Incidence Of Malignant Tumors Research Articles

ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ЗЛОКАЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ НОВООБРАЗОВАНИЯ

The article presents historical information about occupational malignant neoplasms and assesses the current state of the problem of occupational cancer. Data are given on the incidence of malignant neoplasms of different localizations depending on working conditions at carcinogenic enterprises, the ways in which carcinogenic factors affect the body of workers and the duration of their contact with industrial carcinogens, as well as gender differences in occupational cancer incidence in different countries of the world. Original hypotheses about the factors that can influence the increased oncological incidence of oncologists are expressed. Information about the current and developed measures for the prevention of occupational malignant neoplasms is given. A favorable situation in terms of occupational cancer incidence in Belarus is shown.

Salivary and serum neopterin and interleukin 6 as biomarkers in patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract Because of an increasing incidence of malignant tumours of the head and neck there is an unmet medical need for early diagnosis of the primary disease or precancerous lesions, and timely detection of recurrence by simple non-invasive tests. The analysis of biomarkers in body fluids may be appropriate for this goal. In this review, we compare the data on utilization of neopterin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) measurements in saliva and plasma/serum of patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, indicating the suitability of using saliva as a diagnostic matrix in head and neck cancers on behalf of close anatomical proximity and a potential to study the tumour microenvironment. Salivary neopterin and IL-6 are potential biomarkers of head and neck cancer suitable not only for early diagnosis, but also for monitoring of treatment results and detection of the disease recurrence.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЛОКАЛЬНОГО ИММУННОГО ОТВЕТА И ИММУНОГИСТОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ МАРКЕРЫ ПРОГНОЗА ПРИ РАКЕ ШЕЙКИ МАТКИ

According to modern data, cervical cancer (CC) occupies one of the leading places in the structure of malignant neoplasms in women of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation; it is also the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide and the seventh in the general statistics of the incidence of human malignant tumors. Currently, there is a tendency towards an increase in the incidence of cervical cancer among young women, and therefore the problem of diagnosing and evaluating the prognosis of this tumor pathology is becoming increasingly important. The process of carcinogenesis in the cervix has a complex multifactorial nature and includes many biochemical mechanisms. To evaluate them various immunohistochemical markers are used. In order to determine the biological potential of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, the researchers have evaluated the role of the expression of p53, Ki67, cyclin D1 and CD45 proteins; these markers have also been supposed to be used as a tool for early cancer diagnosis. However, the data on the role of local immunity in assessing the invasive and metastatic potential of a malignant neoplasm are still extremely scarce. The article presents current literature data on the prognostic role of the expression of immunohistochemical markers in cervical cancer and the features of local immunity in cervical neoplasia.

Results of Application of Saturable Microspheres of Domestic Production in Locoregional Endovascular Treatment of Inoperable Patients with Malignant Liver Tumors

The incidence of malignant liver tumors is steadily increasing. Most patients are considered inoperable at the time of detection of a malignant liver lesion. In general, unsatisfactory liver function, comorbidities, bilobar lesion, extrahepatic metastasis allow performing radical treatment in not more than 20 % of cases. Thus, the majority of patients are indicated for other types of treatment, including endovascular locoregional techniques. Taking into account the implementation of the federal program for state support of import substitution in Russia, the creation and production of competitive products in the field of medicine, including for endovascular surgery, becomes relevant. The aim of this article was to study the properties, tolerability and safety of domestically produced saturable microspheres and evaluate the immediate results of transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of inoperable patients with primary and metastatic liver cancer. Within the framework of the State Scientific Program, clinical studies on the use of saturable microspheres produced in Russia were conducted. The results of treatment of 32 patients who underwent transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with the use of domestic microspheres “Sphere-Spectrum” at the N.N. Blokhin Research Institute of Oncology from January 2020 to October 2022 were analyzed. Of these, TACE was performed in 24 patients diagnosed with HCC, 5 patients with liver metastases of neuroendocrine tumors, and 3 patients with melanoma metastases. TACE was performed using microspheres with sizes 35–40 in dry (210–240 μm in saturated) 50–60 μm in dry (300–360 μm in saturated), 25 mg or 50 mg in one vial. A total of 40 endovascular procedures were performed in all 32 patients with malignant liver tumor lesions. In 11 of them (34.3 %) a single TACE session was sufficient to achieve an objective response. Partial response was observed in 21 (65.7 %) patients, including those with bilobar metastatic liver lesion. All patients tolerated treatment satisfactorily, the desired therapeutic effect was achieved in 26 (81.2 %) cases (taking into account repeated interventions). One patient (3.1 %) diagnosed with HCC had a complication in the form of liver abscess formation.

