Incidence Of Echinococcosis Research Articles

ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТИ ЭХИНОКОККОЗА НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ

The article presents data on the prevalence of echinococcosis in Central Asia over the past few years. The work used the results of epidemiological statistics, documents and reports of comparative data on the incidence of echinococcosis, registered in Central Asia. In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of echinococcosis in developed countries, and cases of infection in European cities have begun to be recorded. Key words: epidemiological situation, invasion, echinococcosis, alveococcosis, retrospective analysis, incidence, diagnosis, Kyrgyz Republic, Uzbekistan.

Risk Mapping and Spatial Modeling of Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Iran from 2009 to 2018: A GIS-Based Survey.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most important parasitic infections in subgroup seven common neglected diseases of humans and animals. It is in the list of 18 neglected tropical diseases of the WHO. We aimed to analyze the situation of the disease in Iran using Geographical Information System (GIS) and satellite data analysis. The data obtained from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran and other related centers from 2009 to 2018 were analyzed using GIS. Then, the spatial distribution maps of the disease were generated, and the hot spots of the disease in Iran were determined using spatial analysis of ArcGIS10.5 software. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis in ArcGIS10.5 was used to correlate the variables affecting the disease including temperature, relative humidity, normalized different vegetation index (NDVI) and incidence of hydatidosis. Data analysis was performed by Linear regression analysis and SPSS 21 software using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. Zanjan, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Hamedan, Semnan, and Ardabil provinces were the hot spots of CE. The results of geographical weighted regression analysis showed that in Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Hamedan, Semnan, Ardabil, Zanjan, Qazvin, and Ilam provinces, the highest correlation between temperature, humidity, vegetation density and the incidence of hydatidosis was observed (P<0.001). The use of maps could provide reliable estimates of at-risk populations. Climatic factors of temperature, humidity, NDVI had a greater impact on the probability of hydatidosis. These factors can be an indicator used to predict the presence of disease. Environmental and climatic factors were associated with echinococcosis.

Study of Intra Abdominal Hydatid Cyst

Background: Hydatid disease (cystic echinococcosis) is a zoonotic infection caused by larval form of tapeworm Echinococcus Granulosus. Echinococcus infestation has been known for many centuries. Most common sites for cysts are lung and hepatic hydatidosis. They have a diverse clinical spectrum from being asymptomatic to symptoms arising due to involvement of surrounding structures or dissemination or secondary infection. Disease is endemic in Mediterranean basin, Central Asia, Africa and South America. In India, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu predominate with incidence of hydatid disease. Hydatid disease is common in Saurashtra region due to cattle rearing and farming as occupation. It is commonly seen in the lower socioecomic strata due to poor personal hygiene and sanitation. In India the highest prevalence is reported in Andra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Jammu Kashmir. Hydatid disease is a zoonotic disease caused by echinococcus granulosus (larval stage). echinococcus granulosus and echinococcus multiformis are the two main species causing hydatid disease. Animals are the Definitive host and intermediate hosts. Humans are accidental intermediate hosts. The aim of this study was to determine the sociodemographic characteristics, presentation patterns, type of surgical management and outcome of patient operated on for intra abdominal hydatid cyst. Materials and Methods: All the patients suffering from hydatid disease who were admitted in our hospital from May 2019 to June 2020 were included in this study. All the patients underwent thorough clinical examination with detailed history and investigation as per protocol. All patients were followed for 3 months. Inclusion Criteria: Documented intraabdominal hydatid disease. Conclusion: Hydatid disease is common in Saurashtra and Kutch regions of Gujarat &amp; other states of India. Patients mostly present at the age group of 20-40 years. Sex distribution is equal. Occupation like agriculturist, residing in rural areas and low socioecomomic status are considered to be risk factor for hydatid disease. Most commonly involved organ was liver followed by peritoneal involvement followed by spleen. Most common lobe involved was right lobe. Gharbi type 2 cysts are common. Most common treatment modality is surgical with medical management only reserved for small cysts. Decompression of cyst with deroofing and omentoplasty/ capitonnage was the commonest procedure adopted to deal with hydatid disease.

Incidence of echinococcosis in the Pleven region of Bulgaria in the period 1998-2017

Incidence of echinococcosis in the Pleven region of Bulgaria in the period 1998-2017

Uniportal video assisted thoracoscopy versus open surgery for pulmonary hydatid disease-a single center experience.

