Incidence Of COVID-19 Research Articles

COVID-19 Incidence, Risk Factors, Impact, and Related Stigma Among a Cohort of Persons With HIV in Washington, DC.

Studies on the incidence of COVID-19 among persons with HIV (PWHs) present varied results. Few studies have investigated the impact of COVID-19 infection on health and socioeconomic factors or COVID-19 stigma. We sought to measure the incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection among a cohort of PWHs, characterize associated risk factors and impact, and document perceptions of COVID-19-related stigma. Data for this cross-sectional study come from the COVID-19 survey of participants in the DC Cohort longitudinal study from October 30, 2020, through December 31, 2022. Survey results were linked to electronic health records, including HIV laboratory test results and COVID test results. We conducted analyses comparing demographic, socioeconomic, HIV measures, and stigma among those with and without self-reported COVID-19. Of 1972 survey respondents, 17% self-reported COVID-19 infection, with the greatest incidence in the Omicron wave of the pandemic. We found statistically significant differences by age, employment status, essential worker status, education, and household income. Longer duration of HIV diagnosis was associated with greater incidence of COVID-19. PWHs who were overweight or obese had a greater incidence of COVID-19 compared with those who were not. Over 40% of PWHs with COVID-19 reported experiencing at least 1 form of COVID-19-related stigma. We observed a high incidence of COVID-19 infection among PWHs in DC. Furthermore, a substantial proportion of PWHs with COVID-19 reported experiencing COVID-19-related stigma. These findings add to the existing literature on COVID-19 coinfection among PWHs and highlight the need for awareness and support for those experiencing COVID-19 stigma.

Meteorological factors, population immunity and Covid-19 incidence – A global Multi-Country Multy-City study

Meteorological factors, population immunity and Covid-19 incidence – A global Multi-Country Multy-City study

COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Chile: Socio-environmental indicators as measurement of health environmental justice

COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Chile: Socio-environmental indicators as measurement of health environmental justice

Evolution of rural workers post-COVID-19: adaptations, challenges, and opportunities from the pandemic to the present

The pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus has caused several labor inconveniences for rural area inhabitants, highlighting that, although agriculture is their main source of income, it has been reduced in certain areas. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the incidence of COVID-19 on the work activities of rural workers, and how this situation has evolved to the present. To this end, the Pension Score Coincidence Analysis was used, considering workers in rural areas as a study group. The results indicated that the difference between groups was minimal, highlighting that the variables most affected were the working day of the people, the total monthly income, and the total monthly expenditure. Their situation is also attributed to other causes, such as the lack of government support and programs to boost agricultural productivity and the inhabitants' livelihoods.

Epidemiological impact of revoking mask-wearing recommendation on COVID-19 transmission in Tokyo, Japan

Despite the global implementation of COVID-19 mitigation measures, the disease continues to maintain transmission. Although mask wearing became one of the key measures for preventing the transmission of COVID-19 early in the pandemic period, many countries have relaxed the mandatory or recommended wearing of masks. The objective of the present study was to estimate the epidemiological impact of removing the mask-wearing recommendation in Japan. We developed a model to assess the consequences of declining mask-wearing coverage after the government revoked its recommendation in February 2023. The declining mask-wearing coverage was estimated using serial cross-sectional data, and a mathematical model was devised to determine the age-specific incidence of COVID-19 using the observed case count in Tokyo from week of October 3, 2022 to October 30, 2023. We explored model-based counterfactual scenarios to measure hypothetical situations in which the mask-wearing coverage decreases or increases relative to the observed coverage. The results show that mask-wearing coverage declined from 97% to 69% by the week of October 30, 2023, and that if the mask-wearing recommendation had continued, 427 lives could have been saved in Tokyo. If the mask-wearing coverage had declined to 25% of the observed level, the model suggests there might have been 1587 additional deaths. Thus, revoking the mask-wearing recommendation had a substantial epidemiological impact. In future pandemics, our proposed approach could provide a real-time quantification of the effects of relaxing countermeasures.

