Incidence Of Conflict Research Articles

All aboard the 'Elephant Express', a practical solution for human-elephant coexistence

One of the most significant challenges for elephant conservation is managing negative interactions that occur where people and elephants use the same space and compete for resources. Human–elephant conflict (HEC) incidents often manifest in direct impacts to humans or elephants. However, some HEC situations result in long-term risk and chronic stress among communities living with elephants. Indirect impacts or opportunity costs, such as people being disadvantaged by the presence of elephants are harder to quantify and are not often addressed. In the eastern Okavango Panhandle, in northern Botswana, 17,500 people share space and resources with 18,000 elephants. Elephants here use distinct, historical corridors on a daily basis, moving from dryland resources to the wetlands of the Okavango Delta. Confrontations with elephants occur most frequently where these elephant corridors cross the main service road in the area, increasing fear among people walking to work, children going to school, parents sending children to school, and the elderly or expectant mothers accessing medical care. This constant fear contributes to chronic stress and can drive negative perceptions towards elephants. A novel intervention has been introduced to help reduce the costs of HEC and foster coexistence, in the Okavango Panhandle area—"The Elephant Express". The bus service was established through a multi-stakeholder collaboration to provide primary school children and medical personnel safe transport across elephant corridors. The complementary bus service have reduced stress from living with elephants, increased attendance and performance in schools, and facilitated improved access to medical care.

Socio-Ecological Drivers of the Pastoralist–Farmer Conflict in Nigeria’s Mid-Benue Trough: Introducing the Ethnicity Dimension

It is not clear how different social, demographic, economic and ecological factors influence the prevalence and lethality of pastoralistfarmer conflicts in Nigeria’s Mid-Benue Trough. This study introduces the ethnicity dimension alongside factors such as climate change, economic development, population density, political violence and terrorism. Data originates from secondary sources, and multinomial regression is used to model significant effects. The results suggest that ethnicity has a greater impact on the lethality of conflicts than other factors (0.038, x2 = 16.339). Further results show that lethal pastoralist-farmer conflict incidents occur in areas directly affected by climate change (87.4 per cent), with low levels of economic development (77.3 per cent) and low population density (58.9 per cent). The study highlights the effect of the multi-ethnic nature of the area as a main driver of lethal conflicts. Solutions for actions are therefore discussed for consideration by relevant authorities in efforts to integrate the ethnic diversity of the area into policy.

Predicting armed conflict using protest data

Protest is a low-intensity form of political conflict that can precipitate intrastate armed conflict. Data on protests should therefore be informative in systems that provide early warnings of armed conflict. However, since most protests do not escalate to armed conflict, we first need theory to inform our prediction models. We identify three theoretical explanations relating to protest-repression dynamics, political institutions and economic development as the basis for our models. Based on theory, we operationalize nine models and leverage the political Violence Early Warning System (ViEWS) to generate subnational forecasts for intrastate armed conflict in Africa. Results show that protest data substantially improves conflict incidence and onset predictions compared to baseline models that account for conflict history. Moreover, the results underline the centrality of theory for conflict forecasting: our theoretically informed protest models outperform naive models that treat all protests equally.

Extreme weather impacts do not improve conflict predictions in Africa

Quantitative climate and conflict research has thus far considered the role of biophysical extreme weather impacts in conflict dynamics only to a limited extent. We do not fully understand if and if so how, extreme weather impacts can improve conflict predictions. Addressing this gap, we use the Generalized Random Forest (GRF) algorithm to evaluate whether detailed information on extreme weather impacts improves conflict forecasts made with well known conflict predictors such as socio-economic, governance, and history of conflict indicators. We integrate data on biophysical extreme weather impacts such as droughts, floods, crop production shocks, and tropical cyclones from the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project 2a (ISIMIP2a) project into predictive models of conflict in mainland Africa between 1994 and 2012. While we find that while extreme weather impacts alone predict violent conflicts modestly well, socio-economic and conflict history indicators remain the strongest individual predictors of conflicts. Finally, fully specified forecast models including conflict history, governance, and socio-economic variables are not improved by adding extreme weather impacts information. Some part of this can be explained by spatial correlations between extreme weather impacts and other socioeconomic and governance conditions. We conclude that extreme weather impacts do not contain any unique information for forecasting annual conflict incidence in Africa, which calls into question its usefulness for early warning.

Partnership Satisfaction and Conflict among Czech Couples during the Pandemic-related Employment Insecurity

It can be reasonably assumed that the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have taken a toll on family and interpersonal relationships. Previous research has established that job insecurity and financial hardship lead to reduced relationship quality and a higher incidence of partner conflicts. Our goal is to investigate the dynamics of partnership satisfaction and partnership conflict during the COVID-19 pandemic among Czech couples, focusing on pandemic-related employment change and perceived job insecurity. We use longitudinal panel data from “Czech GGS COVID pilot study”, which was conducted in December 2020, and from a follow-up survey organized in April 2021. Our results show that the immediate effects of economic hardship during the pandemic were not as strong and uniform as we expected. Many families apparently had the resources to bear the economic impacts of COVID-19 in terms of maintaining subjective relationship quality and curbing conflict between spouses. The most important conclusion worth further investigation is the gendered nature of these mechanisms. There are contradictory, gender-specific associations hidden under the weak total effects. This suggests that the perception of family life could be very different for men and women in relation to economic circumstances.