BackgroundAlthough rare in the Western world, the incidence of hydatid disease is still prevalent and strikingly endemic among the Palestinians. Until 2017, surgical treatment of lung pathologies was performed through the traditional incision (open thoracotomy). Uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) approach has recently been applied in the cases of the pulmonary hydatid cysts with very satisfactory results.MethodsBetween January 2010 and January 2019, 39 patients with pulmonary HC disease have been surgically treated. The cases divided into two cohorts: operations performed by thoracotomy classified as group A, (n=16). Operations performed by uniportal VATS classified as group B, (n=23). Prospectively collected data was analysed retrospectively, and the results compared between both groups.ResultsNo significant statistical differences were noticed in terms of demographics and comorbidity. Laboratory tests were similar except haemoglobin level, which was higher in group A (P=0.001). Despite that, blood transfusion was higher in group A (P=0.016). Moreover, operation time was longer in group A (P=0.000). Chest drainage remained longer in group A (P=0.077). The level of postoperative pain was significantly higher in group A certainly in POD 1 (P=0.000). Patients in group B discharged earlier from the hospital (P=0.011) and experienced lower complications (P=0.060). No significant difference in length of ICU stay. Neither recurrence nor 30-day mortality recorded in either group.ConclusionsUniportal VATS can be safely applied for pulmonary hydatidosis. It also seems to have a preference in several aspects compared to open Thoracotomy approach.

The incidence of people and animals with echinococcosis in the Kostanay region of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The aim of the research was to study the distribution of echinococcosis in humans and animals in the Kostanay region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Research on the diagnosis of echinococcosis in humans was carried out in the Kostanay branch of the “Scientific and Practical Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Expertise and Monitoring” of Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2000-2015. In order to establish the degree of invasion of dogs by echinococcus, fecal samples in the Kostanay region, in the areas where cases of echinococcosis in humans were registered, were taken. The incidence among the population of various age groups in the region was analyzed according to the results of studies of blood samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and lung radiography. It has been established that echinococcosis is a widespread disease among people living not only in the Kostanay region, but also in the Republic of Kazakhstan on the whole. Between 2000 and 2019 the number of patients with echinococcosis in the Kostanay region amounted to 249 cases. The smallest number of cases (5) was registered in 2000, and the largest in 2014-26 cases. In the years of 2002-2015. the incidence rate of echinococcosis in humans did not decrease and ranged from 1.6% to 1.5% per 100.0 thousand people. The maximum number of positive reactions by ELISA for echinococcosis was recorded in 2003, 2005, 2006 and from 2013 to 2016, when the incidence rate of people was 0.9%; 0.8%; 0.26%; 1.8%, 3.0%; 1.5%; 0.9% respectively. The peak incidence of human echinococcosis occurred in 2014 and amounted to 3.0%. The analysis of the registration of cases of echinococcosis among people of different age groups showed that out of 8 cases in 2016, 3 cases were in the population under the age of 14 and its infection rate per 100.0 thousand amounted to 1.74%. In 2017, out of 7 registered cases of the incidence of echinococcosis in humans- 2 cases were in the population under the age of 14 and its infection rate per 100.0 thousand was 1.14%. The maximum number of cases of echinococcosis in 2011-2017 was recorded in sheep, the invasion rate of Echinococcus granulosus being 3.1%, 3.5%, 4.2%, 3.1%, 5.6%, 3.0%, 2.8% respectively, while the average invasion in sheep amounted to 1.5%. There were no cases of registration of echinococcosis in horses. Judging by the results of the comparative analysis of the epizootic and epidemiological situation of echinococcosis in the Kostanay region, it should be noted that echinococcus infection occurs in all areas of the region, with approximately the same level of development of livestock production and a large number of dogs.

Parasitic affections of edible offales of slaughtered animals at El-Shohada abattoir, Monofia governorate, Egypt

A grand total of 5853 animals slaughtered at El-Shohada abattoir, Menoufia governorate, Egypt represented by 670 camel, 340 cattle, 366 buffalo, 3188 young cattle, 502 young buffalo, 544 sheep and 243 goats were examined for detailed post mortem inspection of parasitic infections (Hydatidosis, Fascioliasis, Cysticercosis and Sarcocystosis) from 21 Dec 2017 to 20 Dec 2018. Meanwhere, a total of 77638 animals represented by camel (3067), cattle (6293), buffalo (12483), young cattle (33807), young buffalo (13036), sheep (7332) and goat (1620) were inspected during the routine inspection at the same period according to the collecting data from local authorities at Menofia governorate at the same period for the same parasitic infections. The obtained results revealed that the incidence of hydatidosis was 2.2% for detailed inspection and 0.31% for routine inspection, Fascioliasis was 0.26% for detailed inspection and 0.41% for routine inspection, cysticercosis was 0% for detailed inspection and 0.17% for routine inspection and macroscopic sarcocystosis was 3.9% for detailed inspection and 1.8% for routine inspection. The highest incidence during detailed inspection for hydatidosis was (13%) in winter, Fascioliasis was 0.6% in winter and sarcocystosis was (42%) in autumn. For microscopic sarcocystosis detection, Polymerase Chain Reaction assay was used. PCR reading showed that one of 3 samples confirmed positive for apparently healthy buffaloes, one of three samples confirmed positive for cattle, 2 of 3 samples confirmed positive for sheep, one of 3 samples confirmed positive for goat and three samples were confirmed negative for camel.