Differential diagnosis of follicular thyroid tumors using core-needle biopsy

Background. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the thyroid gland by 20%. In 2020, thyroid cancer was diagnosed in 586,202 people worldwide and caused 43,646 deaths. Diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma has stepped forward due to the introduction of fine needle aspiration biopsy into widespread practice, with the classification of cytological material according to the Bethesda system. However, one category of this classification traditionally remains a gray area of diagnosis. The detection of a follicular tumor in the cytological material (category IV according to Bethesda) does not allow one to reliably classify the formation as benign or malignant and requires surgical intervention. At the same time, in the vast majority of cases, the tumor is benign.Aim. To evaluate the possibilities of trephine biopsy for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant neoplasms of the thyroid gland in the cytological category Bethesda IV.Materials and methods. The study included 8 patients (2 men and 6 women) with a nodular thyroid gland and a cytological picture of a follicular tumor (Bethesda IV). The age of the patients ranged from 21 to 67 years, mean age 52.12±16.12. The sizes of nodule at US in three projections were accordingly 11,66±1,52; 11.33±1.15; 10.66±1.52 mm. Before the intervention, patients canceled drugs that affect the blood coagulation system. All patients underwent a trephine biopsy under ultrasound guidance with a mandatory assessment of blood supply in the mode of color Doppler mapping and power Dopplerography. Manipulation was performed along the midline of the neck through the isthmus of the thyroid gland. The material was taken from at least two sites, one through the tumor tissue, the other along the edge of the tumor with the capture of the capsule with a 18G needle. Additional biopsies were performed if a tumor site suspicious of malignancy was identified.Results. The results of trephine biopsy coincided in 8 cases (100%) with the results of an urgent and planned histological examination. The obtained data were regarded as highly informative in 5 cases (62.5%) and medium informative in 3 cases (37.5%). The material reliably assessed the morphological type of the tumor, the degree of vascularization of the capsule, the presence or absence of invasion into the capsule or vessels. Histological studies made it possible to assess the size of the follicles, the presence of colloid, cell polymorphism, mitoses, and the contents of the cytoplasm; evaluate cell atypia.Conclusion. In the future, trephine biopsy may become an additional opportunity to identify tumor-like formations in patients with follicular thyroid tumors.

Malignant eyelid tumors: epidemiology and clinical observation of patients in Moscow

Purpose: to assess the prevalence of primary malignant eyelid tumors and their prognostic features based on the materials of the ocular oncology department, Moscow Ophthalmological Center. Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of 10-year array (2010–2019) of documents of the Moscow Cancer Register, reports of the ocular oncology department of the Moscow ophthalmological center, S.P. Botkin State Clinical Hospital, and case histories of outpatients with malignant eyelid tumors, residing in Moscow. Results. Malignant ocular tumors were diagnosed in 3650 people. Of these, 75.29 % were eyelid tumors (2748 people). The most common malignant tumor was basal cell carcinoma (89.19 %), which was morphologically diagnosed and over the ten years showed an incidence increase of almost a third. The occurrence rate grows with age, with the peak observed between 70 and 79 years of life. Most often, the lower eyelid (64%) and the inner corner (22.14 %) are affected. Less common are tumors located in the upper eyelid (12.21 %) and at the lateral canthus — 2.3 %. Over 80 % of the relapses occurred at the T2–T3 stages, while only 18.2 % were eyelid skin cancers treated at the T1 stage. Tumors located in the inner corner of the palpebral fissure recurred up to 3 times more often than differently localized eyelid tumors. Conclusion. Malignant eyelid tumors are the most common of malignant ocular neoplasms, claiming ¾ of them. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type. The peak incidence falls upon the 7th and the 8th decades of life. An increase in the incidence of malignant tumors of the eyelids is observed. The special ophthalmic-oncological service facilitates the diagnostics, treatment and dispensary observation of patients after treatment, which contributes to the early detection of relapses.

