Incidence Of Malignant Tumors Research Articles

Discovery of potential novel CRBN modulators by virtual screening and bioassay

The incidence of malignant tumor with high mortality is increasing yearly. CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase was proved to be an antitumor target. It was found that thalidomide and its analogs could bind to CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase and modulate CRBN. CRBN modulators could promote the binding of CRBN to specific target proteins or block the binding of CRBN to some endogenous proteins. In this way, CRBN modulators suppress various tumor cells by modulating the interactions between CRBN and various antitumor target proteins. However, almost all CRBN modulators reported include glutarimide scaffold. Therefore, the aim of this study is to developed novel CRBN modulators. Virtual screening methods and bioassay methods, including structural similarity search, molecular docking, substructure search, antitumor evaluation and apoptosis assay were used to search novel potential CRBN modulators in Specs database. Finally, 15 compounds exhibited strong inhibition activity against A549 cells. Among these active compounds, The IC50 value against A549 of AG6033 was 0.853 ± 0.030 μM. Apoptosis assay demonstrated that AG6033 could promote apoptosis of A549 cells. Further mechanism studies suggested that AG6033 caused remarkable decrease of GSPT1 and IKZF1, the substrates of CRBN, and AG6033 induced cytotoxic effects was CRBN-dependent.

DYNAMICS OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS OF THE HEAD AND NECK IN THE WORLD AND THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Relevance: According to GLOBOCAN 2020, the number of newly reported head and neck tumors worldwide, without division by sex and age, was 369,980 cases, with the number of deaths – of 367,285 people. The incidence of malignant neoplasms (MN) of the head and neck is growing steadily in the Republic of Uzbekistan and worldwide. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, the head and neck MN prevalence increased in realistic figures from 2,906 cases in 2016 to 2,951 points in 2020, with a growth of 45 cases compared to 2016.
 The study aimed to assess the epidemiological trends of head and neck tumors globally and in the Republic of Uzbekistan from 2015
 to 2020.
 Materials and Methods: The global situation with head and neck tumors was analyzed based on GLOBOCAN data. The object of the
 study was statistical data on all cases of head and neck malignancies in the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the reported data provided by oncological institutions, according to the adopted state form of accounting and reporting documentation Ministry of Health of the
 Republic of Uzbekistan No. 7ССВ "Information on diseases of malignant neoplasms." In the Republic of Uzbekistan, an assessment of the incidence, prevalence, and mortality from MN of the head and neck was carried out with the definition of trends and the average annual average age of patients with head and neck tumors.
 Results: World trends in morbidity and mortality from head and neck malignancies show differences depending on the territories and the level of economic development. In 2020, 13,552 deaths from head and neck malignancies were recorded in Uzbekistan (including 6323
 and 7229 male and female patients, respectively). The mortality rate from head and neck malignancies per 100,000 population of the Republic of Uzbekistan was 40.0‱₀, being 0.35% higher than in 2019 and 28.7% higher than in 2009.
 Conclusion: Analysis of the epidemiological situation regarding head and neck malignancies in the Republic of Uzbekistan showed an increase in this disease. This determines the need for further research on the diagnostics of head and neck malignancies

DYNAMICS OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS
 OF THE HEAD AND NECK IN THE WORLD AND THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Relevance: According to GLOBOCAN 2020, the number of newly reported cases of head and neck tumors worldwide, without division by
 sex and age, was 369,980 cases, with the number of deaths – 367,285 people. The incidence of malignant neoplasms (MN) of the head and neck
 is growing steadily in the Republic of Uzbekistan and worldwide. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, the head and neck MN prevalence increased in
 natural figures from 2,906 cases in 2016 to 2,951 cases in 2020, with a growth by 45 cases compared to 2016.
 The study aimed to assess the epidemiological trends of head and neck tumors in the world and the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2015-2020.
 Materials and Methods: The global situation with head and neck tumors was analyzed based on GLOBOCAN data. The object of the study was
 statistical data on all cases of head and neck malignancies in the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the reported data provided by oncological institutions, according to the adopted state form of accounting and reporting documentation Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 7ССВ
 “Information on diseases of malignant neoplasms.” In the Republic of Uzbekistan, an assessment of the incidence, prevalence, and mortality from MN
 of the head and neck was carried out with the definition of trends and the average annual average age of patients with head and neck tumors.
 Results: World trends in morbidity and mortality from head and neck malignancies show differences depending on the territories and the level
 of economic development. In 2020, 13,552 deaths from head and neck malignancies were recorded in Uzbekistan (including 6323 and 7229 in male
 and female patients, respectively). The mortality rate from head and neck malfunctions per 100,000 population of the Republic of Uzbekistan was
 40.0‱₀, which is 0.35% higher than in 2019 and 28.7% higher than in 2009.
 Conclusion: Analysis of the epidemiological situation in terms of head and neck malignancies in the Republic of Uzbekistan showed a tendency
 towards an increase in this disease. This determines the need for further research on the diagnostics of head and neck malignancies.

