0.9 per 10 000 person-years in 2013. Compared with the baseline (API in 2006), the API rate ratio was only 0.05(95 % CI, 0.04–0.05) in 2013, which equates to a reduction of the malaria burden by 95.0 %. Meanwhile, the health service system was strengthened and health inequity of marginalized populations reduced along the international border.ConclusionThe effective collaboration between China, Myanmar and the international non-governmental organization promptly carried out the core interventions through simplified processes. The integrated approaches dramatically decreased malaria burden of Chinese-Myanmar border.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0171-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Diagnóstico de Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)vy sus parasitoides en el departamento de Antioquia, Colombia

El minador de la hoja del café, Leucoptera coffeella, es una de las principales plagas del cultivo del café (Coffea arabica) en la región neotropical, ocasionando pérdidas en rendimiento hasta del 80%, en países como Brasil. En Colombia ha sido poco estudiado, debido a que los ataques han sido esporádicos. Esta investigación exploratoria fue conducida con el propósito de realizar un diagnóstico del minador y sus parasitoides en el departamento de Antioquia, donde se evaluó el porcentaje de infestación de la plaga y el parasitismo natural, a través de un muestreo bietápico en más de 1.100 lotes cafeteros entre 2 y 5 años de edad. Se evaluaron 60 árboles por lote mediante un muestreo sistemático, durante cuatro momentos entre los años 2013 y 2014. Los resultados mostraron promedios de infestación del minador inferiores al 2% y promedios de parasitismo que oscilaron entre 58 y 89 %. Emergieron en total, 787 parasitoides del orden Hymenoptera, familia Eulophidae, distribuidos en dos subfamilias: Eulophinae y Entodininae. Se identificaron siete especies: Closterocerus coffeellae, Closterocerus lividus, Zagrammosoma multilineatum, Pnigalio sarasolai, Horismenus sp., Horismenus n. sp., y Apleurotropis n. sp., estas dos últimas nuevas especies para Colombia, y quizás para la ciencia. El controlador natural más abundante fue C. coffeellae. Se recomienda el manejo de esta plaga, a partir de una estrategia de control biológico por conservación.

The relationship of malaria between Chinese side and Myanmar's five special regions along China-Myanmar border: a linear regression analysis.

BackgroundUnderstanding malaria along the international border of two countries is important for malaria control and elimination; however, it is difficult to investigate a quantitative relationship between two countries’ border areas due to a shortage of malaria surveillance data.MethodsA linear regression analysis was conducted to investigate the logarithmic annual parasite incidence (API), numbers of imported cases and local infections in 19 Chinese border counties, with logarithmic API and parasitic prevalence in Myanmar’s five special regions.ResultsAPI in 19 Chinese counties was stronger correlated with parasite prevalence than with API in five special regions of Myanmar, correlation coefficient (R) 0.8322 (95 % CI 0.0636–0.9084) versus 0.9914 (95 % CI 0.9204–0.9914). Numbers of imported malaria cases and local malaria infections in 19 Chinese counties were also closer correlated with parasite prevalence than with API in five special regions of Myanmar.ConclusionsThere is a strong correlation of malaria between China’s side and Myanmar’s side along the international border. Parasite prevalence is a better indicator of the true malaria situation in a setting without sound surveillance and reporting system. China should reconsider its definition of imported malaria which neglects imported malaria by mosquitoes and asymptomatic parasite carriers.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1413-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Fine-Scale Mapping by Spatial Risk Distribution Modeling for Regional Malaria Endemicity and Its Implications under the Low-to-Moderate Transmission Setting in Western Cambodia.