Effects of perinatal exposure to bisphenol A on induction of prostate cancer in Sprague Dawley rats by MNU and testosterone

Perinatal and neonatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) has been linked to enhancement of prostate carcinogenesis in rats induced by combined treatment with estradiol and testosterone, but human data are lacking. This study aimed to determine the effects of perinatal BPA exposure on induction of prostate cancer in rats by sequential treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosamine (MNU) and continuous low dose administration of testosterone. Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to BPA administered by subcutaneous Alzet minipumps at doses of 2.5 or 25 µg/kg body weight/day from gestational day 9 until postnatal day 28 when pups were weaned providing exposure of offspring in utero and via the mother’s milk. At 10–12 weeks of age, one male offspring per litter was treated with an intraperitoneal injection of MNU after hormonal stimulation of prostatic cell proliferation followed two weeks later by subcutaneous insertion of Silastic implants containing testosterone until the termination of the study 57–58 weeks after MNU injection. The perinatal BPA exposure did not significantly affect the incidence of prostate carcinomas which was slightly lower in exposed rats (33–23 %) than in control animals (40 %). Carcinomas in all accessory sex glands combined were also insignificantly less frequent in exposed (46–48 %) than in control rats (60 %). The incidence of malignant tumors at any site in the body was significantly lower in exposed rats (81–65 %) than in controls (93 %). In conclusion, perinatal BPA exposure did not significantly modify prostate cancer induction by MNU plus testosterone in rats, unlike the enhancement of prostate carcinogenesis induced by treatments involving estradiol administration. Which of the two models of prostate carcinogenesis is more relevant for the human situation is unclear at present.

Clinical characteristics of 1330 elderly patients with voice diseases diagnosed by electronic laryngoscope

Objective:To investigate the clinical features of electronic laryngoscope in the diagnosis of senile voice diseases. Methods:Elderly patients who visited the outpatient department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from September 2014 to September 2018 were collected. All patients came in with hoarseness. All patients were routinely diagnosed by electronic laryngoscopy and the results were analyzed. Results:A total of 1330 elderly patients aged 60 years and over were enrolled in this study, including 924 males and 406 females. There are significant differences in the distribution of various voice diseases in different genders（P<0.05）. Among male elderly patients, the top three were: 239 cases of throat malignant tumor（25.87%）, 182 cases of vocal cord benign proliferative disease（19.70%）, 147 cases of vocal cord leukoplakia（15.91%）. Among female elderly patients, the top three diseases were: 183 cases（45.07%） of vocal cord benign proliferative disease, 70 cases（17.24%） of laryngitis, 66 cases（16.26%） of vocal cord paralysis. There were significant differences in the distribution of different voice disorders among the three different age groups of elderly patients. The top three elderly patients aged 60-69 years were: 298 cases（35.06%） of vocal cord benign proliferative diseases, 132 cases（15.53%） of laryngopharyngeal malignant tumors, 104 cases（12.24%） of vocal cord paralysis. The top three elderly patients aged 70-79 years were: 91 cases（24.20%） of laryngopharyngeal malignant tumors, 57 cases（15.16%） of vocal cord benign proliferative diseases, 55 cases（14.63%） of vocal cord paralysis. The top three elderly patients aged 80 years and above were: 25 cases（24.04%） of laryngopharyngeal malignant tumors, 21 cases（20.19%） of vocal cord paralysis, 16 cases（15.38%） of the vocal cords are not closed completely. There were also significant differences in the distribution of various voice diseases among smokers（P<0.05）. Conclusion:With the acceleration of the aging of society, we should pay more attention to the voice of the elderly. The most common disease in elderly women with hoarseness is benign hyperplastic vocal cord disease. The high incidence of laryngeal malignant tumors in elderly male hoarseness patients who smoke should be paid special attention to. Electronic laryngoscope plays an important role in the diagnosis of voice diseases in elderly patients.