Main directions of detection of malignant neoplasms of leading localizations in rural municipal districts

Introduction. The leading localizations of malignant neoplasms in terms of detection frequency in Russia are breast cancer (BC) and uterine cancer by women (RTM) — 51.8 and 18.3%, accordingly, by men — lung cancer (RL) and prostate cancer (PC) — 47.4 and 41.4%, respectively. Study objective was the identification of the main reasons of the high level of neglect of cancer of the leading localizations among residents of rural municipalities of the Chelyabinsk region. Material and methods. The study was carried out on the general population of people living in 5 rural municipal districts of the Chelyabinsk region, included by the Ministry of Health of the region in the Magnitogorsk oncological cluster, with malignant neoplasms of the mammary gland and the body of the uterus, lung and prostate gland (total 1696 observation units). Results. During medical examinations in basic rural municipal areas, the detection of breast cancer and RTM is in the range from 0.1 to 0.3 cases and 0.04 to 0.1 cases per 100 examined women, prostate cancer — 0.04-0.1 per 100 examined men. In medical examination suits, the detection is even lower — from 0.005 to 0.03 cases and 0.007 to 0.02 cases per 100 women and 0.01 to 0.05 cases per 100 men. The levels of cancer detection in rural areas are substantially lower than similar indicators among the urban population. Only when RL is detected, medical examinations of the rural population do not lag behind the indicators of the townspeople in their effectiveness. Discussion. The oncological epidemiological situation in municipal areas of the Magnitogorsk oncological cluster can be characterized as extremely unsatisfactory, due to a lower level of registered morbidity than in the city and to the low efficiency of active methods for detecting cancer. Conclusion. The lower incidence of malignant neoplasms in rural areas compared to urban indicators is due to the low efficiency of active methods for detecting neoplasms. The main way to identify malignant neoplasms of the leading localizations, with the exception of individual years of follow-up, is the independent appeal of rural patients to an oncologist, which causes a high level of neglect.

Synthesis and characterization of berberine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for the protection of urethane-induced lung cancer

Lung cancer is one of the most common types of malignant tumors of the respiratory system and has the highest rates of incidence and mortality of malignant tumors. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize berberine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (BBR-COSNPs) and to evaluate their protective effects against urethane-induced lung cancer. Forty male albino mice were divided into four groups, with the first serving as a negative control and the other three groups were injected intraperitoneally with urethane (1 mg/kg b.w) each other day for 1 week then group 2 was served as a positive control, however, groups 3 and 4 were treated orally with a daily dose of BBR or BBR-COSNPs (75 mg/kg b.w) for 10 consecutive weeks. Blood and lung tissue samples are collected for laboratory assay. The BBR-COSNPs were spherical, with an average particle size of 45.56 nm and zeta potential of 39.82 1.82 mV. The in vivo data demonstrated that mice given urethane alone had a significant increase in MDA, NO, NF-κB level, HIF1-α, and COX-2-positive expression in the lung tissue and serum VEGFR2, ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine accompanied with a significant decrease in GSH, SOD, caspase 9 in the lung tissue and serum BAX. Co-treatment with BBR-COSNPs suppressed lung cancer growth and promoted apoptosis by modulating serum BAX and lung caspase 9 gene expressions. In addition, BBR-COSNPs inhibited tumor angiogenesis by reduction in levels of serum VEGFR2 and lung HIF 1 gene expression. It is possible to conclude that BBR-COSNPs can be used in oral administration formulations for lunganticancer therapy.

