Incidence Of Other Forms Research Articles

Incidence and Prevalence of Early-Onset Dementia in Finland.

Current epidemiologic data of early-onset dementia (EOD), characterized by the onset of the disease before the age of 65, are notably scarce. We evaluated the incidence (from January 2010 to December 2021) and prevalence (on December 31, 2021) of EOD and its subtypes in 2 defined areas in Finland. All visits at the dementia outpatient clinics were manually retrospectively reviewed and reassessed (N = 12,490). In the population aged ≤65 years, crude incidence of EOD was 12.3/100,000 persons at risk/year based on 794 new cases from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2021. Incidence rates for EOD were 20.5 and 33.7 per 100,000 person years in the age group of 30-64 and 45-64 years, respectively. The prevalence of EOD was 110.4 in the age group of 30-64 years and 190.3 in the age group 45-64. Alzheimer disease (AD) (48.2%) and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (12.7%) were the most frequent subtypes. The incidence of AD increased during the follow-up, whereas incidence of other forms of EOD remained stable. We found higher incidence rates of EOD than previously reported. Unlike other forms of EOD, the incidence of early-onset AD seems to be increasing.

Incidence of acquired CNS demyelinating syndromes in a multiethnic cohort of children

To determine whether the incidence and clinical features of pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) and other forms of pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) vary by race/ethnicity in a population-based cohort. We used a combination of electronic database searches followed by complete medical records review to identify all children diagnosed with MS and ADS in the multiethnic membership of Kaiser Permanente Southern California from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2009. Incidence rates were standardized to the US census by age and gender. We identified 81 incident cases of ADS from 4.87 million person-years of observation in children 0-18 years of age. The incidence rate of pediatric MS was 0.51 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33-0.75) and incidence of other forms of ADS including optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, other forms of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) was 1.56 (95% CI 1.23-1.95) for an overall incidence of ADS of 1.66 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 1.32-2.06). Incidence of ADS was higher in black (4.4 per 100,000 person-years, 95% CI 2.5-7.2, p < 0.001) and Asian/Pacific Islander (2.8, 95% CI 1.2-5.2, p = 0.02) than white (1.03, 95% CI 0.6-1.7) and Hispanic (1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.1, per 100,000 person-years) children. Black children were also significantly more likely to have MS than white children (p = 0.001). Children who presented with ADEM were significantly younger than children with other types of ADS clinical presentations (mean age 5.6, range 0.7-17.6 years vs 14.6, range 2.7-18.5, respectively). The incidence of pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes is 1.66 per 100,000 person-years in a population-based cohort of Southern Californian children. The incidence of ADS and MS is higher in black children compared with white and Hispanic children.

Malignant lesions in the ventral prostate of alloxan‐induced diabetic rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes caused by chronic diabetes in the rat ventral prostate and to establish a correlation between diabetes and the development of prostatic lesions. Male rats received alloxan (42 mg/kg b.w.) to induce diabetes. Ninety days after diabetes diagnosis, animals were sacrificed and the ventral prostate was removed and prepared for general and immunohistochemical analyses. The total area showing different types of lesions was estimated. Diabetes led to a decrease in the body and prostatic weights, as well as in testosterone levels. The prostate morphology and stereology showed high variation in the diabetic group. Some animals had light changes; the great majority had an intense epithelial atrophy; and other rats showed premalignant and malignant lesions in the prostate. Such epithelial atrophy was, in some samples, combined with chronic inflammation, similar to proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA). The diabetic group also presented high incidence of prostatitis, adenocarcinoma and prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia (PIN). Samples with adenocarcinoma had poorly differentiated acini with high levels of cellular proliferation and nuclear atypia. These lesions exhibited an invasive feature showing Bcl-2-positive cells and interruptions in the basement membrane. An association of PIA, PIN and adenocarcinoma was detected in one sample. Reduced androgen levels have a synergic effect to insulin dysfunction promoting negative effects in the rat prostate. Diabetic individuals had a high incidence of prostatitis, and this inflammation could stimulate the incidence of other forms of prostatic pathology.