Development of PD-1 / PD-L1 in the treatment of liver cancer

Liver cancer as the world ' s top five high incidence of malignant tumors, in the world, about 700,000 new cases of liver cancer patients each year, 1200000 deaths, in China, the incidence of liver cancer is also increasing year by year. As an immunotherapy, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibiting agent have shown certain advantages in the therapy of a variety of malignant tumors, but the quality of clinical treatment needs to be improved. Studies have shown that anti-angiogenic drugs and related treatments can synergistically improve the anti-cancer ability of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. By combing the principle and application status of programmed death-1 and programmed death ligand-1 inhibitors for liver cancer, it is expected to improve the prognosis of patients with advanced lung cancer, and to explore the concurrent immune-related adverse reactions and efficacy evaluation indicators, so as to better apply in clinical practice and achieve satisfactory therapeutic effects.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for treatment patients with rectal cancer with adverse prognostic factors: A review

Rectal cancer (RC) is one of the leading tumor location in the structure of the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the Russian Federation and the world. And the standard approach to the treatment of patients with locally advanced forms of RC is preoperative chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) with delayed surgery. The use of such sort of approach in the recent decades has led to the reduction of the frequency of local recurrence up to 10% and even less. However, approximately a third of patients die of distant metastases. In this regard, one of the main tasks in the treatment of patients with locally advanced forms of RC with adverse prognostic factors is the prevention of distant metastasis formation. Early initiation of the systemic therapy before surgery is aimed at solving this issue. Conducting neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) instead of CRT in RC treatment allows to avoid radiation reactions and injuries, occurring in some patients. Two-component oxaliplatin-containing regimens are the most well studied types of NCT in the treatment of patients with non-metastatic RC. In this connection, despite the differences in the treatment regimens and the number of cycles, a good tolerability of the method as well as no effect on the frequency of postoperative complications and in general a satisfactory results comparable to the effects of CRT were observed. The use of NCT in combination with targeted treatment modalities as well as three-component chemotherapy regimens are promising and encouraging treatment options for patients with RC with adverse prognostic factors.

Analysis of resource base of medical organizations in Saint Petersburg for patients with malignant tumors in 2014–2019

In developed countries, there is a steady increase in the incidence of malignant neoplasms. The health care system of St. Petersburg is tasked with improving the rates of treatment of malignant neoplasms. The main tasks for achieving the goals are to increase the availability of personnel at different levels of the health care system, as well as the staffing of specialized medical institutions that provide care to patients with malignant neoplasms. The purpose of this study is to assess the resource base of medical organizations in St. Petersburg as part of the provision of specialized inpatient care for patients suffering from malignant neoplasms. The data of the resource base of the system for the provision of specialized oncological care in St. Petersburg were studied for the period from 2014 to 2019. The indicator of the staffing of oncologist posts in the inpatient link with individuals had a significant increase over the analyzed period, a decrease in the number of employees was also noted, and an increase in the number of oncological beds in St. Petersburg.

