Incidence Of Human Listeriosis Research Articles

Systematic review ofListeria monocytogenesfrom food and clinical samples in Chinese mainland from 2010 to 2019

AbstractListeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), a foodborne pathogen, can cause human listeriosis. Listeriosis is a potentially fatal gastrointestinal illness, which is closely related to the spread of food to humans. We review the literature published during 2010–2019 to better understand the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in food products, incidence of human listeriosis, and their characteristics in Chinese mainland. We found the main sequence types (STs) strains from foods are similar globally, and the prevalence of L. monocytogenes from raw meat was the highest among all food products. The most common STs in food products and clinical cases were ST9 (serogroup I.2) strains and ST87 (serogroup II.2) strains, respectively. The ST87 strains being the most common STs of clinical cases might be related to the existence of Listeria pathogenicity island 4 gene and Chinese eating habits for ready-to-eat foods, among which the prevalence of ST87 strain was the highest in ready-to-eat foods. Therefore, more research should be conducted to explore the reasons for the L. monocytogenes isolates differences in food and clinical sources.

The Epidemiology of Listeria monocytogenes in China.

Listeria monocytogenes, a ubiquitous bacterium in nature, can lead to human listeriosis through food consumption. Listeriosis is a rare, preventable, and treatable foodborne disease but can cause hospitalizations and fatalities. We reviewed the literature published in China to better understand the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in food products, incidence of human listeriosis, and characteristics of L. monocytogenes strains in China. The average prevalence of L. monocytogenes in Chinese food products in 28 provinces was 4.42%, with the highest prevalence of 8.91% in meat-poultry products, followed by aquatic animals, Chinese salad and salad, rice and flour products, and so on. Two hundred fifty-three invasive listeriosis cases were reported from 2011 to 2016 in 19 provinces, and the overall case-fatality rate was 25.7% with no deaths reported of pregnant women and children. L. monocytogenes strains were generally susceptible to most antibiotics, with ampicillin and penicillin G still effective in treatment. The predominant sequence types (STs) in food were ST9 and ST8, while clinically ST87 was most common ST in China. The national human listeriosis pilot surveillance started in 2013, and a total of 133 listeriosis cases have been collected until now. On the basis of the surveillance program, further research should be conducted to uncover the reason for the prevalence and pathogenic mechanism of the highly epidemiological hypervirulent ST87 strains in China.

Listériose humaine: Une zoonose d’origine alimentaire

SUMMARY Human listeriosis: a foodborne zoonotic disease Human listeriosis is an uncommon foodborne bacterial illness caused by ingestion of food contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes. This bacterium is widespread in nature and is a common cause of zoonosis in herd animals. Many food products might become contaminated at various stages of production. Although ingestion of L. monocytogenes is a frequent occurrence, incidence of human listeriosis in the French general population is low — approximately 5 cases per million population — but incidence rates are higher in particular at-risk groups including older adults, pregnant women and their newborns, and persons with impaired cell-immunity. Invasive clinical syndromes most frequently include bacteremia, central nervous system infection and pregnancy-related infection. Other rare invasive presentations include joint and bone infections, endocarditis, as well as foreign material-associated infections. Non-invasive illnesses are rare and include acute febrile gastroenteritis and localized cutaneous or ocular infections. Invasive listeriosis is a potential severe condition with a case fatality rate of 20-30%. Incidence of human listeriosis has dramatically declined over the past decades, primarily because of implementation of food safety measures in the food industry. By carefully following food safety precautions, risk of listeriosis can be substantially reduced. Listeria monocytogenes – zoonosis – surveillance – foodborne outbreakes. 1. Caracteristiques microbiologiques Le genre Listeria comporte dix especes : L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, L. ivanovii subsp. ivanovii et subsp. londoniensis, L. seeligeri, L. welshimeri, L. grayi biovar grayi et biovar murrayi,

Disease Presentation in Relation to Infection Foci for Non-Pregnancy-Associated Human Listeriosis in England and Wales, 2001 to 2007

Listeriosis is a rare but severe food-borne disease, affecting unborn or newly delivered infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. The epidemiology of listeriosis in England and Wales changed between 2001 and 2007, with more patients > or = 60 years old presenting with bacteremia (but without central nervous system [CNS] involvement). In order to explain this increase and understand the altered disease presentation, clinical, microbiological, and seasonal data on bacteremic cases of Listeria monocytogenes infection identified through national surveillance were compared with those for patients with CNS infections. Logistic regression analysis was applied while controlling for age. Bacteremic patients, who presented more frequently with gastrointestinal symptoms, were more likely to have underlying medical conditions than CNS patients. This was most marked in patients with malignancies, particularly digestive organ malignancies. Treatment to reduce stomach acid secretion modified the effect of nonmalignant underlying conditions on outcome, i.e., patients with an underlying condition who were not taking acid-suppressing medication were equally likely to have a bacteremic or a CNS infection. However, this type of therapy did not modify the effect of malignancies on the likelihood of having a bacteremic or a CNS infection. The increase in the incidence of human listeriosis among patients > or = 60 years old in England and Wales between 2001 and 2007 appears to have occurred in those with cancer or other conditions whose treatment included acid-suppressing medication. Therefore, this vulnerable patient group needs specific dietary advice on avoiding risk factors for listeriosis.