Assessment of carcinogenic risk caused by elevated 3,4-benz(a)pyrene concentration in soils in an industrial city

Apparent destructive changes in soils typically occur in residential areas within urbanized ecological systems formed in large industrial cities. Elevated concentrations of super-toxicants and xenobiotics in soils, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons included, create high potential health risks for city population. Our research goal was to assess the carcinogenic risk caused by elevated 3,4-benz(a)pyrene concentrations in soils in Taganrog, an industrial city with its population being about 250 thousand people located in Rostov region. The assessment included individual and population risks. There are two basic reasons which make the research vital. First of all, 3,4-benz(a)pyrene contents in soils in residential areas exceed hygienic standards. Secondly, the incidence of malignant neoplasms has been stably high in the city. We analyzed the results of determining 3,4-benz(a)pyrene concentrations in 384 soil samples taken in 2013–2020 at 19 monitoring posts (located within residential areas close to crossroads with intense traffic, recreational zones, and areas around preschool children facilities). 3,4-benz(a)pyrene was established to be the priority pollutant in soils in the city with its share contribution to the complex pollution index (Csoil) being 55.25 %. 3,4-benz(a)pyrene concentrations were higher than maximum permissible ones in 65.63 % of all the examined soil samples; its average and maximum concentrations were equal to 2.298 and 45.525 MPC accordingly. We assessed the individual multi-route carcinogenic risk (CR) caused by elevated 3,4-benz(a)pyrene concentrations in soils. The risk turned out to be high (2.4606•10–3) and inhalation introduction was established as the priority one (94.84 %).

Оценка канцерогенного риска, обусловленного повышенным содержанием 3,4-бенз(а)пирена в почве промышленного города

Apparent destructive changes in soils typically occur in residential areas within urbanized ecological systems formed in large industrial cities. Elevated concentrations of super-toxicants and xenobiotics in soils, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons included, create high potential health risks for city population. Our research goal was to assess the carcinogenic risk caused by elevated 3,4-benz(a)pyrene concentrations in soils in Taganrog, an industrial city with its population being about 250 thousand people located in Rostov region. The assessment included individual and population risks. There are two basic reasons which make the research vital. First of all, 3,4-benz(a)pyrene contents in soils in residential areas exceed hygienic standards. Secondly, the incidence of malignant neoplasms has been stably high in the city. We analyzed the results of determining 3,4-benz(a)pyrene concentrations in 384 soil samples taken in 2013–2020 at 19 monitoring posts (located within residential areas close to crossroads with intense traffic, recreational zones, and areas around preschool children facilities). 3,4-benz(a)pyrene was established to be the priority pollutant in soils in the city with its share contribution to the complex pollution index (Csoil) being 55.25 %. 3,4-benz(a)pyrene concentrations were higher than maximum permissible ones in 65.63 % of all the examined soil samples; its average and maximum concentrations were equal to 2.298 and 45.525 MPC accordingly. We assessed the individual multi-route carcinogenic risk (CR) caused by elevated 3,4-benz(a)pyrene concentrations in soils. The risk turned out to be high (2.4606•10–3) and inhalation introduction was established as the priority one (94.84 %).

A narrative review on the research progress of gonadal function protection in children with cancer.

Background and ObjectiveThe global incidence of malignant tumors in children (0–14 years) and adolescents (15–19 years) ranges between 95 per 1 million and 255 per 1 million, which seriously affects the survival of patients. In the past 30 years, with the application of comprehensive treatments (including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and bone marrow transplantation), great progress has been made in the treatment of malignant tumors in children and adolescents. The 5-year survival rate now exceeds 80%, and most patients can smoothly enter adolescence or the reproductive period. However, due to the particular age of patients with malignant tumors in children and adolescents, treatment may cause abnormal growth of the patient’s height, bones, and some vital organs (such as the pituitary gland and reproductive organs). Treatment may also cause abnormal secretion of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and sex hormones. These complications seriously affect the quality of life of tumor patients. In the past ten years, countries have established long-term follow-up specifications for children with tumors. These programs have found that, in adulthood, 67% to 75% of children who survived having tumors have at least one treatment-related complication. Among patients receiving chemotherapy, gonadal dysfunction is the most common related endocrine dysfunction.MethodsThis paper reviews the literature on fertility protection services for cancer patients in foreign countries was conducted to provide a reference for developing gonadal protection services for cancer patients and for establishing consensus or guidelines on gonadal protection in China.Key Content and FindingsIn the treatment of childhood cancer, the assistance of reproductive technology can effectively reduce the occurrence of complications from treatment.ConclusionsTherefore, minimizing the effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on the growth and endocrine of children and adolescents while treating tumors is a new challenge for oncologists.