Pancreatic cancer in chronic pancreatitis – the diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma; an overview of cases

Introduction: Any mass in chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a difficult diagnostic and therapeutic problem. The aim of the study is a) to use our own group to determine the actual incidence of non-malignant masses in CP where any mass is highly suspected of being malignant; and b) to determine the actual incidence of malignant tumors in CP. Methods: We present a retrospective analysis of our group of patients operated in 2015–2019 for CP, a mass in CP and suspected malignancy in the mass in CP. Additionally, we present difficult cases in terms of preoperative diagnosis. Results: Thirty-three of 340 (9.7%) pancreatic resection were done due to any form of chronic pancreatitis in 2015–2019. A mass in the pancreatic head was present in 16 (48%) patients; of these, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) was suspected in 10 (62%) patients based on EUS, CT or PETCT, and also based on positive tissue diagnosis using EUS-FNA in 6 cases. Bypass or Frey procedure were done in 59 patients (HJA, PJA, Frey). Preoperative tissue sampling was done in 8 (13%) patients and malignancy was suspected in 25%. Intraoperatively, malignancy was confirmed only in one patient assessed as non-malignant in the preoperative period. The clinical course in 3 other patients undergoing HJA, although tumor-free at the time of the surgery, indicated PDAC in CP. Conclusion: The ability to detect malignant cells in a mass in CP remains poor even using all of the available sophisticated methods and the success depends on many variable factors. The rate of “unnecessary” right-sided resections of a mass in CP reached 48% in our patient group, while the rate of resections which should have been performed instead of bypass procedures was 7%. A certain percentage of the so-called excessive pancreatic resections, as well as the failure to perform a resection due to an undetected/unrecognized pancreatic tumor in CP should continue to be expected.

The Recent Development of Multifunctional Gold Nanoclusters in Tumor Theranostic and Combination Therapy.

The rising incidence and severity of malignant tumors threaten human life and health, and the current lagged diagnosis and single treatment in clinical practice are inadequate for tumor management. Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are nanomaterials with small dimensions (≤3 nm) and few atoms exhibiting unique optoelectronic and physicochemical characteristics, such as fluorescence, photothermal effects, radiosensitization, and biocompatibility. Here, the three primary functions that AuNCs play in practical applications, imaging agents, drug transporters, and therapeutic nanosystems, are characterized. Additionally, the promise and remaining limitations of AuNCs for tumor theranostic and combination therapy are discussed. Finally, it is anticipated that the information presented herein will serve as a supply for researchers in this area, leading to new discoveries and ultimately a more widespread use of AuNCs in pharmaceuticals.

Research progress on the therapeutic effect and mechanism of metformin for lung cancer (Review).

Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer and the leading cause of cancer‑associated death worldwide. Despite the availability of various treatments such as surgery, chemoradiotherapy, targeted drugs and immunotherapy, treatment is expensive and the prognosis remains poor. At present, lung cancer drugs and treatment programs remain in a state of continuous exploration and research to improve the prognosis, and to reduce the pain and economic burden for the patients. Type2 diabetes is a common chronic disease in middle‑aged and elderly patients, leading to significantly increased complications of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Epidemiology shows that type2 diabetes also increases the incidence of malignant tumors, including lung, liver, colorectal and pancreatic cancer. Metformin is a biguanide, widely used as a first‑line oral drug in treating type2 diabetes. Metformin has a hypoglycemic effect and a biological antitumor impact, reducing the incidence of various tumors, including lung cancer, and improving the prognosis of patients with tumors. The anti‑lung cancer effect of metformin involves a variety of mechanisms that can improve the therapeutic effect and prognosis of lung cancer, as a single drug or in combination with other therapies. The present study aims to review the associated literature and the therapeutic effects of metformin on lung cancer.

The epidemiology of adults' eyelid malignancies in Germany between 2009 and 2015; An analysis of 42,710 patients' data.

