Incidence Of Dirofilariasis Research Articles

Seroprevalence of dirofilariasis in dogs in Sukabumi Regency

Dirofilariasis is a serious zoonotic disease in dogs. This study aimed to measure the prevalence and determine the risk factors of dirofilariasis in the Sukabumi Regency. A total of 152 blood samples were collected from dogs in two sub-districts in Sukabumi which have different topographic characteristics, namely Jampang Tengan District which is a hilly area, and Cisolok District which is a coastal area. Blood serum was examined using the commercial rapid test kit CHW Ag Test Kit 2.0 ® Bionote to detect the presence of the Dirofilaria immitis adult worm antigen. The results showed that the seroprevalence of dirofilariasis in dogs in the Sukabumi Regency was 20.4%. Areas with hilly characteristics have a higher prevalence of dirofilariasis than coastal areas do. The incidence of dirofilariasis in the Sukabumi Regency was not influenced by sex, method of keeping, or age of the dog.

Human Dirofilariasis: A Case of Infraorbital Infection

Background: Human dirofilariasis is not perceived as a serious public health concern in India despite more number of sporadic cases being reported of late. Only a few dozen cases were reported in the first decade of the new millenium, but the number is gradually increasing during the last decade. With a high population of pet dogs & cats and vast number of stray dogs, the State of Kerala could be a potential infective area. Case Report: It is against this background that an interesting case of infraorbital incidence of dirofilaria repens is being reported that was mimicking as periorbital cellulitis. The cyst was surgically excised and sent for histopathological examination. The presence of Dirofilaria repens was confirmed. Conclusion: There has been an increase in the incidence of dirofilariasis in countries that were considered as non-endemic such as India of late. The probable contributing factors are discussed in detail. Coordinated parasite surveillance and preventive vector control measures with active participation from LSGs and local population are suggested.

Anthology of Dirofilariasis in Russia (1915-2017).

Dirofilariasis is a helminths vector-borne disease caused by two species of Dirofolaria—D. repens and D. immitis. The former is overwhelmingly associated with human dirofilariasis. The vector of the worm are mosquitoes of the family Culicidae (largely Culex, Aedes and Anopheles). The definitive hosts of Dirofilaria are dogs and to a lesser extent cats. Humans are an accidental host. A total of 1200 human cases caused by Dirofilaria were registered in the territory of the ex-USSR during the period 1915–2016. Zonal differences have been seen in the prevalence of infected dogs and mosquitoes. Studies undertaken in the southern part of the Russian Federation (RF) revealed the prevalence of Dirofilaria in dogs to be 20.8% with wild variations of larva density. Studies carried out in the central part of the RF found that the prevalence of parasites in dogs was 4.1%. Aedes mosquitoes were infected less than Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes. The latter were infected by D. repens more often than Culex and Aedes. Zonal differences were also traced in regard to Dirofilaria prevalence in humans, thus allowing identification of three zones of risk of infection (low, moderate, and stable), reflected in a series of constructed maps. Although Dirofilariasis was known on the territory of Russia from 1915, only sporadic cases of the disease were reported occasionally. Its number was showed an increasing trend only during the 1980s–1990s, reaching the level of hundreds of cases. The majority of cases were confined to the southern parts of Russia with geographic coordinates of 43°–45° on the northern latitude. Comparison of the timing of the global trend of climate warming during the 1990s with the temporal pattern of Dirofilaria on the territory of Russia during the same period demonstrated a close association between two phenomena. With the continuous process of global climate warming, the incidence of dirofilariasis both in man and dogs goes unabated exemplified by the territorial expansion of the disease northwards and eastwards attaining the latitude of 56°–57° on the northern latitude in the European and Asian parts of Russia. It appears that within the period of the last 20–25 years, the population at risk has doubled. Under these circumstances, dirofilariases in Russia should be considered as an emerging public health problem necessitating the establishment of a comprehensive epidemiological monitoring system with strong entomological and veterinary components. Based on the results obtained, an appropriate control intervention could be developed.