The disease burden of malaria has decreased as malaria elimination efforts progress. The mapping approach that uses spatial risk distribution modeling needs some adjustment and reinvestigation in accordance with situational changes. Here we applied a mathematical modeling approach for standardized morbidity ratio (SMR) calculated by annual parasite incidence using routinely aggregated surveillance reports, environmental data such as remote sensing data, and non-environmental anthropogenic data to create fine-scale spatial risk distribution maps of western Cambodia. Furthermore, we incorporated a combination of containment status indicators into the model to demonstrate spatial heterogeneities of the relationship between containment status and risks. The explanatory model was fitted to estimate the SMR of each area (adjusted Pearson correlation coefficient R2 = 0.774; Akaike information criterion AIC = 149.423). A Bayesian modeling framework was applied to estimate the uncertainty of the model and cross-scale predictions. Fine-scale maps were created by the spatial interpolation of estimated SMRs at each village. Compared with geocoded case data, corresponding predicted values showed conformity [Spearman’s rank correlation r = 0.662 in the inverse distance weighed interpolation and 0.645 in ordinal kriging (95% confidence intervals of 0.414–0.827 and 0.368–0.813, respectively), Welch’s t-test; Not significant]. The proposed approach successfully explained regional malaria risks and fine-scale risk maps were created under low-to-moderate malaria transmission settings where reinvestigations of existing risk modeling approaches were needed. Moreover, different representations of simulated outcomes of containment status indicators for respective areas provided useful insights for tailored interventional planning, considering regional malaria endemicity.

SPATIAL CORRELATIONS OF MALARIA INCIDENCE HOTSPOTS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN ASSAM, NORTH EAST INDIA

Abstract. Malaria is endemic and a major public health problem in north east (NE) region of India and contributes about 8-12 % of India's malaria positives cases. Historical morbidity pattern of malaria in terms of API (Annual Parasite Incidence) in the state of Assam has been used for delineating the malaria incidence hotspots at health sub centre (HSC) level. Strong spatial autocorrelation (p

SPATIAL CORRELATIONS OF MALARIA INCIDENCE HOTSPOTS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN ASSAM, NORTH EAST INDIA

Malaria is endemic and a major public health problem in north east (NE) region of India and contributes about 8-12&amp;thinsp;% of India's malaria positives cases. Historical morbidity pattern of malaria in terms of API (Annual Parasite Incidence) in the state of Assam has been used for delineating the malaria incidence hotspots at health sub centre (HSC) level. Strong spatial autocorrelation (p&amp;thinsp;&amp;lt;&amp;thinsp;0.01) among the HSCs have been observed in terms of API (Annual Parasite Incidence). Malaria incidence hot spots in the state could be identified based on General G statistics and tested for statistical significance. Spatial correlation of malaria incidence hotspots with physiographic and climatic parameters across 6 agro-climatic zones of the state reveals the types of land cover pattern and the range of elevation contributing to the malaria outbreaks. Analysis shows that villages under malaria hotspots are having more agricultural land, evergreen/semi-evergreen forests with abundant waterbodies. Statistical and spatial analyses of malaria incidence showed a significant positive correlation with malaria incidence hotspots and the elevation (p&amp;thinsp;&amp;lt;&amp;thinsp;0.05) with villages under malaria hotspots are having average elevation ranging between 17 to 240 MSL. This conforms to the characteristics of two dominant mosquito species in the state &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Anopheles minimus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;An. baimai&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; that prefers the habitat of slow flowing streams in the foot hills and in forest ecosystems respectively.

Influence of larval rearing temperature on the quality of cold‐stored Oomyzus sokolowskii Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