BCG vaccination of healthcare workers for protection against COVID-19: 12-month outcomes from an international randomised controlled trial

ObjectivesBacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has immunomodulatory effects that may provide protection against unrelated infectious diseases. We aimed to determine whether BCG vaccination protects adults against COVID-19. DesignPhase III double blind randomised controlled trial. SettingHealthcare centres in Australia, Brazil, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants3988 healthcare workers with no prior COVID-19 and no contraindication to BCG. InterventionRandomised 1:1 using a web-based procedure to receive a single 0.1mL intradermal dose of BCG-Denmark (BCG group, n=1999) or saline (placebo group, n=1989). Main outcome measuresDifference in incidence of (i) symptomatic and (ii) severe COVID-19 during the 12-months following randomisation in the modified intention to treat (mITT) population (confirmed SARS-CoV-2 naïve at inclusion). ResultsOf the 3988 participants randomised, 3386 had a negative baseline SARS-CoV-2 test and were included in the mITT population. The 12-month adjusted estimated risk of symptomatic COVID-19 was higher in the BCG group (22.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 20.6% to 24.5%) compared with the placebo group (19.6%; 95%CI 17.6% to 21.5%); adjusted difference +3.0 percentage points (95%CI 0.2% to 5.8%; p=0.04). The 12-month adjusted estimated risk of severe COVID-19 (mainly comprising those reporting being unable to work for ≥3 consecutive days) was 11.0% in the BCG group (95%CI 9.5% to 12.4%) compared with 9.6% in the placebo group (95%CI 8.3% to 11.1%); adjusted difference +1.3 percentage points (95%CI -0.7% to 3.3%, p=0.2). Breakthrough COVID-19 (post COVID-19 vaccination), and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections were similar in the two groups. There were 18 hospitalisations due to COVID-19 (11 in BCG group, 7 in placebo group; adjusted hazard ratio 1.56, 95%CI 0.60 to 4.02, p=0.4) and two deaths due to COVID-19, both in the placebo group. ConclusionsCompared to placebo, vaccination with BCG-Denmark increased the risk of symptomatic COVID-19 over 12 months among health care workers and did not decrease the risk of severe COVID-19 or post-vaccination breakthrough COVID-19. Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04327206.

The Role of Vaccination, Testing, and Public Restriction Policies in COVID-19 Mortality and Incidence: Insights from Global Burden of Disease Regions

IntroductionThis study aimed to examine the impacts of vaccination, testing, and government policies on COVID-19 mortality and incidence rates and compare these strategies' effectiveness by seven super regions of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD).Material and methodsThis study used data from January 3, 2020, to March 29, 2023. The incidence and mortality indices were calculated using “daily cases” and “daily deaths” and selected as dependent variables. Vaccination, COVID-19 tests, strictness of a government's policy were explored using corresponding metrics.ResultsDaily cases were four times higher in the high-income region (371.1) than those in the Latin America and the Caribbean region (98.3), but the mortality rate was similar (1.5). The number of vaccinated people did not consistently reduce the mortality across all GBD regions. However, full vaccination was associated with decreased mortality in all regions except Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe and Central Asia (CEEECA). Regarding daily testing, a favorable correlation was observed between daily deaths on a global scale, excluding Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania. Overall, vaccination coverage and government policies were effective in reducing the COVID-19 mortality and incidence rates. However, only the high-income region showed a negative association between the stringency index to COVID-19 and incidence and mortality rates.ConclusionsFull vaccination significantly reduced COVID-19 mortality globally, except in the CEEECA region. HI regions showed lower incidence and mortality rates with stricter government measures. Effective vaccination programs and policies are crucial, emphasizing the need for strengthened international cooperation in future pandemics.

Mild and moderate COVID-19 during Alpha, Delta and Omicron pandemic waves in urban Maputo, Mozambique, December 2020-March 2022: A population-based surveillance study.

In sub-Saharan Africa, reported COVID-19 numbers have been lower than anticipated, even when considering populations' younger age. The extent to which risk factors, established in industrialised countries, impact the risk of infection and of disease in populations in sub-Saharan Africa, remains unclear. We estimated the incidence of mild and moderate COVID-19 in urban Mozambique and analysed factors associated with infection and disease in a population-based surveillance study. During December 2020-March 2022, 1,561 households (6,049 participants, median 21 years, 54.8% female, 7.3% disclosed HIV positive) of Polana Caniço, Maputo, Mozambique, were visited biweekly to report respiratory symptoms, anosmia, or ageusia, and self-administer a nasal swab for SARS-CoV-2 testing. Every three months, dried blood spots of a subset of participants (1,412) were collected for detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein. Per 1000 person-years, 364.5 (95%CI 352.8-376.1) respiratory illness episodes were reported, of which 72.2 (95%CI 60.6-83.9) were COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence rose from 4.8% (95%CI 1.1-8.6%) in December 2020 to 34.7% (95%CI 20.2-49.3%) in June 2021, when 3.0% were vaccinated. Increasing age, chronic lung disease, hypertension, and overweight increased risk of COVID-19. Older age increased the risk of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion. We observed no association between socio-economic status, behaviour and COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion. Active surveillance in an urban population confirmed frequent COVID-19 underreporting, yet indicated that the large majority of cases were mild and non-febrile. In contrast to reports from industrialised countries, social deprivation did not increase the risk of infection nor disease.