Correlation analysis between CD133, Klk3 and grhl2 expression and tumor characteristics in prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is a common clinical disease in men. It is known that prostate cancer ranks 3rd in the incidence of malignant tumors of the male genitourinary system in China, which is able to evaluate the riskiness of life expectancy of male patients. Therefore, we investigated the expression of CD133, recombinant human kallikrein 3 (Klk3), grainy head like 2 (grhl2) in prostate cancer, and correlation with tumor characteristics in the present study. A total of 167 prostate cancer patients who underwent surgical treatment in our hospital from February 2017 to April 2021 were selected. Their cancer and adjacent tissues were resected, and CD133 was detected by double staining using immunohistochemistry, Klk3 and grhl2 were detected by RT-PCR analysis, and CD133, Klk3 were analyzed by Pearson's method in different clinical stages, Gleason grade Correlation of grhl2 with tumor characteristics. The expression of CD133, KLK3, and GRHL2 in cancer tissue was increased compared with adjacent tissue (P < 0.05). The expression of CD133, KLK3, and GRHL2 increased with the aggravation of the clinical stage and Gleason grade (P < 0.05). CD133, KLK3, and GRHL2 showed a positive correlation in prostate cancer. The Pearson method found a positive correlation between CD133, KLK3, GRHL2 and clinical stage, Gleason grade, and lymph node metastasis. In general, high CD133, Klk3, and grhl2 expression was observed in prostate cancer and increased with the disease. They presented a positive correlation in prostate cancer presence, and these three gene products correlated with tumor characteristics.

Relationship between comorbid pathology and tumor progression. Morphological portrayal of internal organs in modeling the growth of Guerin’s carcinoma under diabetic conditions

Topicality. An increase in the incidence of malignant tumors progressing against the background of various comorbid pathologies determines the need to study the mutual influence of pathological processes using experimental modeling. Such models, for example, can reproduce the tumor growth modified by the comorbid condition of diabetes mellitus, the incidence rate of which is now increasing exponentially. In this case, a clear demonstration of changes in the structure of organs outside the zone of the primary tumor node, using data on the direct growth of the tumor and the content of diabetes markers therein and in the perifocal zone, can serve as an evidence-based argument for the implementation of the mechanism of modified tumor progression. The aim of our research work is to assess the state of the histological structure of some internal organs (the kidneys, the ovaries, the peritoneum) when modeling the main pathological process in animals, the growth of Guerin’s carcinoma, against the background of a comorbid state of experimental diabetes. Materials and methods. We used 32 outbred male and female rats weighing 180-220 g to reproduce the model of experimental diabetes by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan at a dosage of 150 mg/kg of body weight. One week after the production of persistent hyperglycemia in the range of 25.4±1.2 mmol/l, the animals were transplanted with Guerin’s carcinoma subcutaneously in the region of the right shoulder blade. Upon expiration of 2 weeks, the animals were decapitated, and the harvested organs were prepared according to the practice stages of morphological preparation for staining sections with hematoxylin-eosin, followed by morphological examination of the structure with the use of the Leica DM LS2 microscope with the Olympus optical. C-5050 Zoom video camera and the Morfotest software. Photographing was carried out with magnification x10, x40, x100. Results. Our study of the morphological portrayal of the ovary, the kidney, the visceral and parietal peritoneum bears witness to the identity of the changes, consisting in a total metastatic lesion and abnormal transformation of the normal structure of all the studied organs only in the female rats, when modeling the comorbid state of diabetes mellitus. At the same time, the aggressive nature of the tumor progression was manifested in the blood filling of the vessels and hemorrhage, followed by the release of tumor cells, their settlement, the enhanced proliferation, the formation of strands and compaction of cell aggregations throughout the volume of the organ. Some gender specific features of the tumor progression were noted, which were found in the female rats along the path of active metastasizing in case of small primary tumors, and in the male rats along the path of stimulating the growth of the primary focus without metastasizing. It was revealed that these differences are associated with different degrees of saturation of the tumor and perifocal zone with glucose, and they are determined by the state of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis. Conclusion. Morphological examination of the organs affected by metastatic Guerin’s carcinoma in the female rats with diabetes mellitus makes it possible to detect not only the synergy of both pathological processes, but also a powerful pro-oncogenic effect of the comorbid state of diabetes in the implementation of the tumor growth program.