We report the incidence of malignant tumors of the eyelid in Germany between 2009 and 2015. Data pertaining to the period between 2009 and 2015 were extracted from the German Cancer Registry. The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology-3 codes for tumors of the eyelid or canthus were used to identify incidence rates and survival probabilities. Crude and age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) were calculated by age, year, and gender and the individual federated states. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meyer and Life tables methods, and COX-Regression was used to calculate hazard ratios for overall and cancer-specific survival. This study examined data pertaining to 42,710 patients who had been diagnosed with malignant tumors of the eyelid. Basal cell carcinoma was by far the most common tumor of the eyelid (87.1%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (10.1%) and malignant melanoma (1.1%). ASRs of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma were 65.1, 7.49, and 0.83 per million, respectively. Sebaceous cell carcinoma did not appear to be of high prevalence in Germany. Cancer-specific survival was generally high, exceeding 95%. The overall survival of patients with melanoma was considerably lower than those with other cancers. Both survival rates were inferior to that of basal cell carcinoma (74.9%). Cancer-Specific survival at five years for all groups exceeded 95%. The incidence rates of malignant lid tumors match that of the European countries but shows a different pattern than Asian countries.

Incidence of cancer and related deaths in hemoglobinopathies: A follow-up of 4631 patients between1970 and 2021.

The correlation between thalassemia and malignancies other than hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the possible relationship between other hemoglobinopathies and tumor risk have been poorly evaluated. Eight Italian specialized centers evaluated the incidence of malignant neoplasms in hemoglobinopathies as well as their sites and features. The study cohort included 4631 patients followed between 1970 and 2021 (transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia, 55.6%; non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia, 17.7%; sickle cell disease, 17.6%; hemoglobin H disease, 8.3%). A total of 197 diagnoses of cancer were reported (incidence rate, 442 cases per 100,000 person-years). The liver was the most frequent site of tumors in both sexes, with a higher incidence (190 cases per 100,000 person-years) in comparison with the general population found in all types of hemoglobinopathies (except hemoglobin H disease). In recent years, tumors have become the second cause of death in patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia. A lower risk of breast and prostate cancer was observed in the whole group of patients with hemoglobinopathies. The first cancer diagnoses dated back to the 1980s, and the incidence rate sharply increased after the 2000s. However, although the incidence rate of cancers of all sites but the liver continued to show an increasing trend, the incidence of HCC showed stability. These findings provide novel insights into the relationship between cancer and hemoglobinopathies and suggest that the overall risk is not increased in these patients. HCC has been confirmed as the most frequent tumor, but advances in chelation and the drugs that have led to the eradication of hepatitis C may explain the recent steadiness in the number of diagnoses that is reported here.

Mediating Role of Lifestyle Behaviors in the Association between Education and Cancer: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

Many studies have shown that socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with the incidence of malignant tumors at different sites. This study aims to estimate the association between educational level (as proxy for SEP) and cancer incidence and to understand whether the observed associations might be partially explained by lifestyle behaviors. The analyses were performed on data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study, globally and by sex. We used Cox proportional hazards models together with mediation analysis to disentangle the total effect (TE) of educational level [measured through the Relative Index of Inequality (RII)] on cancer incidence into pure direct (PDE) and total indirect (TIE) effect, unexplained and explained by mediators, respectively. PDE and TIE were then combined to compute the proportions mediated (PM). After an average of 14 years of follow-up, 52,422 malignant tumors were ascertained. Low educated participants showed higher risk of developing stomach, lung, kidney (in women), and bladder (in men) cancers, and, conversely, lower risk of melanoma and breast cancer (in post-menopausal women), when compared with more educated participants. Mediation analyses showed that portions of the TE of RII on cancer could be explained by site-specific related lifestyle behaviors for stomach, lung, and breast (in women). Cancer incidence in Europe is determined at least in part by a socioeconomically stratified distribution of risk factors. These observational findings support policies to reduce cancer occurrence by altering mediators, such as lifestyle behaviors, particularly focusing on underprivileged strata of the population.

Application of tumor-educated platelets as new fluid biopsy markers in various tumors.