Incidence of Severe COVID-19 Outcomes and Immunization Rates in Apulian Individuals with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

The etiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is not fully understood but is believed to involve a dysregulated immune response to intestinal microbiota in genetically susceptible individuals. Individuals with IBD are at increased risk of infections due to immunosuppressive treatments, comorbidities, and advanced age. Current evidence indicates that IBD patients are not at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to the general population, though the risk of severe outcomes remains debated. A retrospective observational study was conducted using Apulian regional health data from 2020 to 2022. This study included 1029 IBD patients and 3075 controls, matched by age and sex. COVID-19 incidence, hospitalization, and case fatality rates were analyzed alongside vaccination coverage. No significant differences in COVID-19 incidence (IRR = 0.97), hospitalization (p = 0.218), or lethality (p = 0.271) were evidenced between IBD patients and the general population. Vaccination rates were high in both groups, with slightly higher uptake in IBD patients. Multivariate analysis identified age and male sex as risk factors for severe COVID-19 outcomes, while vaccination significantly reduced hospitalization and lethality risks. IBD patients in Apulia do not have an increased risk of COVID-19 infection or severe outcomes compared to the general population. Vaccination is crucial in protecting IBD patients, and ongoing efforts to promote vaccination within this population are essential. Future research should focus on the impact of specific IBD treatments on COVID-19 outcomes and the long-term effectiveness of vaccines.

Relationship between Level of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice of Health Protocols with the Incident of COVID-19

COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus which has spread throughout the world, including Indonesia. In response to this pandemic, the 5M health protocol is related to behavior, as well as being one of the factors in breaking the chain of transmission of COVID-19. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practice of the 5M health protocol with the incidence of COVID-19 in FK UKI students batch 2018 in 2022. This study is an analytical survey research with a cross-sectional approach. Simple random sampling is used as a sampling technique with a total of 113 FK UKI students batch 2018. This study used a questionnaire to measure the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the 5M health protocol and the incidence of COVID-19 based on RT-PCR within one year. Filling out the questionnaire is done online using a Google form. The data will be analyzed univariately and bivariately using Chi-square and Fisher's Exact Test. The study ran for 2 weeks starting from March 7 to March 14, 2022. Univariate results found that 90.2% of students had good knowledge, 55.8% had a good attitude, 61% had poor practice and 43.3% experienced COVID-19 from 113 respondents. From the results of the bivariate analysis, it was found that there was a relationship between the level of knowledge and the incidence of COVID-19 (p-value = 0.001), the level of attitude with the incidence of COVID-19 (p-value = 0.042) and the level of practice with the incidence of COVID-19 (p-value = 0.014). So it can be said that the higher the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the 5M health protocols, the more students will be protected from COVID-19 in the 2018 UKI FK students. Keywords: COVID-19, Health Protocol, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice

Condições de saúde, taxa de incidência e letalidade por Covid-19 em idosos institucionalizados após primeiro ano da pandemia em Maceió-AL

This study aimed to identify the sociodemographic, clinical, and nutritional profile, as well as to determine the incidence and lethality rate for COVID-19 in elderly residents in Long-Term Care Institutions for the Elderly in the municipality of Maceió – Alagoas, in the period 2020 and 2021. In the first year of the pandemic in Maceió, the reported incidence of COVID-19 was 31/100 residents in LTCFs, while the lethality rate was 6.56%, with elderly males representing the largest number of deaths (62.5%), the variables that presented as risk factors were sex, age, previous diagnosis of DM and low weight (p < 0.050) and the variable education (p = 0.081). The data from this research reinforce results presented by other researchers where the previous diagnosis of diabetes is associated with the outcome death and male gender, age, low education and BMI are associated with the occurrence of the disease.

