Incidence Of Diarrhea In Calves Research Articles

ПОЛИЭТИОЛОГИЧНОСТЬ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ НЕОНАТАЛЬНОГО ГАСТРОЭНТЕРИТА У ТЕЛЯТ

The work was carried out at the Department of «Animal Diseases and VSE» of the Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilov, as well as in JSC «Meliorator» and JSC «Trudovaya»of the Marksovsky district of the Saratov region. The effect of insufficient feeding on the level of amino acids in the blood and colostrum and the effect of these factors on the incidence of diarrhea in calves has been established. With less complete and monotonous feeding (below the norm of feed units by 8.2 %, digestible protein by 44.2 %, calcium by 15.5 % and phosphorus by 50.9 %), there is a significant decrease in lysine, serine, alanine, tryptophan, methionine, valine, phenylalanine, leucine+ isoleucine, threonine, cystine+cysteine, arginine, histidine and tyrosine, and the amount of glycine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid decreases by a statistically unreliable amount. In cows that were in the stable period on a more complete feed diet, the content of free amino acids in the blood is lower in the month before calving by an average of 6.8 % and immediately after calving by 11.1 % than in the blood of cows 5-7 months before calving. In animals that were in the stable period on a less complete feed diet, the content of free amino acids in the blood is lower by an average of 18.4 % a month before calving and by 30 % immediately after calving than in the blood of cows 5-7 months before calving. The content of free amino acids in the blood of cows of the farm «prosperous» for diarrhea is higher than in the blood of cows of the farm «dysfunctional» for the disease.

Incidences of Calf Diarrhea and the Associated Risk Factors in Ivory Coast (2015-2017)

Diarrhea is the most important disease of neonatal calves, and it results in the greatest economic losses. A longitudinal observational study was conducted from September 2015 to October 2017. This study proposes to investigate the incidence of diarrhea in calves and their mortality rate so as to identify potential risk factors related to the occurrence of calf diarrhea on 372 farms in the regions of Abidjan, Bouake, Bondoukou, and Korhogo in Ivory Coast. Information on potential risk factors was collected based on personal observations from regular visits to the farms and from a survey conducted during the period of the study. A total of 2020 calves under the age of three months were selected. Only 347 (17.17%) of the 2020 calves showed signs of diarrhea. The overall mortality rate was 0.39%. Based on the survey, colostrum feeding, the calf’s age and sex, calf housing, seasonal variation, the calving period, environment conditions, the ignorance of herdsmen, and management systems were found to be the major risk factors for gastroenteritis in calves. Calves reared in an extensive system were less susceptible to neonatal diarrhea. The calf health and management issues found in this study can be resolved by creating awareness among farm owners and implementing better calf management practices and cattle vaccination programs.

Effect of dietary inclusion of clinoptilolite on antibody production by dairy cows vaccinated against Escherichia coli

This study investigated the effect of the dietary inclusion of clinoptilolite, either alone or in combination, with intramuscular administration of Se, on antibody production by dairy cows vaccinated in late pregnancy against enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli. Thirty-four clinically healthy pregnant Holstein heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments and vaccinated (days 210 and 240 of gestation) against E. coli with a multivalent vaccine. Treatment A ( n = 8) was offered the basal ration supplemented with 200 g clinoptilolite/day and was injected with 0.1 mg/kg selenium (sodium selenite 0.5%) on the days of vaccination; treatment B ( n = 9) was fed the basal ration supplemented with 200 g clinoptilolite/day; treatment C ( n = 8) was injected with 0.1 mg/kg selenium on the days of vaccination and treatment D ( n = 9) served as controls. The calves born were consuming the colostrum of their dams. Specific antibody titres against E. coli were determined with ELISA in blood serum samples of the heifers (210 and 240 of gestation and immediately after calving) and their calves (at birth, 12, 24 and 48 h after calving) and in composite colostrum samples (0, 12, 24 and 36 h post calving). During the first week of age all calves were monitored for the incidence of diarrhea. The administration of clinoptilolite alone and particularly in combination with selenium significantly increased the antibody titres against E. coli in blood serum of heifers and calves and in the colostrum of heifers. The incidence of diarrhea in calves was not significantly different among treatments. In the context of this experiment clinoptilolite administration, either alone or in combination with selenium appeared to improve the immune response of heifers vaccinated against E. coli and to provide enhanced protection to their calves .