Echinococcus Granulosus in Childhood: A Retrospective Study of 187 Cases and Newer Data.

Echinococcus granulosus, first reported by Goeze in 1782, is the causative parasite of cystic echinococcosis (hydatidosis) especially for countries that are endemic areas. Since the 1970s, the incidence of echinococcosis in Greece has been very high. Nevertheless, with the implementation of special prevention measures in the 1980s, a large reduction in the incidence of hydatidosis meant that it reached European levels. Therefore, we analyzed the demographics, multiple organ localizations of the parasite, diagnosis, and conservative and optimal surgical treatment over a total period of 39 years, especially for pulmonary and hepatic echinococcosis in children. The higher incidence of pulmonary echinococcosis compared with other localizations, male predominance, wide range of age, and various cystic sizes were some of the main demographics. Because cystic echinococcosis remains a main public health problem, we advocate a meticulous clinical investigation and treatment methodology to bridge the gap between knowledge and awareness of this important disease.

ЭХИНОКОККОЗ. КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ ЭПИЗООТОЛОГО- ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ПРОБЛЕМА

The incidence of echinococcosis in the population of the Orenburg region has a reliable upward trend. The main genotype circulating among humans and farm animals is G1 E. granulosus. The risk group of echinococcosis is rural residents. This is due to the contact of people with dogs when breeding farm animals. A case-control study made it possible to establish the leading role of small cattle in spreading the disease.

Epidemiology of hydatid disease in Najaf province / Iraq

One hundred and twenty four patients infected with hydatid cyst were clinically and surgically proved . Follow up was done in Al-Sadder Medical City, Najaf / Iraq during January to December 2014 . The incidence of hydatidosis in female was higher than that in males . The youngest was 5 years and the oldest was more than 70 years old . The highest age distribution of hydatidosis patients was between 21 – 30 years . The percentage of liver hydatidosis was higher ( 40.32 % ) than other organs . Patients with large size(&gt; 5 cm) cyst were more than those with small cyst (&lt; 5 cm) .

Fine‐needle aspiration diagnosis of primary hydatid disease of the thyroid; first reported case in the USA

Echinococcosis or hydatid disease (HD) is a parasitic disease caused by species of the Echinococcus genus. Since the incidence of HD in the USA is very low and the primary HD of the thyroid is extremely rare even in endemic regions, the occurrence of primary thyroid HD is exceptional in the USA. Thyroid HD is rarely diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Our literature review revealed less than ten cases of primary HD of thyroid diagnosed by FNA worldwide. Hereby, we report the first case of a primary thyroid HD diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration in the USA.

Prevalence of Hydatid Cysts in Slaughtered Animals from Different Areas of Libya

The present study reports on the infection rates of hydatid cysts in both sexes and different age groups of sheep, camels and cattle from government abattoirs in different parts of Libya. An infection rate of 10.06% was recovered among 32,971 all ruminants (sheep, camels and cattle). Out 25314 of sheep, 2659 (10.52%) were infected. Out 7496 of camels, 940 (12.54%) were infected. Out 161 of cattle, 17 (10.56%) were infected. As regards to the infected organs, liver was seen to be the most commonly infected organ in sheep and cattle (46.03%; 52.94%, respectively), but in camels, it was the lung (55.21%). The fertility rates of hydatid cysts were 80% in sheep, 84% in camels and 0% in cattle. In sheep, the fertility rate of liver hydatid cysts was higher than that in other organs (53.85%), but in camels, the fertility rate in the lung was higher than that of other infected organs (66.7%). Thus, the incidence of echinococcosis in slaughtered livestock is noticeably high and denotes some hazards in control measures in Libyan abattoirs.

