Incidence Of Liver Lesions Research Articles

Donor HLA Class 1 Evolutionary Divergence Is a Major Predictor of Liver Allograft Rejection : A Retrospective Cohort Study.

The HLA evolutionary divergence (HED), a continuous metric quantifying the peptidic differences between 2 homologous HLA alleles, reflects the breadth of the immunopeptidome presented to T lymphocytes. To assess the potential effect of donor or recipient HED on liver transplant rejection. Retrospective cohort study. Liver transplant units. 1154 adults and 113 children who had a liver transplant between 2004 and 2018. Liver biopsies were done 1, 2, 5, and 10 years after the transplant and in case of liver dysfunction. Donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSAs) were measured in children at the time of biopsy. The HED was calculated using the physicochemical Grantham distance for class I (HLA-A or HLA-B) and class II (HLA-DRB1 or HLA-DQB1) alleles. The influence of HED on the incidence of liver lesions was analyzed through the inverse probability weighting approach based on covariate balancing, generalized propensity scores. In adults, class I HED of the donor was associated with acute rejection (hazard ratio [HR], 1.09 [95% CI, 1.03 to 1.16]), chronic rejection (HR, 1.20 [CI, 1.10 to 1.31]), and ductopenia of 50% or more (HR, 1.33 [CI, 1.09 to 1.62]) but not with other histologic lesions. In children, class I HED of the donor was also associated with acute rejection (HR, 1.16 [CI, 1.03 to 1.30]) independent of the presence of DSAs. There was no effect of either donor class II HED or recipient class I or class II HED on the incidence of liver lesions in adults and children. The DSAs were measured only in children. Class I HED of the donor predicts acute or chronic rejection of liver transplant. This novel and accessible prognostic marker could orientate donor selection and guide immunosuppression. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale.

Study on the incidence of liver lesions in goats (Capra hircus) at Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

Liver diseases constitute a major economic problem and there is less information about the incidence of liver lesions in goats. The study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of disease conditions affecting the liver. A total of 1000 cases (17.42%) were found affected with various pathological conditions of liver out of 5741 goat carcasses examined during the period from May 2009 to April 2010. The study revealed that cirrhosis was the most common condition with an incidence of 2.73% (n=157), followed by abscess - 2.59% (n=149), congestion- 1.95% (n=112), abnormal appearance - 1.43% (n=82), cysticercosis - 1.43% (n=82), fascioliasis - 1.38% (n=79), necrosis - 1.25% (n=72), cellular swelling - 0.96% (n=55), echinococcosis - 0.96% (n=55), haemorrhages - 0.75% (n=43), fatty changes - 0.56% (n=32), white spots/nodules - 0.54% (n=31), schistosomiasis - 0.42% (n=24), mineralization - 0.40% (n=23), tumors - 0.05% (n=3) and foreign body - 0.02% (n=1). The incidence of parasitic conditions recorded was 4.19% (240 cases). Because of their zoonotic nature, the observed high frequency of cysticercosis, fascioliasis, echinococcosis and schistosomiasis infections are thought to pose a public health risk among consumers. Highest percent (4.19%) of liver condemnations due to parasitic conditions were observed more during the rainy season. Deworming programmes coupled with good animal husbandry would likely be effective in lowering the incidence of parasitic diseases.

English

Barrisal is an herbal preparation of Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Pakistan that has been used as hepatoprotective agent. In this study, the protective effects of Barrisal against liver damage were evaluated in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in rats. Four groups (I, II, III, IV) of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used and Groups I and II were orally fed with saline and Barrisal (10 ml/kg), respectively for 14 consecutive days while Groups III and IV were orally fed with saline, Barrisal (10 ml/kg) and then a single dose of CCl4(0.3 ml/kg body weight in a 20% olive oil) was injected intraperitoneally 30 min after the last dose of Barrisal and the animals were starved for 24 h. The degree of protection was measured using biochemical parameters like serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein and albumin. Data obtained from results were compared using student’s t-test (paired and unpaired) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), significant differences were determined (Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) test) using the Minitab 13 computing program. Values of P<0.05, were considered to be significant. The results showed that the treatment with Barrisal significantly lowered the CCl4-induced serum levels of hepatic enzyme markers (GOT, GPT, ALP, and total bilirubin, total cholesterol, total protein) indicated hepatoprotective effect of the Barrisal. Histopathological examination of liver sections confirmed that, pre-treatment with Barrisal reduced the hepatic damage induced by CCl4. Barrisal reduced the incidence of liver lesions including hepatic cells cloudy swelling, lymphocytes infiltration, hepatic necrosis, and fibrous connective tissue proliferation induced by CCl4 in rats. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that Barrisal could protect liver against CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats, and this hepatoprotective effect might be because of its antioxidant and free radical scavenger effects. Key words: Barrisal, hepatoprotective, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), hepatic enzymes marker, liver, kidney.