The influence of descending inputs on breathing pattern formation in the isolated bullfrog brainstem-spinal cord

This study used in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparations from the American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, to examine the influence of central descending inputs on breathing pattern formation. In preparations with an episodic pattern of fictive breathing, a transection slightly caudal to the optic chiasma produced a continuous breathing pattern and increased the overall frequency of fictive breathing. Following a transection to isolate the medulla, the frequency of fictive breathing decreased and the incidence of other forms of motor output increased. Further transections between the trigeminal and vagus nerve roots resulted in variable and asynchronous discharge from each nerve. These results suggest that a primary respiratory rhythm is produced within the medulla but descending influences stimulate breathing and promote episodic breathing. It would appear that multiple elements of the respiratory control system, including tegmental and medullary sites, play a role in shaping the burst pattern of motor output associated with each breath and that slower rhythms of longer burst duration are generated by more caudal hindbrain sites.

Martingale analysis of dynamic tax incidence in a nonstationary growth model

Abstract This paper develops a new martingale technique to study dynamic incidence of a capital income tax in nonstationary aggregate growth models. The stochastic Euler conditions are utilized to generate a submartingale process which is sensitive to a divergence between the no-tax and after-tax return to capital per unit. This submartingale process is instrumental in generalizing the classical result on the long-run incidence of a capital income tax in a stationary deterministic paradigm to nonstationary stochastic growth models. Since the Euler characterization is immediately available in aggregate growth models, the method developed here can also be utilized to study the dynamic incidence of other forms of taxation in general nonstationary aggregate growth models.

Multiple Myeloma

In 1968, multiple myeloma was diagnosed in six residents of a Minnesota community (population 7,151). This is a rate of 84 per 100,000, as compared with an expected rate of about 3 per 100,000. The clinical and laboratory features of these cases were typical of myeloma. In addition, one case of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia was found during this period. The incidence of other forms of leukemia and lymphoma and of congenital malformation was not increased in the town during the years 1960 through 1968. The cause of this apparent community cluster of multiple myeloma cases remains obscure.

Diabetic retinopathy. Degenerative vascular complications of diabetes and discussion of clinical aspects of the disease.

The incidence of blindness due to diabetic retinopathy has increased from less than 1 % in 1930 to more than 15% in 1960. A similar increase has occurred in the incidence of other forms of diabetic degenerative vascular disease. Clinical statistics have demonstrated that the incidence of retinopathy is directly related to the duration of the disease and that the onset of retinopathy can be delayed and its severity limited by careful diabetic control. Despite a major research effort the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy is not clear and there is no specific treatment. Early case finding and strict control are the only methods now available for the prevention and modification of the degenerative vascular complications of diabetes.

The diagnosis of renal tuberculosis

The incidence of renal tuberculosis is today less than in the past two decades due to the reduction in the incidence of other forms of tuberculosis. It has been fully established that renal tuberculosis is secondary to tuberculous infection elsewhere in the body and that the organism is carried to the kidneys by the blood stream in most instances. The question of bilateral involvement of both kidneys, at the outset, is not fully decided; however, the work of Medlar and Sasana demonstrated 88 per cent of their guinea-pigs to have bilateral renal lesions. Clinically, Braasch and Sutton were only able to demonstrate 291 cases (13 per cent) of bilateral involvement in a total of 2,200 cases of renal tuberculosis studied. The symptoms vary from nil to those of a very painful cystitis with later pain and tenderness in the kidney region. Occasionally, hematuria may be the first symptom. A deceptive feature in some cases is the occurrence of long remissions free of painful symptoms. No symptom or train of symptoms is pathognomonic of renal tuberculosis. The urinary findings give the most important evidence of the presence of renal tuberculosis. Pus cells are regularly found and red blood cells and albumin are usually present throughout the entire course of the disease. The acid fast bacillus is found on staining the centrifuged urinary sediment in a large percentage of the cases and guinea-pig inoculations are to be employed when the smears give no decisive results. The cystoscopic appearance of the bladder is quite characteristic. Two types of lesions exist: granulations and ulceration. The function of each kidney is to be determined as well as the microscopic contents in the urine of each kidney. The presence of a few organisms in the urine from one kidney in the absence of pus cells, red blood cells and albumin may represent a contamination in passing the ureteral catheter through an infected bladder. The pyelogram is of great value. A small defect may first direct the examiner's attention to the possibility of a tuberculous infection. Cortical necrosis is demonstrated when the lesion involves the renal papilla. The excretory urogram usually does not demonstrate early defects as well as the retrograde pyelogram. However, the excretory urogram is valuable in following the course of the disease and in demonstrating disproportion in the involvement of the kidneys.