AbstractOomyzus sokolowskii, an important parasitoid of Plutella xylostella, has great potential for use in biological control. Storage at suboptimal temperature is valuable for increasing the shelf‐life of insect parasitoids. In this study, O. sokolowskii larvae were reared at 30/25, 25/25 and 25/20°C light/dark (65 ± 5% RH, 16 : 8 h L : D) until pupation. The pupae were then cold‐stored at 4 ± 1°C (60 ± 5% RH, full darkness). The pupae were removed out from the storage at 10, 20, 30 and 40 days after storage (DAS) and maintained at 25 ± 2°C until adults emerged or pupae died. Quality of the emerging adults and their F1 offspring were assessed. Incidence of parasitism by O. sokolowskii was higher at 30/25°C than at 25/20°C. Cold storage of O. sokolowskii pupae greatly affected the fitness of the parasitoid: adult emergence rates were lower in the 40 DAS treatment than in other treatments; when O. sokolowskii larvae developed at 25/25°C, female proportions of the emerged adults were lower in the 40 DAS treatment than in the 0 and 10 DAS treatments. Larval rearing temperature mildly affected the adult emergence rate, post‐storage developmental time and female proportion with a few exceptions. Number of parasitoids emerged per host pupa, and incidence of parasitism by the females were neither affected by larval rearing temperature nor cold storage duration. Trans‐generational effects on F1 offspring were evident in adult emergence rate, egg‐adult developmental time and female proportion which were negatively affected by long duration of storage (40 days), but not by larval rearing temperature with a few exceptions. In conclusion, O. sokolowskii pupae could be stored at 4°C for up to 30 days without significant fitness loss.

Analysis of asymptomatic and clinical malaria in urban and suburban settings of southwestern Ethiopia in the context of sustaining malaria control and approaching elimination.

BackgroundMalaria intervention in Ethiopia has been strengthened significantly in the past decade. The Ethiopian government recently stratified the country based upon annual parasite incidence into malaria free, low, moderate and high transmission strata. Districts with low transmission were targeted for indigenous transmission elimination. Surveillance on malaria disease incidence is needed for planning control and elimination efforts.MethodsClinical malaria was monitored prospectively in health facilities in Jimma town, Oromia Region, southwestern Ethiopia from July 2014 to June 2015. Seasonal cross-sectional parasite prevalence surveys in local communities were conducted in 2014 and 2015 in eight kebeles. Case report forms were administered to obtain sociodemographic and epidemiological information from patients.ResultsA total of 1434 suspected malaria cases were examined from the health facilities and 428 confirmed malaria cases were found. Among them, 327 (76.4 %) cases were Plasmodium vivax, 97 (22.7 %) were Plasmodium falciparum, and 4 (0.9 %) were mixed infection of P. vivax and P. falciparum. The annual malaria incidence rate was 1.7 cases per 1000 people at risk. Parasite prevalence in the community was less than 3 %. Household ownership of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) was 47.3 % (1173/2479) and ITN usage was 37.9 %. All ITNs were long-lasting insecticidal nets, and repellent use was not found in the study area. Being male and traveling were the significant risk factors for P. falciparum malaria. For P. vivax malaria, risk factors included occupation and history of malaria illness during the preceding 30 days.ConclusionEpidemiological evidence suggested low clinical malaria incidence and prevalence in Jimma town. More aggressive measures may be needed to further suppress vivax transmission. Strategies should be planned targeting sustained control and elimination.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1298-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Kinerja Bidan Desa dalam Deteksi Dini Kasus Malaria pada Kehamilan di Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah

Background: Malaria has become the health problem that cause mortality especially in high risk group such as infants, children below 5 years old and pregnant women. The incidence of malaria in Central Bengkulu, Bengkulu Province is quite high, the last three years there is an increase compared to year 2011 – 2013. Annual Malaria Incidence in 2011 was 75.68/00, where the incidence in 2012 was 66.13/00. The Annual Parasite Incidence in 2013 was 52.34/00. In 2013, the amount of pregnant women who underwent malaria screening during 1st antenatal care (K1) only 784 from 2016 pregnant women(39%). Objective: To understand the malaria screening achievement among pregnant women by village midwives in Central Bengkulu District. Method: The study was observational with cross sectional design. The subjects was all of the village midwives in Central Bengkulu District. The dependent variable in this study was midwives achievement in malaria screening during pregnancy. The independent variables were training for malaria screening during pregnancy and the availability of rapid diagnostic test (RDT). The disturbing variables were age, level of education, and the duration of work. The study’s instrument was questionnare and observational sheet. The data analysis was done with t test, correlation method, chi square and linear regression. Result and Discussion: The achievement in malaria’s screening during pregnancy by village midwives was better in the group who received training compared with the group who didn’t (RR 2.2 ; 95% CI 1.71 – 2.51). The achievement also was better in the group of midwives who had good supply of RDT compared with the group who didn’t (RR 1.5; 95% CI 1.01 – 1.94). Conclusion: The achievement of malaria’s screening during pregnancy among village midwives who received training was better compared to midwives who didn’t. The achievement was also better among midwives who had good supply of RDT compared with midwives who didn’t. There is relation between level of midwivery education and the achievement in screening b ut there was no relation between age and duration of work and achievement during screening. Keywords: Achievement of Village Midwives, Screening, Training and Availability of RDT