Triterpenoid-Rich Fraction from Ilex hainanensis Merr. Attenuates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High Fat Diet in Rats

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a major challenge to the healthcare system. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the triterpenoid-rich fraction (TF) from Ilex hainanensis Merr. on NAFLD. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed a normal diet (control) or high fat diet (NAFLD model). After four weeks, the high fat diet group was orally administrated TF (250 mg/kg) for another two weeks. High fat diet fed rats displayed hyperlipidemia and a decline in liver function compared with control. However, administration with TF could effectively improve these symptoms, as demonstrated by decreasing the plasma levels of triglyceride (p <0.05), total cholesterol (p < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.05), alanine transaminase (p < 0.05), aspartate aminotransferase (p < 0.01), liver index (p < 0.05) and insulin resistance index (p < 0.05) while increasing the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, histopathological examination of livers also showed that TF could reduce the incidence of liver lesions induced by high fat diet. Furthermore, TF could alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation status indicated by the decline malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels (p < 0.01, both) and levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (p < 0.05). In addition, immunohistochemistry showed TF evidently elevated the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARα) expression (p < 0.01), while it diminished the Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) expression (p < 0.01) in liver. These results demonstrate that TF has potential ability to protect liver against NAFLD by regulating lipids metabolism and alleviating insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress. This effect might be associated with regulating PPARα and CYP2E1 expression.

Ecological Comparisons of Lake Erie Tributaries with Elevated Incidence of Fish Tumors

Ecological comparisons were made between two Lake Erie tributaries (Black and Cuyahoga rivers) with contaminated sediments and elevated rates of tumors in fish populations and a third, relatively unpolluted, reference tributary, the Huron River. Fish populations, benthic invertebrates, and sediments were evaluated in all three Ohio rivers. Community structure analyses indicated similar total densities but lower species diversity for fish and benthic invertebrates in the contaminated rivers when compared with the reference river. Growth rates in fish from the contaminated areas were either similar to or higher than those offish from the reference site. Brown bullhead ( Ameiurus nebulosus) from the two contaminated tributaries exhibited 51% (Black River) and 45% (Cuyahoga River) incidence of liver lesions (neoplastic and preneoplastic) as compared with a 4% incidence of liver lesions in brown bullhead from the reference river (Huron River). Incidence of external abnormalities on brown bullhead was 54% (Black River) and 73% (Cuyahoga River) as compared with a 14% incidence on fish from the Huron River. On a regional basis, incidence of external abnormalities on particular benthic fish species may be an effective method to quickly indicate areas for more intensive contaminant studies.

Suppression of aflatoxin B1-induced hepatotoxic lesions by crocetin (a natural carotenoid)

The suppressive effects of crocetin (a natural carotenoid) on the hepatotoxic lesions induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were investigated in male Wistar rats. Rats were divided into five groups: groups I and II served as normal and solvent control respectively. Group III was given AFB1 (25 micrograms/day/rat) alone; group IV was given crocetin (0.1 mg/day/rat) alone; and group V received both AFB1 and crocetin. Rats received AFB1 and crocetin for 9 and 10 weeks respectively, and were maintained on basal diet for 35 weeks. At the end of the experiment (week 45), the incidence of liver lesions in rats of group V was significantly reduced by approximately 40% compared with group III. There were no liver lesions in rats of groups I, II and IV. A significant protective effect of crocetin on AFB1 hepatotoxicity was shown, as manifested by reduced effects on the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (P less than 0.01-0.001). From our previous results and present data, we suggest that the suppression of crocetin on AFB1 hepatotoxicity in the rats might be due to the defense mechanisms of hepatic tissues that elevated the GSH S-transferase activity and decreased the formation of hepatic AFB1-DNA adducts.

Identification of contaminant-induced cellular and subcellular lesions in the liver of flounder ( Platichthys flesus L.) caught at differently polluted estuaries

Livers of flounder ( Platichthys flesus L.) were investigated by light- and electronmicroscopy from the river Elbe and the results were related to the ‘exposure time’ or life span of the population in different parts of the Elbe estuary and in a reference area. Prolonged stay after immigration into the polluted regions led to specific differences in the nature and incidence of liver lesions. The degree of severity of liver lesions was closely correlated to the accumulation of certain characteristic hepatotoxic and carcinogenic pollutants (Hg, PCBs, HCB, OCS, d,y-HCH and DDT; Köhler et al., 1986). Electronmicroscopy revealed subcellular responses indicating additive and antagonistic effects on cell organelles. Our results indicate that specific pathological cell responses and patterns of contaminants may function as markers in migrating fish populations. Ultrastructural studies applied in the field appear to be a useful tool for the identification and interpretation of contaminant induced liver lesions.