Effect of a <i>Lactobacillus</i> Species on Incidence of Diarrhea in Calves and Change of the Microflora Associated with Growth

To evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum strain Hokkaido, which was isolated from a kind of Japanese pickle, on the incidence of diarrhea in calves and on the intestinal microflora, we performed feeding tests with a milk replacer containing Lactobacillus sp. In Experiment 1, thirty two male Holstein calves were divided into two groups, a control (C) group and LPH group. L. plantarum strain HOKKAIDO was orally administered to the LPH group for 35 days. The diarrhea score and the number of calves with watery or soft stool were significantly (p<0.05) smaller in the LPH group than in the C group. In Experiment 2, ten male Holstein calves were divided into three groups: a control group, LPH group and BOV group. Bovactin ™ was administered to the BOV group and the experimental protocol followed that of Experiment 1. No significant difference was observed in the incidence of diarrhea among the three test groups. However, when the data of Experiments 1 and 2 were pooled, the incidence of diarrhea in the LPH group was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the control group. These results indicate that L. plantarum strain Hokkaido reduces the incidence of diarrhea in calves. Analysis of the microflora and measurement of the stool type of the fecal samples that were collected 0, 15 and 28 days after the start of administration were performed using a T-RFLP method and visual analysis, respectively. The clustering of the T-RFLP profiles indicated that when the significance of the distributions of the samples among the clusters was tested, a significant difference (p<0.01) was observed only among the sampling-date groups. The average value of the pairwise Pearson r within each sampling-date group indicated that T-RFLP profiles varied considerably among the calves on day 0 and day 15, while the profiles of day 28 closely resembled each other. From these results, we infer that the intestinal microflora of calves are less settled in the early days of life, and this might partially explain the higher incidence of diarrhea in this period. Bacteria belonging to the class Clostridia were most predominant at all the sampling-date groups. The day 0 samples were characterized by a larger population of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The day 15 samples were characterized by larger populations of LAB and the class Bacteroidia. The day 28 samples were characterized by a larger population of Bacteroides.

Incidence of diarrhea among calves after strict closure and eradication of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in a dairy herd

Objective To determine whether strict closure of a dairy herd and eradication of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection would decrease incidence of diarrhea in calves during the first 31 days after birth, whether specific risk factors were associated with incidence of diarrhea in calves, and whether diarrhea was associated with weight gain of the calves. Design 2-year cohort study. Animals 448 calves. Procedure Calves were monitored from birth to 31 days of age. Fecal samples were tested for rotavirus, blood samples were tested for BVDV and antibodies to BVDV, and serum samples were tested for IgG concentration. Risk factors were evaluated by means of survival analysis. Results Incidence of diarrhea in calves decreased significantly after strict closure of the herd and eradication of BVDV infection. Risk factors for diarrhea in calves interacted in a multifactorial way. Rotavirus infection and low serum IgG concentration increased the risk that calves would develop diarrhea. Calves that developed diarrhea gained significantly less weight than calves that did not develop diarrhea. Clinical Implications To control diarrhea among calves in a dairy herd, emphasis should be on maintaining a strictly closed herd free from BVDV infection. However, other measures, such as measures to prevent rotavirus infection and to ensure that calves receive an appropriate amount of colostrum after birth, should also be taken. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1824-1828)

Use of epidemiologic principles to identify risk factors associated with the development of diarrhea in calves in five beef herds

Summary The objective of the study reported here was to identify and measure risk factors associated with the incidence of diarrhea in calves in 5 beef herds in North Dakota. Risk factors associated with calves developing diarrhea during the 1992 calving season were used to develop the following intervention strategies that were implemented during 1993: heifers calved in a separate location, diarrheal calves and their dams were placed in a quarantine area, and pregnant cattle were fed a diet supplemented with protein and copper. The risk of calves developing diarrhea was 5 times higher during the first year, compared with the second year, suggesting that the management changes made during the second year were contributing factors in reducing the percentage of calves with diarrhea. The risk of diarrhea developing in calves born to heifers was 3.9 times greater than that in calves born to cows. Analysis of our data indicated that the use of an epidemiologic approach can identify risk factors, which can lead to the development of intervention procedures that may decrease the incidence of diarrhea in calves in beef herds.

Management Risk Factors Associated with Calf Diarrhea in Michigan Dairy Herds

A study was conducted to examine the relationships between various dairy herd management practices and the monthly incidence density of calf diarrhea. The data were collected during a recent 2-yr prospective cohort study by the Michigan National Animal Health Monitoring System. The. data were statistically analyzed, and predictive models were developed. For herds with 10 to 49 adults cows, variables predicting an increase in the incidence of diarrhea in calves were number of young stock in the herd, incidence of respiratory disease in calves, and cumulative incidence of vaccinations for calves to prevent diarrheal disease. Increased numbers of routine veterinary visits to the farm were associated with decreased incidence of calf diarrhea. For herds with 50 to 99 adult cows, the positive predictor variable was incidence of respiratory disease in calves. Negative predictor variables were use of individual calving areas and removal of bedding between calvings. For herds with 100 to 199 adult cows, positive predictor variables were cumulative incidence of vaccinations for calves to prevent diarrheal disease and number of young stock in the herd. For herds with >200 adult cows, positive predictor variables were use of individual calving areas, number of routine veterinary visits to the farm, and incidence of respiratory disease in calves. These variables accounted for 13.1, 17.7, 7.4, and 64.2% of the variability in the incidence of calf diarrhea in the respective herd size groups.