Rare Case of Intraocular Dirofiliariosis. Surgical Removing Method

Dirofilariasis is a biohelminthiasis characterized by damage to the hypodermis, less often than internal organs, in about 50 % of cases localized under the eye membranes, adnexa or in the orbit; the clinical symptoms depend on the location of the parasite infestation. This is a serious disease that can cause dangerous somatic complications. Currently, there is an increase in the incidence of dirofilariasis and the “expansion” of its endemic zones to the north. Most often, the parasite develops at the site of a mosquito bite — subcutaneously, it determines the subsequent clinical manifestations. A lot of questions cause the development of the nematode in the internal structures of the eye, as well as the pathway of penetration of the parasite. The literature describes isolated cases of intraocular invasion of dirofilariae, for example, in Russia since 1972, only three such cases have been recorded. This article presents a clinical case of intravitreal dirofilariasis and presents a method for its surgical treatment. Currently, there is no single approach to removing dirofilaria from the vitreous cavity due to the rare occurrence of this pathology. The high probability of the inflammatory reaction associated with the presence of the xenoagent, its fragmentation during the manipulation, as well as the potential decrease in visual acuity, determined the purpose of this work — to develop a method for surgical removal of the worm from the eye cavity in intact form using a closed manual aspiration system via 2-port access 25G without vitrectomy for further identification in the parasitological department of the clinical diagnostic laboratory.

DISEASE OF SERVICE DOGS WITH DIROFILARIASIS ON THE TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Service dogs are an important source of distribution and maintenance of dirofilariasis foci in various territories due to the frequent change of their places of service and movement throughout Russia. The aim of our work was to study the dynamics of infection of working dogs and their role in the spread of dirofilariasis. On the basis of Federal Budget Institution of Science of Rostov Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, studies of the invasion of dogs by dirofilariasis have been conducted from 2000 to the present. In 2018, 159 blood samples of dogs from different territories of the European part of Russia were examined using the blood larvoscopy method after concentration in 3% acetic acid with subsequent staining according to Romanovsky-Giemsa. The results of a survey of dogs that arrived in Rostov-on-Don to protect socially significant objects in June 2018 showed that the prevalence of infection of working dogs was 13%. Animals from the territories of central Russia were infected in 16.6% of cases, the same indicator in dogs from the territories of southern Russia was 9.1%. The infection of service dogs of Dirofilaria repens was 8.7%, Dirofilaria immitis – 1.4%, and mixed infection was detected in 2.9% of the dogs. In the south of Russia, the prevalence of dogs with Dirofilaria immitis and mixed invasion is prevalent, while Dirofilaria repens dominates in the central zone. Analyzing the data obtained and previous research results, one can note the fact that active preventive measures have led to a decrease in the incidence of dirofilariasis among working dogs. However, the average extensiveness of this dog invasion remains high.

Incidence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs presented at University of Nigeria, Nsukka Veterinary Teaching Hospital using wet smear and buffy coat techniques

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence of Dirofilaria immitis (D. immitis) in dogs using the wet mount and buffy coat techniques for rapid detection of microfilaria in blood samples collected from dogs, to compare the two techniques for quick detection, to find if there is age susceptibility in the incidence of dirofilariasis in dogs presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and to find out if there are breed and sex variations in the incidence of dirofilariasis in dogs presented at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. MethodsBlood samples were collected from the cephalic vein of 119 dogs. The blood samples were aseptically collected via cephalic venepuncture of each dog, collected into a tube containing ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid as anticoagulant, stored in an ice pack box at 5 °C and processed and examined for microfilaria using wet mount and buffy coat techniques. ResultsA total of 4 dogs were positive for D. immitis microfilaria giving a prevalence of 3.36%, more male (4.83%) than female (1.75%) dogs were affected in this study. Although there was no significant difference between both groups, the prevalence was the highest in cross breeds (6.66%), moderate in local breeds (3.63%) and absent in exotic breeds (0.00%). Although there was no significant (P < 0.05) difference amongst the 3 groups, only adult dogs were found positive for D. immitis microfilaria. ConclusionsBased on the results of this present study, both the wet mount and buffy coat techniques can be used at the discretion of the clinician and in the absence of modified Knott's filter test, ELISA test and other diagnostic imaging techniques, in the rapid detection of microfilaria in blood samples from suspected cases of dirofilariasis.

Human dirofilariasis, "small bite big threat" to public health

Dirofilariasis is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by Dirofilaria spp., a parasite carried by domestic dogs, cats and other wild animals. Human infection is accidental. Blood sucking arthropods transmit the infection to man. It usually presents as a nodular lesion in the lung, subcutaneous tissue, peritoneal cavity or eyes. We report a few cases of human dirofilariasis presented as subcutaneous swellings. In all the cases the larvae extracted were identified as Dirofilaria repens , based on the morphological features. The purpose of this article is to highlight the fact that human dirofilariasis is on the rise in Kerala, a geographical area that has a large mosquito density and high incidence of dirofilariasis in the canine population.