Spatial disparities in incidence of COVID-19 in relation to economic and socio-demographic factors in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain

This article models the relationship between the incidence of COVID-19 and several socioeconomic factors during the second period of epidemic (22 June 2020 to 06 December 2020) in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain. Data collected from Basic Health Zones (BHZs) is adjusted using the random forest method, which proves very appropriate for capturing non-linear relationships and obtaining accurate and robust predictions. The results show that the impact of the examined socio-economic variables on rates of incidence of COVID-19 was not uniform, and that levels of mean income by neighborhood exerted stronger influence than population density, proportion of the Spanish population, mean age of the population or average household size. A complex spatial pattern emerges from the combination of impacts, reflecting the relative weights of the different factors in terms of intensity of the pandemic. This information may be considered strategic for the effective future management of health resources.

Long term study on the fate and environmental risks of favipiravir in wastewater treatment plants and comparison with COVID-19 cases

In recent years especially during COVID-19, the increased usage of antiviral drugs has led to increased interest in monitoring their presence in wastewater worldwide. In this study, it was examined the occurrence, fate and environmental risks of favipiravir which is used for COVID-19 treatment in two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with different treatment processes in Istanbul, Turkey. Favipiravir was measured in WWTPs influent samples, effluent samples and sludge samples with maximum concentrations of 97 μg/L, 64.11 μg/L and 182.47 μg/g, respectively. Favipiravir had removal efficiency below 55 % for both WWTPs. Mass balance analysis showed that favipiravir removal in WWTPs mainly attributed to biodegradation/biotransformation. Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between favipiravir concentration and COVID-19 incidence in Istanbul. The microbial distribution analysis indicated that comparison of collected COVID-19 pandemic sludge and post-pandemic period sludge samples, a noteworthy reduction in the Chloroflexi and Actinobacteriota phyla at the phylum level was observed. Environmental risk assessment using risk quotients ranged from 168 to 704, indicating that the presence of this antiviral drug posed significant ecological risks to aquatic organisms. The study concluded that WWTPs were releasing antiviral drugs into the environment, thereby posing risks to both the aquatic ecosystem and public health. The results of this study demonstrate the persistence of favipiravir in WWTPs and offer crucial supporting data for further research into the advancement of wastewater treatment technology. Also, this study shows wastewater based monitoring is supplementary and early warning system for determining the occurrence of antiviral drugs.

COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases: frequency and course

Objectives. The aim of the study was to assess frequency and severity of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases (RD).Patients and methods. The study included information on the presence or absence of COVID-19 in the medical history of 9185 patients with immunoinflammatory RD (IIRD) and 491 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) who were observed at the V. A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology from September 21, 2021 to December 28, 2023.Results. The incidence of COVID-19 in the analyzed IIRD was significantly higher compared to OA (p<0.02). All IIRD included in the analysis are characterized by an increased risk of COVID-19 incidence when compared with OA by 1.7–3.5 times. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Sjögren's disease, systemic sclerosis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, microcrystalline arthritis, ANCA- associated vasculitis and poly/dermatomyositis were significantly more likely (p<0.009) to receive COVID-19 therapy compared with the control group. Patients with these diseases are characterized by an increased risk of treatment for COVID-19 by 1.7–6.5 times compared with OA. Also, patients with inflammatory joint diseases (IJD), connective tissue diseases (CTDs) and systemic vasculitis (SV) were hospitalized with COVID-19 more often than patients with OA (p=0.013, p=0.003 and p<0.001, respectively). Patients with IJD, CTDs and SV are characterized by an increased risk of hospitalization with COVID-19 by 3.5–6.8 times compared with OA. In addition, elderly patients with IIRD are characterized by an increasing risk of treatment, hospitalization and use of biologics or targeted synthetic disease-modifying drugs for COVID-19.Conclusion. According to the data obtained, the problem of COVID-19 remains very significant for patients with RD. This dictates the need to continue studying risk factors for adverse outcomes of the disease and vaccine prevention of this infectious pathology.