Hydatid Cyst of Liver Presented as Obstructive Jaundice in Pregnancy; Managed by PAIR

Incidence of Hydatid disease in pregnancy ranges from 1in 20,000 to 1 in 30,000. The most common site of hydatid cysts is the liver. The diagnosis of liver hydatid cysts is not difficult but the management during pregnancy is problematic. Both medical and surgical treatments are available but there is no consensus and each case has to be individualized. We present a case of liver hydatid cyst presented with obstructive jaundice during pregnancy which was managed by Puncture of the cyst under USG guidance; Aspiration of the cystic fluid, Injection of hypertonic saline, and Re-aspiration of solution without drainage (PAIR) and albendazole therapy. Very few cases of liver hydatosis were reported previously which had been managed by PAIR.

Hydatid disease: the Lebanese contribution.

Hydatid disease (HD) or cystic echinococcosis (CE) has been an important zoonotic disease causing medical, economic and public health problems in many parts of the world, including South America, North Africa, Turkey, and Middle Eastern countries. Humans as well as animals, primarily sheep and cattle, are infected by the ingestion of food, usually leafy vegetables, contaminated with the eggs (oncospheres) of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Hydatid cysts, which are the larval stage of the parasite, are located mostly in the liver and lungs of the infected host. Because of its chronic endemicity in Lebanon and neighboring countries, this disease has constituted an integral part of research studies conducted by medical doctors and researchers in Lebanon, mostly spearheaded by those at the American University of Beirut (AUB) and its medical center (AUBMC) since the early turn of the last century (1920s). Over 130 wide ranging studies were published; some were innovative e.g. the introduction of the once famous Indirect Haemagglutination (IHA) test for serodiagnosis, and the use of dilute cetrimide as a protoscolicidal agent during surgery. Although the incidence of HD is decreasing in our country, it has acquired increasing public health concern and is considered as an emerging or re-emerging disease in many parts of the world. In this review, we shed light on the numerous studies/publications done in Lebanon as a tribute to those researchers who have impacted the literature of HD in many aspects. The latter include epidemiology and ways of transmission, clinical features and radiological tools for diagnosis, serodiagnosis and immunology, and investigation of different therapeutic modalities for different aspects of the disease. Moreover, consolidating these studies in this review would hopefully represent the historic foundation for interested researchers and investigators, especially in this country, to pursue and build on such studies. The advances in technology, and the availability and utilization of new methodologies will hopefully help find more reliable and efficient ways for the diagnosis, and management of this disease.

A comprehensive prospective clinical study of hydatid disease.

The actual prevalence of hydatid disease in northern part of India is found more than usually interpreted. The present study has been done on 25 patients suffering from hydatid disease of various sites and treated during June 2009 to November 2011 at JLN Medical College and Hospital, Ajmer, with the aim of studying the clinical manifestations of hydatid disease of different sites and/or organ system and of analysing the morbidity and mortality of hydatid disease. The age, sex, h/o dog contact, duration of hospital stay, clinical presentation, treatment advised, findings and difficulties encountered during operation, and postoperative management of patients as well as morbidity and mortality were recorded and analysed. We observed that the mean age was 40 years. The sex incidence revealed female preponderance in the study (M : F: 1 : 2). Duration of illness in the present study varied from 1 month to 6 years in case of liver hydatid disease. Majority of patients were from rural areas (21) and the remaining (4) from urban areas. Swelling was the most common presenting feature. Incidence of hydatid disease at unusual sites in India is higher than in other parts of the world.

ACQUAINTANCE OF TEMERIN CITIZENS WITH ECHINOCOCOSIS AS THE CURRENT ISSUE

Echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease spread worldwide. The causative agent of the disease is a tapeworm Echinococcus spp.. Primary hosts are animals from the family Canidae and rarely Felidae and intermediate hosts are humans as well as domestic and wild ungulates. In Serbia, incidence of echinococcosis is a particularly high, which is due to poor education of pig breeders, inadequate production practice and lack of appropriate zoohygienic conditions and animal waste management. Pigs are among the major intermediate hosts of Echinococcus in Temerin, and people are most frequently affected during the periods of pig slaughter (lungs and liver are affected by the metacestode stage of Echinococcus). The primary host becomes infected by consuming infested organs, whilst an intermediate host becomes infected by oral intake of eggs excreted by the primary host in the feces. During pork examination for trichinosis at the veterinary clinic “BMV”, the customers reported cystic changes in the liver and lungs. Moreover, massive echinococcosis was diagnosed on the farm in pigs at slaughter. Very often, when noticing such changes in the organs, consumers tend to throw them away to dogs. Most likely, the citizens are poorly informed about the echinococcosis and its potential consequences. The aim of this research is to establish how much the citizens of Temerin municipality are informed about echinococcosis and to properly inform pig breeders that keeping dogs and pigs in cohabitation may enable direct transmission of parasites from defi nitive to intermediate hosts. Data were collected by using pre-formulated questionnaire. Te questionnaire was completed by 100 randomly selected people, and the results were statistically analyzed. Only 21% of respondents consider that they are acquainted with echinococcosis, and among them, every third person properly manages cystic organs suspect for echinococcosis. Forty-four respondents in Temerin municipality had an opportunity to see aff ected organs during pig slaughter, but only 14 of them acted correctly, while only 22.73% knew that a man could get infected from dogs. Of the entire sample population, 50 respondents had a dog, and only 13 of them regularly apply helminth eradication measures. The results obtained according to respondents’ answers indicated very sparse knowledge on this issue among Temerin citizens, strongly suggesting the need for an appropriate education strategy.