АНАЛИЗ ВОЗРАСТНЫХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ ЗЛОКАЧЕСТВЕННЫМИ НОВООБРАЗОВАНИЯМИ ГОРТАНИ

Objectives. To analyze the main age-specific data of the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the larynx in the Republic of Belarus during 2000-2019. Material and methods. The age indicators of the incidence were compared for the entire population and differentiated by sex and area of residence in 2000-2004 and 2015-2019. The distribution according to the stages was studied during 2000-2019 for the entire population and differentiated by sex and area of residence, as well as separately for people of working age. Results. The highest incidence was observed in age groups from 55 to 74 years for the entire population both in 2000-2004 and in 2015-2019. The peak incidence was noted in the age groups from 60 to 64 years both in 2015-2019 (23.3 per 100,000) and in 2000-2004 (19.8 per 100,000). The increase of the incidence occurred in the age groups 55 years and older. The largest increase of the incidence was 1.3 in the group of people aged 60-64 years in 2015-2019 compared to 2000-2004. The growth rate was more pronounced among rural residents in comparison with the urban ones. The average age of patients in 2000-2004 was 60.1 years, whereas in 2015-2019 it was 61.2 years. The average proportion of cases of malignant larynx neoplasms diagnosed at stages I-II made up 46% with some regional fluctuations. Conclusions. The age-specific distribution of the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the larynx in the Republic of Belarus did not undergo any significant changes during 2000-2019. The highest incidence rates were noted in the age groups from 55 to 74 years. An increase of the incidence was noted in people aged 55 and over. The proportion of cases of malignant neoplasms of the larynx of stage III-IV exceeded that of cases of stage I-II throughout the whole study period.

Incidence of malignant neoplasms and mortality in people affected by multiple sclerosis in the epoch of disease-modifying treatments: A population-based study on Tuscan residents

BackgroundConflicting data are currently available on the risk of malignancies in people affected by multiple sclerosis (pwMS), and the potential relative contribution to this risk of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) is still debated. Moreover, data on the long-term prognosis of pwMS mostly derive from natural history studies and updated observations during the treatment era are lacking. MethodsIncidence of cancer and mortality were analysed in a pwMS cohort of residents of Tuscany over a 17-year period of observation during the treatment era and compared with the rates observed in a 1:10 sex- and age-matched control population resident in the same geographical area. ResultsSix-hundred and sixty-one pwMS were included; median age 43 years (range 19–80); 87% affected by relapsing-remitting MS. Sixty-eight percent of the cases were exposed to DMTs over the study period. Age and sex standardized incidence of malignancy did not differ between the groups: 3.9 × 1000 (95% confidence interval, CI, 3.75–4.15) person-years and 4.1 × 1000 (95% CI 3.76–4.42) person-years in the MS and control cohorts, respectively. The most frequent cancers reported in pwMS were breast, gastrointestinal and gynaecological cancers. Standardized mortality rates were 2.0 × 1000 person-years (95% CI 1.58–2.37) and 2.4 × 1000 (95% CI 2.03–2.78) person-years in the MS and control cohorts, respectively, and did not differ between groups, also after excluding traumatic cause-of-death (1.6 vs 1.7). ConclusionsThe incidence of cancer and mortality did not differ between pwMS and the general population residing in the same geographical area, suggesting that life expectancy of pwMS has improved over the treatment era.

Dynamics of the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the Republic of Tatarstan for the period from 1993 to 1998

The basic laws of malignant tumor formations in rural and industrial regions in Tatarstan Republic comparing with the world standards are analyzed. The increase of the malignant tumor incidence especially among women more often than among men is noted. The growth of the malignant tumor incidence in rural regions is significantly higher than in industrial regions. The predominance of the malignant tumors of lung, stomach and mammory gland is noted.

Environmental aspects of the carcinogenic situation in developed industrial region

The cancerous situation in Tatarstan Republic, in particular, the data on the disease incidence, mortality are estimated. The data on the content of some toxic substances in environment are analyzed. The necessity of studying the role of anthropogenous factors in population health formation is emphasized. The use of geochemical investigation methods in medicine is necessary to solve the topical problem to reveal the relation between environmental pollution and growth of the malignant tumor incidence.

Extracellular Vesicles Promote the Formation of Pre-Metastasis Niche in Gastric Cancer.