Geospatial analysis of contagious infection growth and cross-boundary transmission in non-vaccinated districts of North-East Indian states during the COVID-19 pandemic

During the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government of India implemented a nationwide lockdown, sealing borders across states and districts. The northeastern region of India, surrounded by three international borders and connected to mainland India by a narrow passage, faced particular isolation. This isolation resulted in these states forming a relatively closed population. Consequently, the availability of population-based data from Indian Council of Medical Research, tracked through national identification cards, offered a distinctive opportunity to understand the spread of the virus among non-vaccinated and non-exposed populations. This research leverages this dataset to comprehend the repercussions within isolated populations. The inter-district variability was visualized using geospatial analysis. The patterns do not follow any established grounded theories on disease spread. Out of 7.1 million total data weekly 0.35 million COVID-19-positive northeast data was taken from April 2020 to February 2021 including "date, test result, population density, area, latitude, longitude, district, and state" to identify the spread pattern using a modified reaction-diffusion model (MRD-Model) and Geographic Information System. The analysis of the closed population group revealed an initial uneven yet rapidly expanding geographical spread characterized by a high diffusion rate α approximately 0.4503 and a lower reaction rate β approximately 0.0256, which indicated a slower growth trajectory of case numbers rather than exponential escalation. In the latter stages, COVID-19 incidence reached zero in numerous districts, while in others, the reported cases did not exceed100. The MRD-Model effectively captured the disease transmission dynamics in the abovementioned setting. This enhanced understanding of COVID-19 spread in remote, isolated regions provided by the MRD modelling framework can guide targeted public health strategies for similar isolated areas. This study is Funded by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).

Safety and durability of mRNA-1273–induced SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in adolescents: results from the phase 2/3 TeenCOVE trial

Longitudinal changes in vaccination-induced immune response remain inadequately characterized in adolescents. We present long-term safety, immunogenicity, and COVID-19 incidence following a 2-dose mRNA-1273100-μg primary series, and immunogenicity following a single dose of mRNA-1273 50 μg in vaccine-naïve adolescents. TeenCOVE (NCT04649151) Part 1 randomized adolescents (12-17 years) to 2-dose mRNA-1273100 μg (n=2490) or placebo (n=1243) 28 days apart. Subsequently, placebo recipients (n=91) could receive open-label mRNA-1273. Primary objectives included prespecified adverse events through 12 months; secondary objectives were COVID-19 incidence and neutralizing and spike-binding antibodies (nAbs/bAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 (ancestral/variants) through 12 months (study period: December 2020-January 2022). In Part 2, vaccine-naïve adolescents (n=52) received up to 2 doses of mRNA-1273 50 μg; interim analysis included Day 28 (D28) nAbs post-injection 1 in SARS-CoV-2-baseline-positive participants (serologic/virologic evidence of prior infection). In SARS-CoV-2-baseline-negative adolescents (N=369), mRNA-1273 induced robust nAb responses versus baseline (geometric mean concentration [GMC]=11; 95% CI, 11-12) at D28 (1868 [1759-1985]), 6 months (625 [583-670]) and 12 months (550 [490-618]) post-injection 2. Similar bAb responses were observed to alpha/beta/delta/gamma variants; nAb/bAb responses were similar in SARS-CoV-2-baseline-positive adolescents. The 2-dose mRNA-1273100-μg primary series was generally well-tolerated; one case of nonserious, moderate, probable acute myocarditis resolved by 8 days from symptom onset. A single dose of mRNA-1273 50 μg in SARS-CoV-2-baseline-positive adolescents induced higher D28 nAb GMCs against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 than 2-dose mRNA-1273100μg in young adults (geometric mean ratio=4.322 [3.274-5.707]). The overall risk-benefit profile of mRNA-1273 remains favorable in adolescents, with durable 12-month immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 (ancestral/variants). A single mRNA-1273 50-μg injection in vaccine-naïve adolescents elicited robust immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. This project has been funded in whole or in part with federal funds by the Department of Health and Human Services, United States; Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, United States; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, United States, under Contract No. 75A50120C00034. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Health and Human Services or its components.

Impact of Weather on Incidence and Mortality of COVID-19: An Application of the ARIMAX Model

Impact of Weather on Incidence and Mortality of COVID-19: An Application of the ARIMAX Model

Prevalence and Predictors of Long COVID-19 and the Average Time to Diagnosis in the General Population: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