Characteristics and outcomes of liver and lung hydatid disease in children

Our study retrospectively evaluates and compares the characteristics of lung and liver hydatid disease (HD) in children. This retrospective study was performed between 2007 and 2012 using the medical records of patients aged ≤17 years of age who had liver and/or lung HD. They were evaluated using the demographic characteristics of the patients, clinical presentation, hospital stay and outcome. A total of 252 cysts were identified in 152 of the patients. The incidence of HD increased with age and the majority of patients were older than 9 years. Overall, lung HD was more complicated and symptomatic than liver HD on initial admission.

Hydatid cysts in a pregnant uterus.

Hydatid cystic disease is a parasitic disease caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus. Canines are the definitive host, while affected human beings are the accidental host [1, 2]. Hydatid cysts may be found in almost any part of the body, but are most often found in the liver (60 %) and lungs (30 %). The occurrence of hydatid disease is extremely low in genital organs, appearing with an incidence of 0.5 %. The incidence of hydatid disease in pregnancy is very rare, ranging from 1/20,000 to 1/30,000. There are only few reports of obstructed labor caused by a pelvic hydatid cyst. We are reporting the first case in the literature where hydatid cysts primarily involving the pregnant uterus were managed by delivering a live fetus by cesarean section followed by complete resection of the hydatid cysts.

Incidence of hydatidosis in slaughtered livestock at Mosul, Iraq

A study on the occurrence and seasonal incidence of hydatid cysts of sheep, goats and cattle was carried out during 2008 and 2009 by weekly regular visits to Mosul abattoir and other areas i.e. outside abattoir. All slaughtered livestock were of local breed, of both sexes, originated from various areas of Mosul and were of different ages having non descriptive features. Visual inspection and palpation of the lesions were followed in this study. Of 4800 sheep, 960 goats and 720 cattle were examined, 96 sheep, five goats and four cattle were found to harbour the cysts representing infection rate of 2%, 0.52% and 0.55%, respectively. The lowest seasonal incidence was observed in winter for sheep (3.16%) and goats (1.25%). The lowest level of incidence was 0.16% for sheep and 0% for goats was noticed in summer. However, in cattle no infection was taken place in winter and autumn but 1.11% infection rate was equally seen in summer and spring. The preponderant site of cyst was the liver in sheep (46.8%) and goats (40%). In cattle the commonest location of the cyst was the lung (50%) followed by mixed site of liver and lung (25%) and liver (25%). The results indicated that only fertile cysts were present in the sheep representing 83.33% of fertility percentage. The number of cysts in the infected organs ranged between 1-16, 1-6 and 1- 10 for sheep, goats and cattle, respectively. It can be concluded that only sheep play a major role in dissemination of hydatidosis. However, being anthrozoonotic, potential risk may be increased due to incorrect disposal of infected offal with unhygienic slaughter protocols.

Epidemiological and immunological findings on human hydatidosis

Thirty patients infected with hydatidosis from different hospitals in Baghdad were included in this study. All these patients were diagnosed by imaging techniques and surgically proven. Immunological study was performed on blood samples. The study showed that the incidence of hydatidosis in females was higher than that of the males. The highest age distribution of hydatidosis patients was between 12 and 40 years. The percentage of liver hydatidosis was higher (64.66%) than any other organs. The results of IgG, IgM, C3 and C4 determination were significantly increased for IgG concentration in males compared with females and highly increased in males at age group 10 - 20 years. There was significant difference in IgM concentration which was significantly increased in females especially at fourth age group comparative with significant decrease in IgM concentration in males at different ages. Also, there was significant increase in C3 and C4 concentrations in females compared with males.