Globally, gastric cancer (GC) ranks fourth in the incidence of malignant tumors. The early clinical manifestations of GC lack specificity. Most patients are already at an advanced stage when they are first diagnosed, and their late progression is mainly due to peritoneal metastasis. A pre-metastatic microenvironment is formed, before the macroscopic tumor metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanovesicles released by cells into body fluids. Recent studies have shown that EVs can affect the tumor microenvironment by carrying cargos to participate in cell-to-cell communication. EVs derived from GC cells mediate the regulation of the pre-metastasis niche and act as a coordinator between tumor cells and normal stroma, immune cells, inflammatory cells, and tumor fibroblasts to promote tumor growth and metastasis. This review highlights the regulatory role of EVs in the pre-metastatic niche of GC and mulls EVs as a potential biomarker for liquid biopsy.

Analysis of the incidence of thyroid cancer in the population of the Oryol Region

The article presents the results of a study of the oncological morbidity of the population of the Orel region, including thyroid cancer (prostate cancer). After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power Plant (Chernobyl NPP), particularly rapid rates of increase in the incidence of breast cancer were detected among the children (at the time of the accident) population. According to experts dealing with the problem of breast cancer, in addition to direct radiation exposure, a significant contribution could be made due to screening (that is, increased detectability as a result of mass examinations using ultrasound diagnostics), the presence of iodine deficiency in these territories, improper iodine prevention after an accident. The purpose is to analyze the problems of the prevalence of cancer in the country; to study the incidence of thyroid cancer in the population of the country and the Orel region and to present an analysis of the incidence of thyroid cancer in the Orel region in comparison with other regions. The materials of the study were generalized official data of annual medical statistics (Forms No., No. 7, 35), in dynamics from 1981 to 2019. The analysis of the incidence of thyroid cancer in the territories exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident was carried out. As of 2019, the Orel region was on the 16th place out of 85 possible in the incidence of malignant neoplasms (ZNO). The incidence rate was 546.9 cases per 100 thousand population, which is significantly higher than the incidence rate in the Russian Federation. Over a 38-year period (from 1981 to 2019), the incidence of prostate cancer per 100 thousand population of the Orel region increased 6.5 times. Among the regions affected by the Chernobyl accident, the Orel region also occupies a leading position in terms of the incidence of prostate cancer. The increased incidence of adult breast cancer is associated, apparently, with a change in the conditions of dispensary observation. According to the National Register, the doses of thyroid radiation among the children’s population at the time of the Chernobyl disaster in the Bryansk region reach 300–400 mGr, in the Orel region, the doses of thyroid radiation among the children’s population are significantly less and do not exceed 30 mGr. A retrospective radiological and epidemiological analysis showed that about 30 % of thyroid cancer cases in children in the Bryansk region were caused by ¹³¹I irradiation during the Chernobyl accident. In the Orel region, the role of the radiation factor in the dynamics of the incidence of thyroid cancer in children has not been confirmed. Thus, one of the most significant problems in the radiation-contaminated territories, to which the Orel region belongs, is the steady increase in the number of patients with prostate cancer. At the same time, the main contribution to the increase in indicators was made due to screening (for example, an increased probability of detection due to the use of ultrasound diagnostics for large-scale examinations), and, to a lesser extent, due to direct radiation exposure, iodine deficiency and insufficient prevention after an accident.

Standardized data on the incidence and mortality of female and male breast cancers in Hungary between 2000 and 2016.

The incidence of malignant cancers is continuously growing. In breast cancers, the incidence and clinical course are greatly different in the two genders. We aimed to investigate the incidence and mortality of breast cancers in females and males in Hungary between 2000 and 2016. The data derived from the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and the National Cancer Registry were evaluated and standardized for 100000 inhabitants. In Hungary, the elevation of breast cancer incidence (39%) showed a similar extent as that of total tumours (34%). In female breast cancers representing a much greater percent (8.7% in 2016) than that in males (0.22%), the increase was significant (39%) as in males (60 %). On the other hand, mortality was significantly lower for both of them regarding total malignant and female breast tumours, whereas the decrease was greater in the male breast cancers. The increase of GDP per capita showed highly significant correlation with the incidence of malignant tumours and prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (2DM). It was a new finding that the increase in the prevalence of 2DM precedes the elevation of the incidence of cancer. In Hungary, the data of incidence and mortality of female and male breast cancers showed similar tendencies as the international ones. The breast cancers of males were rarer but their treatment was less effective. However, it was a new aspect that in the increased incidence of malignant tumours also the greater prevalence of 2DM could be an important factor related to obesity. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(5): 181-186.