Incidence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites in goats and their therapeutic management

As per faecal examination the incidence of gastrointestinal helminth parasite infection in goats was 80 per cent. The percentage of infections was highest in monsoon season followed by winter and summer season. Susceptibility to the infection was highest in older age groups (>24 months age) followed by adult goat (12.1-24 months age) and kid (1-12 months age). The infection percentage in female is slightly high as compared to the male goats due to maintenance and production stress. Majority of the goats were suffering from mix infection of Haemonchus species, Trichostrongylus species, Stongyloidesspecies, Oesophagostomumspp., amphistomes and Fasciola spp. with some cases of Trichuris spp., Bunostomum spp. and Moniezia spp. Ivermectin and Clorsulon was found to be most effective for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematode parasites as compared to Closantel and Fenbendazole.

Malaria Pre-elimination Assessment in Eastern Indonesia

About 4.8 million Indonesians were infected with malaria in 2013 while the infections were mostly in Eastern Indonesia. Indonesia Ministry of Health announced that malaria pre-elimination stage should be reached by 2015-2020 and free of malaria transmission by 2030 in Eastern Indonesia. Although detailed maps of epidemiological distribution, prevalence and risk factors for malaria were needed, there was limited access to routine surveillance data such as annual parasitic incidence and surveillance report. Hence, this study aimed to assess the epidemiological situation of this area. Total 555 people who aged 14 years and above, and lived in one of five districts in Eastern Indonesia were enrolled in this study. About 32.6% (181/555) were tested positive for malaria by nested polymerase chain reaction, with Plasmodium vivax as the dominant species. Not using bed nets was the most significant risk factors. Spatial analysis indicated three distinguished clusters (180, 229 and 88 cases). Hence, malaria pre-elimination program in Eastern Indonesia should be postponed as the situation did not meet the criteria yet. Routine treatment to stop silent transmission, scaling up control measures and improving laboratory surveillance were needed before pre-elimination.

Environmental contamination and public health risk of soil parasites in Ibadan South East Local Government Area, Nigeria

AbstractEnvironmental contamination by parasites is of public health importance because of the risk of infections for the populace. Soil and faecal samples randomly collected from six selected wards were analysed for parasites; 67.3 and 27.8% prevalence was recorded in soil and stool, respectively. Ascaris (18.4%), hookworm (6.6%), and Trichuris (2.8%) were identified from the stool. In the soil, Ascaris (36.5%), hookworm ova (18.1%), hookworm larvae (30.5%), Strongyloides (4.1%), Toxocara (6.1%), Isospora (1.8%), Toxascaris (1.4%), Cryptosporidium (0.6%), Trichuris (0.4%), and Eimeria (0.3%) were identified. Soil temperature and moisture content percent were significantly correlated with the incidence of parasites. The highest mean parasite intensity (14.5/g soil) was recorded in ward 5, while the lowest (4.2/g soil) was in ward 9 (p < 0.0001). Sandy clay soil had the highest prevalence, and the lowest was in loamy soil, however, differences were insignificant. The type of toilet facility used, source of...