Outbreak of listeriosis in the Czech Republic, late 2006 – preliminary report

For more than 30 years up to 2006, the incidence of human listeriosis in the Czech Republic has been low, ranging between 0.1 and 0.2 cases per 100 000 population per year. In 2006, however, the incidence of human listeriosis was about 0.7.

Listeria monocytogenes food monitoring data and incidence of human listeriosis in Hungary, 2004

Food samples were monitored for contamination with Listeria monocytogenes, and the incidence of human listeriosis was evaluated according to the data obtained in Hungary in the year 2004. Of the food samples tested, the bacterium was most often detectable in milk and dairy products, as 72.1% of all L. monocytogenes strains were isolated from these samples. The food samples most commonly yielded strains of serotype 1/2a (45.1%) and 4b (27.0%). In 2004, 3 perinatal and 14 nonperinatal human listeriosis cases were diagnosed in Hungary. These disease cases were most often caused by strains belonging to serotype 4b (52.8%) and serotype 1/2a (23.5%). On the basis of the antibiotic sensitivity test results of strains isolated from the disease cases, penicillin and aminoglycoside antibiotics or a combination thereof were found to be effective.

Identificação de Listeria monocytogenes em placentas humanas e espécimes de aborto pela técnica de imunoistoquímica

A listeriose é causada por um microrganismo que se encontra amplamente disseminado na natureza e tem sido isolado do solo, de fezes humanas e de animais e pode, eventualmente, contaminar os alimentos. A Listeria monocytogenes é patogênica para o homem e tornou-se o principal patógeno nas doenças transmitidas pelos alimentos. Tendo-se em vista que a incidência de listeriose humana não é bem conhecida e as placentites possuem aspecto morfológico inespecífico e não são, muitas vezes, investigadas para este fator etiológico, surgiu a motivação para desenvolver a técnica de imunoistoquímica para o diagnóstico de Listeria monocytogenes em placentas ou produtos de aborto, utilizando um anticorpo policlonal anti-Listeria (Biodesign®). Um projeto-piloto foi realizado a partir do material encontrado em dez placentas provenientes de abortos ou partos prematuros ocorridos no ano de 2000 no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). As lâminas foram analisadas através do exame microscópico convencional (HE) e de imunoistoquímica (IHQ). Os resultados deste projeto revelaram a presença de Listeria monocytogenes em cinco dos dez (50%) casos estudados. Todos os casos apresentaram alterações sugestivas de processo inflamatório agudo supurativo. Frente a estes achados torna-se importante considerar a infecção por Listeria monocytogenes detectável por IHQ como um elemento no diagnóstico da patogenia do aborto ou das infecções perinatais, podendo este achado contribuir para o tratamento dos recém-nascidos ou das parturientes. As características microscópicas de listeriose na placenta, embora não-patognomônicas, permitem ao patologista um diagnóstico presuntivo, e a confirmação pode ser realizada pelo método de imunoistoquímica.

Effect of prevention measures on incidence of human listeriosis, France, 1987-1997.

To assess the impact of preventive measures by the food industry, we analyzed food monitoring data as well as trends in the incidence of listeriosis estimated through three independent sources: the National Reference Center of Listeriosis; a laboratory-based active surveillance network; and two consecutive nationwide surveys of public hospital laboratories. From 1987 to 1997, the incidence of listeriosis decreased by an estimated 68%. A substantial reduction in the proportion of Listeria monocytogenes-contaminated products was observed at the retail level. The temporal relationship between prevention measures by the food industry, reduction in L. monocytogenes-contaminated foodstuffs, and reduction in listeriosis incidence suggests a causal relationship and indicates that a substantial part of the reduction in illness is related to prevention efforts.