The incidence of malignant tumors is increasing year by year. Early detection and diagnosis of malignant tumors can improve the prognosis of patients and prolong their life. Pathological biopsy is the current gold standard for diagnosis, but the results of pathological biopsy are affected by the sampling site and cannot fully reflect the nature of the disease. Moreover, the invasive nature of pathological biopsy limits repeated detection. Liquid biopsies are non-invasive and can be used for early detection and monitoring of tumors, which considered to represent a promising tool. Platelets make themselves to be one of the richest liquid biopsy sources by the capacity to take up proteins and nucleic acids and alter their megakaryocyte-derived transcripts and proteins in response to external signals, which are called tumor-educated platelets (TEPs). In this article, we will review the application of tumor-educated platelets in various malignancies (nasopharyngeal carcinoma, prostate cancer, lung cancer, glioblastoma, colorectal cancer, pancreas cancer, ovarian cancer, sarcoma, breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma) and provide theoretical basis for the research of TEPs in tumor diagnosis, monitoring and treatment.

CXCL2 acts as a prognostic biomarker and associated with immune infiltrates in stomach adenocarcinoma.

Background:STAD ranked 5th most common in the incidence of malignant tumors and 3rd most common in the death rate of cancer worldwide. CXC chemokines affect the biological progress of various tumors, resulting in therapeutic failure. The role of CXCL2 in STAD was still a mystery.Methods:The expression, prognostic value, and clinical function of CXCL2 were analyzed using several online bioinformatics tools and clinical tissues.Results:CXCL2 level was significantly upregulated in STAD tissues. Strong correlation was obtained between CXCL2 level and immune cells as well as immune biomarkers. High CXCL2 expression in STAD was correlated with a favorable prognosis. Further analysis revealed that CXCL2, pTNM stage and age were independent factors affecting the prognosis of STAD patients. A predictive nomogram indicated that the calibration plots for the 1-year, 3-year and 5-year OS rates were predicted relatively well compared with an ideal model in the entire cohort. Validation analysis revealed that CXCL2 expression was upregulated in STAD and high CXCL2 level had a better overall survival. CXCL2 was associated with resistance to numerous drugs or small molecules in STAD.Conclusions:We identified CXCL2 as a novel therapeutic target and associated with immune infiltration in STAD.

Impact of Transcript (p16/p14ARF) Alteration on Cancer Risk in CDKN2A Germline Pathogenic Variant Carriers.

Few studies have evaluated the relationship between CDKN2A germline pathogenic variants (GPV), transcript (p16/p14ARF) alteration, and cancer risk. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) comparing cancer risk with the general population were calculated for 385 CDKN2A GPV carriers from 2 large cohorts (259 United States and 126 Swedish individuals) using Poisson regression; statistical significance was defined as P less than .002 (Bonferroni correction). Cumulative incidence is reported for melanoma and nonmelanoma cancer. Incidence was increased for melanoma (SIR = 159.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 132.1 to 193.2), pancreatic cancer (SIR = 24.1, 95% CI = 14.7 to 39.4), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SIR = 16.2, 95% CI = 9.5 to 27.6), and lung cancer (SIR = 5.6, 95% CI = 3.4 to 9.1) in GPV carriers. Similar associations were observed with p16 alteration. Combined p16 and p14ARF alteration was associated with increased incidence of esophageal cancer (SIR = 16.7, 95% CI = 5.7 to 48.9) and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (SIR = 113.0, 95% CI = 16.4 to 780.9), although cancer events were limited (n < 5 for each malignancy). Cumulative incidence at age 70 years for melanoma and nonmelanoma cancer was 68.3% (95% CI = 68.0% to 68.6%) and 35.2% (95% CI = 34.9% to 35.6%), respectively. A total 89% of smoking-related cancers (lung, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, pancreatic, esophageal) occurred in ever smokers. These findings highlight the impact of p16 and p14ARF alteration on cancer risk. Smoking was an important risk factor for smoking-related cancers in our study.