Objectives: We aimed to assess the prevalence of long COVID-19 and estimate the average time to its diagnosis and meta-regression for covariates. Methods: We conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression from 43 studies (367,236 patients) (June 2020–August 2022). With the random-effects model, the pooled prevalence of long COVID-19 was measured. Publication bias was ascertained, and meta-regression analysis was performed on predetermined covariates. The trial was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022328509). Results: The pooled prevalence of long COVID-19 was 42.5% (95% CI 36% to 49.3%), with 25% and 66% at four and two months, respectively. Mostly, long COVID-19 signs and symptoms occurred at three (54.3%) to six (57%) months (p < 0.0001), further increasing at 12 months (57.9%, p = 0.0148). Hypertension was significantly associated with long COVID-19 at 32% (0.322 (95% CI 0.166, 0.532) (p < 0.001) and hospital re-admission contributed to 17% (Q = 8.70, df = 1, p = 0.0032) (R2 = 0.17). All the covariates explained at least some of the variance in effect size on long COVID-19 at 53% (Q = 38.81, df = 19, p = 0.0047) (R2 analog = 0.53). Conclusion: The prevalence of long COVID-19 was 42.5% when linked with a cardiovascular disorder. Hospital re-admission majorly predicted the incidence of long COVID-19. Clinical and methodological characteristics in a specific study contributed to over 50% of long COVID-19 events, with most signs and symptoms occurring between 3 and 6 months and increasing at 12 months.

Preliminary study: nutrigenomics analysis results of COVID-19 survivors

BackgroundNumerous attempts have been made at both prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Specific genotypes carry a risk of causing clinical symptoms that can be beneficial or detrimental. We performed nutrigenomics testing on COVID-19 survivors who were on ventilators during their treatment and mild COVID-19 survivors who did not require ventilators to determine the risk of genetic variation through nutrigenomic testing regarding COVID-19 incidence. DNA was isolated from saliva and genotyped for genetic markers using a commercially available nutrigenomics test. We compared genotype frequencies between those with severe symptoms (cases) and those with mild symptoms (controls).ResultSequencing results showed that the distribution from pattern of the Sankey diagram included an ultra risk category in the control group, but not in the case group. None of the subjects in the case group were in the ultra risk category for resilience. A descriptive pattern of risk-level distribution was observed in both the control and case groups. One subject in the ultra risk category was in the control group, indicating a lower risk factor for severe COVID-19.ConclusionFrom this study, a uniqueness begins to emerge, revealing the discovery of ultra-category patterns in the endurance of the control group. The vitamin E risk deficiency is significantly higher in the severe COVID-19 group compared to the mild group, categorized as "typical."

Detection the Genetic Polymorphisms of the Programmed Cell Death Gene PD1.3 G/A (rs11568821) in Coronavirus Disease Patients

Abstract Background: Programmed cell death-1 protein (PD-1, Pcd1), a receptor from the CD28/CTLA-4 group, inhibits antigen receptor signaling by attracting protein tyrosine phosphatase in response to an interaction with any of the two ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2. Human phenotypic variations can be attributed to both genetic and environmental influences. Objectives: Because SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) are not absolute indicators of disease progression, in this work, the PD-1 gene polymorphism in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients was examined to assess the presence of SNPs in viral infections, in particular COVID-19 is the main goal of this investigation. Materials and Methods: Sixty confirmed COVID-19 patients were recruited to this study; 30 of them had severe COVID-19, whereas the other patients showed moderate sickness, who were admitted to the COVID-19 specialized ward in Salahuddin province, and all of them were over the age of 18 years. Also 30 healthy subjects were recruited for the purpose of the comparison. Blood was drawn from all the subjects for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the restriction fragment length (RFLP)-PCR for the assessment of the G/A SNP genotype of PD1.3 and ELISA test for the estimation of PD-1 and PD-L-1 serum level. Results: The examined PD-1 SNPs did not correlate with the incidence of COVID-19, according to a data analysis. Both the dominant and recessive models used in the research failed to detect a connection with the risk of COVID-19 severity. The PD1.3 genotypes frequency between the two groups did not show significant differences (P > 0.05). Only AG was substantially and mainly linked to COVID-19 susceptibility. This study compared the concentrations of immune check point inhibitors PD-1, PD-L-1 to find possible association with genotype frequency, and approved that PD-1 did not have any significant differences in the three groups of genotypes, whereas the difference was highly significant (0.048) in PDL-1 and AA genotype. Conclusion: Among all calculated haplotypes were unrelated to the disease’s prognosis (P > 0.05) concluded that the frequency of AA genotype in patients group decreed the expiation of PD-L-1, leads to immune inhibitions. Future research may clarify the relationship between some immune checkpoint molecule polymorphisms.