Public health and pork and pork products: the perspective of Denmark

An ambitious programme to eliminate pork as an important source of human salmonellosis was initiated in Denmark in 1993 by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries. The programme comprises control of feedmills, breeding and multiplying herds, slaughter herds and slaughter plants, as well as the final product, fresh pork. As a consequence, the level of occurrence of Salmonella spp. in fresh pork produced in Denmark is approximately 1%. Yersinia enterocolitica 0:3 infections are common in slaughter pig herds in Denmark, and pork is considered to be the only source of human infection in the country. The incidence of pork-related occurrences of human salmonellosis and yersiniosis in 1996 was approximately nine cases per 100,000 inhabitants for both diseases. All swine in Denmark are screened for Trichinella spp. infection, although no positive results have been obtained since 1930. Swine are not considered to be a source for Campylobacter jejuni or enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Denmark. Listeria monocytogenes can be detected in relatively high rates in pork: however, the incidence of human listeriosis is only 0.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies have been demonstrated in 3% of slaughter pigs, though the importance of pork as a source of infection is probably very low. Denmark is officially free from Brucella abortus, B. melitensis and Mycobacterium bovis.

Increased prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in the faeces of patients receiving long-term H2-antagonists

Human listeriosis is an uncommon infection caused by the Gram-positive organism Listeria monocytogenes. To investigate the effects of therapeutic gastric acid suppression on faecal isolation of L. monocytogenes and the incidence of human listeriosis. Five stool specimens from each of 20 patients on continuous H2-antagonist therapy and two faecal samples from each of 47 healthy controls were investigated for the presence of Listeria spp. A higher faecal isolation rate of L. monocytogenes was detected amongst the patients (20%) compared with the controls (2.1%) (P < 0.025). All subjects with stools positive for Listeria spp. were female, this sex difference being significant in the patient group (P < 0.0036) compared with controls. No patient, however, developed listeriosis. Patients on long-term gastric acid suppressive therapy may be at increased risk of faecal carriage of L. monocytogenes.

Reduction in the Incidence of Human Listeriosis in the United States

Food-borne transmission is now recognized as a major cause of human listeriosis. To assess the impact of prevention efforts, listeriosis rates before interventions were initiated in 1989 were compared with more recent rates (1990 through 1993). From 1989 through 1993, multistate, laboratory-based active surveillance was conducted to identify all cases in which Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from cultures or ordinarily sterile sites in an aggregate population of more than 19 million. All laboratories serving acute care hospitals in up to nine surveillance areas in the United States. In 1989, a well-publicized case report of listeriosis linked to processed poultry led US regulatory agencies to enforce aggressive food monitoring policies and prompted industry to invest in cleanup efforts. In May 1992, consumer guidelines for listeriosis prevention were disseminated. Cases of perinatal and nonperinatal listeriosis. The rate of listeriosis decreased in all surveillance areas. Projection of these rates to the US population suggests an estimated 1965 cases and 481 deaths occurred in 1989 compared with an estimated 1092 cases and 248 deaths in 1993, a 44% and 48% reduction in illness and death, respectively. Among adults 50 years of age and older, rates declined from 16.2 per 1 million in 1989 to 10.2 per 1 million in 1993 (P = .02). Perinatal disease decreased from 17.4 cases per 100,000 births in 1989 to 8.6 cases per 100,000 births in 1993 (P = .003). Three serotypes (1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b) of L monocytogenes accounted for more than 96% of cases during each year of the study (1989 through 1993). The incidence of listeriosis in study areas was substantially lower in 1993 than in 1989. The temporal association of this reduction with industry, regulatory, and educational efforts suggests these measures were effective.

Reduction in the incidence of human listeriosis in the United States. Effectiveness of prevention efforts? The Listeriosis Study Group

Reduction in the incidence of human listeriosis in the United States. Effectiveness of prevention efforts? The Listeriosis Study Group

Human listeriosis and pate: a possible association.

To study trends in human listeriosis and determine possible sources of infection. Descriptive analysis of laboratory reports of human listeriosis together with a survey of subtypes of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from patients and foodstuffs and an interview survey of patients to obtain food histories. United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland 1985 to 1990. There was a near doubling in the incidence of human listeriosis in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland between 1985 and mid-1989 followed by a sharp decline. The upsurge in cases was caused largely by two strains of L monocytogenes, which accounted for 30-54% of the annual totals. These strains were less common before 1987 and after July 1989. A survey of paté in England and Wales in July 1989 showed that it frequently contained L monocytogenes. A similar survey in July 1990 showed a reduction in the proportions of samples contaminated. In 1989 patés from a single plant (manufacturer Y) were more likely to be contaminated by L monocytogenes and at higher levels than those from other producers. Most strains of L monocytogenes recovered from manufacturer Y's paté in 1989 were indistinguishable from those responsible for the 1987-9 upsurge in human listeriosis and were uncommon among isolates from patés from other manufacturers and from a wide range of other foodstuffs. Patients infected with the types of L monocytogenes found in paté were significantly more likely to have recently eaten paté than those affected by other strains. The start of the decline in numbers of cases of listeriosis coincided with government health warnings on paté consumption and the suspension of supplies from manufacturer Y. Contamination of paté was a likely contributory cause of the increase in the incidence of listeriosis between 1987 and 1989.