Eyelid malignancies in young individuals: clinical peculiarities.

The incidence of malignant eyelid tumors is considerably increasing, even in young patients. The purpose of this study was to identify particularities in individuals under 40years of age affected by eyelid malignancies. Clinical charts of patients under 40years of age who underwent eyelid tumor excision from 2014 to 2020 in two reference centers, one in Brazil and one in the USA, were reviewed. Demographic and outcome measures included: age, gender, skin phototype, comorbidities, diagnosis, time until diagnosis, lesion location, recurrence and metastasis. In addition, associated characteristics, including chronic sun exposure, intentional tanning (outdoor or artificial), history of smoking, use of sunscreen, family history of skin cancer and exposure to pesticides or herbicides, were reviewed. A total of 24 malignant eyelid tumors from 17 patients were identified. Twelve (70.6%) patients were female, and the most prevalent tumor was basal cell carcinoma (62.5%). Three (17.6%) patients had xeroderma pigmentosum and presented with multiple lesions. Family history of skin cancer was reported by 47% of patients. Prolonged sun exposure was reported by 41.2%; history of smoking and intentional tanning were reported by 23.5 and 17.6%, respectively, and might have played a role in carcinogenesis. Although uncommon in young subjects, eyelid malignancies present some peculiarities in individuals under 40years of age. Our results suggest that women with family history of skin cancer and history of chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation are at risk. Association with genetic syndromes is also relevant among younger age groups.

Neoantigens and their potential applications in tumor immunotherapy.

The incidence of malignant tumors is increasing, the majority of which are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. The traditional treatment method for malignant tumors is surgery, coupled with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. However, these therapeutic strategies are frequently accompanied with adverse side effects. Over recent decades, tumor immunotherapy shown promise in demonstrating notable efficacy for the treatment of cancer. With the development of sequencing technology and bioinformatics algorithms, neoantigens have become compelling targets for cancer immunotherapy due to high levels of immunogenicity. In addition, neoantigen-based vaccines have demonstrated potential for cancer therapy, primarily by augmenting T-cell responses. Neoantigens have also been shown to be effective in immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Therefore, neoantigens may serve to be predictive biomarkers and synergistic treatment targets in cancer immunotherapy. The aim of the present review was to provide an overview of the recent progress in the classification, screening and clinical application of neoantigens for cancer therapy.

Morphological parameters of ovarian masses and accuracy of the risk of malignancy index in diagnosing ovarian malignancy.

IntroductionTo detect the morphological parameters of ovarian masses and the accuracy of the risk of mali-gnancy index (RMI) in diagnosing ovarian malignancy.Material and methods264 women in 3 groups (reproductive, premenopausal, and postmenopausal) presented with ovarian masses and scheduled for surgery were included in this study. The participants’ preoperative RMI was compared to the postoperative histology (gold standard) to detect the accuracy of RMI in diagnosing ovarian malignancy.ResultsThe incidence of malignant and benign ovarian tumours in the reproductive group was 9.1% and 90.9%, respectively, while it was 35.2% and 64.8%, respectively, in the premenopausal group, and 35.2%, and 64.8%, respectively, in the postmenopausal group. The incidence of malignant ovarian tumours was significantly higher in the premenopausal (35.2%) and postmenopausal (35.2%) groups compared to the reproductive group (9.1%), (p = 0.0008, and p = 0.0008, respectively).The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that RMI at cut-off value > 247.5 had 82.9% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value (PPV), and 98.1% negative predictive value (NPV) in diagnosing ovarian malignancy in the 3 studied groups (AUC 0.955, p < 0.001). There was significant positive correlation between the participants’ age, and RMI (p = 0.001), and between participants’ cancer antigen-125 (CA-125) and RMI (p < 0.0001) in the ovarian malignancy group.ConclusionsThe multimodal RMI is an effective tool for primary evaluation of suspected ovarian masses. Risk malignancy index at cut-off value > 247.5 had the best performance (82.9% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV, and 98.1% NPV) in diagnosing ovarian malignancy in the 3 studied groups. There was significant positive correlation between participants’ age, and RMI, and between participants’ CA-125 and RMI, in the studied malignant ovarian tumours.