Phenotype of preneoplastic and neoplastic liver lesions during spontaneous liver carcinogenesis of LEC rats

The incidence and phenotype of preneoplastic and neoplastic liver lesions appearing in LEC rats after recovery from severe hereditary hepatitis were studied in comparison with the liver lesions appearing in chemical liver carcinogenesis. The livers of 168 rats (90 male, 78 female) were stained for seven histochemical markers at different time periods from the 20th week to the 122nd week of life. Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and non-specific esterase (ES) were used as negative markers. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), glutathione S-transferase placental form (GSTP), esterase isozyme L-1 (L1) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were used as positive markers. The study on the incidence of liver lesions in the LEC rats revealed sequential development of liver foci, nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) similar to those seen in chemically induced liver carcinogenesis. These lesions appeared earlier and more frequently in male LEC rats than in female ones, suggesting the importance of hormonal environment in spontaneous HCC development. The histochemical analysis of spontaneous liver lesions in LEC rats showed that GSTP was the most reliable positive marker as previously reported in chemical liver carcinogenesis. There was no essential difference in the expression of the markers in spontaneous and chemically induced liver lesions except for L1, which is considered to be related to xenobiotic metabolism. The results of this study suggest that both spontaneous and chemically induced liver cancer may develop by passing through phenotypically similar preneoplastic processes. In addition, the LEC rat uniquely showed chronic liver damage (hepatocyte death and regeneration) at the promotion stage of carcinogenesis. Such a natural history of HCC development in LEC rats is similar to that of human HCC which is frequently associated with chronic liver damage. Thus, the LEC rat provides a useful model for studying the process and underlying mechanisms of human liver cancer development.

A comparative study of the differential blood cell counts of winter flounder ( Pseudopleuronectes americanus) collected in New England

Major alterations in the distribution of peripheral blood cells were observed among winter flounder ( Pseudopleuronectes americanus) from Martha's Vineyard (MV), East Cape Cod Bay (ECCB), Fox Island (FI) (Narragansett Bay), Central Long Island Sound (CLIS), Gaspee Point (GP) (Narragansett Bay), Black Rock Harbor (BRH) (Bridgeport, CT), New Bedford Harbor (NBH) and Quincy Bay (QB) (Boston Harbor). Collection locations ranged from relatively uncontaminated offshore (MV) and nearshore (ECCB) sites to the more contaminated estuarine (FI, CLIS) and urban embayments (GP, BRH, NBH, QB). Differential diagnosis demonstrated a shift in lymphocyte counts from 28% (MV) to 54% (QB) that increased with the incidence of liver lesions in relation to known and suspected levels of sediment chemical contamination. A significant change in the ratio of circulating immature to mature erythrocytes was observed in flounder collected from Boston Harbor. Immature erythrocytes comprised 18% of the total erythrocyte population of fish from QB in comparison to 6% observed in flounder from ECCB.

Inhibition of aflatoxin B1-hepatocarcinogenesis in rats by beta-naphthoflavone.

Effects of beta-naphthoflavone (beta NF) on the activity of hepatic microsomal aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-4-hydroxylase - the cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme system which catalyzes the metabolism of AFB1 to AFM1 - and on AFB1-induced in vivo hepatocarcinogenesis were investigated in weanling male Fischer rats. A single i.p. injection of beta NF in doses of 20 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg induced AFB1-4-hydroxylase 3- and 4-fold, respectively, 48 h post injection. Feeding of diet containing 0.01% beta NF for a period of 9-weeks induced AFB1-4-hydroxylase approximately 2-fold. AFB1, given by intubation in a dose of 25 micrograms five times/week for 8 weeks, produced 42 weeks later a 100% incidence of liver lesions (neoplastic foci, nodules or tumors), but feeding beta-NF in diet at a concentration of 0.015% for one week prior to and during the 8 weeks of AFB1 treatment inhibited AFB1 hepatocarcinogenesis by approximately 75%. These results are in accord with the suggestion that AFB1-4-hydroxylase induction may be associated with the inhibition of AFB1 carcinogenesis, possibly occurring as a consequence of accelerated detoxification of AFB1 via its conversion to AFM1.

Chronic toxicity of methyl linoleate hydroperoxide for the rabbit.

SummarySmall quantities of purified methyl linoleate hydroperoxide (MLHP) were administered by daily intravenous injection (50 mg/day) or by continuous intravenous infusion (206 μg/min) to rabbits depleted of their vitamin E stores. After 10-14 days the injected animals exhibited fatty degeneration and necrosis of the liver, cre-atinuria and an increased incidence of muscular incoorduration. The creatinuria was prevented by large oral doses of vitamin E (100 mg/day) but sodium selenite had no effect on the creatinuria or the incidence of liver lesions. Infusion of MLHP for 26-30 hr led to an increased fragility of the red blood cells and a marked creatinuria. These results indicate that chronic administration of small quantities of MLHP leads to a more rapid destruction of vitamin E in the tissues and an accelerated appearance of deficiency symptoms.

The Estimation of Age-Specific Infection Rates from a Curve of Relative Infection

Consider a sample of individuals (in which the age classes are not necessarily proportionally represented) from a population subject to some permanent infection. A procedure is described for the estimation of the infection rate as a function of age, and of the expectation of life after infection. The method is applied to unpublished data supplied by P. C. Bull on the incidence of liver lesions due to coccidiosis (Eimeria stiedae) in the New Zealand wild rabbit.