The impact of work-family conflict on product preferences: The role of self-control

Despite the high incidence of work-family conflict, there has been a lack of research that investigates its impact on employee behavior, particularly concerning their consumption behavior, which has received inadequate attention. The present study draws on the strength model of self-control and investigates the influence of individuals’ work-family conflict on their preferences for hedonic and utilitarian products via self-control, with frugality acting as a moderator of this relationship. This study gathered data from 502 full-time employees with families in China. Results from the moderated mediating model analysis conducted using the SPSS-PROCESS macro revealed that work-family conflict was positively associated with a preference for hedonic products and negatively associated with a preference for utilitarian products. Self-control was found to mediate the relationship between work-family conflict and product preferences, with a weaker mediating effect observed for individuals with higher levels of frugality in the case of utilitarian products. The findings of this study contribute to the literature on work-family conflict and have implications for organizations and merchants in understanding and addressing the impact of work-family conflict on employee consumption behavior. Specifically, this study provides insight into how organizations can better manage work-family conflict and how merchants can make more informed marketing decisions for hedonic and utilitarian products.

Climate, Women, and Conflict: Rebel Groups’ Armed Activities after Major Disasters

Abstract This study builds long-anticipated bridges between the literature on (i) climate/disaster security, (ii) women, peace, and security, and (iii) rebel group behavior. Specifically, I analyze how rebel groups react to disasters (like droughts, earthquakes, floods, or storms) by intensifying or reducing their armed activities. This addresses a crucial knowledge gap: While a large literature is dealing with the impacts of climate change and disasters on armed conflict onset or incidence, knowledge on how environmental factors shape the behavior of particular conflict actors remains scarce. I argue that rebel groups escalate fighting when disaster-related opportunities occur (e.g., easier recruitment) but scale back their armed activities if adversely affected by the disasters (e.g., loss of resources). However, this relationship is contingent of the rebels’ inclusion of female combatants. Empirically, this study draws on a unique sample of thirty-six cases of disasters striking armed conflict zones and integrates quantitative and qualitative data via a qualitative comparative analysis. The results suggest that rebel groups intensify their armed activities to exploit disaster-related opportunities but can only do so when female combatants provide them with sufficient capabilities. Conversely, rebels have to reduce fighting when adversely affected by disasters unless they can draw on female members to cope with disaster impacts.

Spatial patterns of communal violence in sub-Saharan Africa

Communal violence is a major source of insecurity within and across borders, sparking significant displacement flows and disturbing livelihoods. While conflict literature has shed light onto its causes, the existing research has paid little systematic attention to the spatial dynamics of communal violence. We distinguish between spillover of violence and spillover of predictors. Spillover of violence is defined as conflict incidences occurring as a direct response to communal violence in a nearby location. Spillover of predictors describes instances of communal violence that occur due to nearby conflict-inducing factors. We clarify theoretical pathways for both spillover processes, focusing on drought exposure affecting not locally but in nearby areas. Applying spatial models, we test the expectations regarding nearby violence breeding violence and nearby drought increasing violence with data on incidences of communal violence for sub-Saharan Africa (1990–2014). Our results demonstrate that communal violence explains nearby communal violence through different spillover processes. We also find evidence for an increase in violence due to exposure from neighborhood droughts as well as other conflict-inducing factors.

Komunikasi Antar Budaya Studi Fenomenologisantara Masyarakat Timor Timur Dan Masyarakat Musi Di Desa Mangan Jaya Kecamatan Muara Kelingi

This type of research is qualitative research with the approach used is phenomenology. In this study, researchers interviewed community leaders who understood the meaning of events or incidents of conflict between the people of East Timor and the Musi people in Mangan Jaya Village in recent years showing encouraging changes
 Adaptation Between the East Timorese and Musi Communities in Mangan Jaya Village, Muara Kelingi District, another thing that also shows an attitude of openness between the East Timorese and Musi people is the creation of harmonious economic relations, they shop with each other and other economic transactions are carried out well. The people of East Timor and the people of Musi showed a positive attitude with the open acceptance of each community group. This can be seen from the fact that there is no difference in treatment between the Musi group and the East Timorese.

Effects of a hydropower project on a high-value Asian elephant population.

Habitat loss and fragmentation are leading contributors to the endangered status of species. In 2006, the Nakai Plateau contained the largest known Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), and the population was among those with the highest genetic diversity reported for Asian elephants. In 2008, completion of the Nam Theun 2 hydroelectric dam inundated much of the Plateau, resulting in the loss of 40% of elephant habitat. We studied elephant presence, movements, and the incidence of human-elephant conflict (HEC) on the Nakai Plateau and surrounding areas from 2004 to 2020, before and for 12 years after dam completion. To examine contemporary population dynamics in the Nakai elephants, we used genetic sampling to compare minimum population numbers, demography, and levels of genetic diversity from the wet and dry seasons in 2018/2019, 10 years after dam completion, with those reported in a pre-dam-completion genetic survey. After dam completion, we found a major increase in HEC locally and the creation of new, serious, and persistent HEC problems as far as 100 km away. While we were unable to compare estimated population sizes before and after dam completion, our data revealed a decrease in genetic diversity, a male-biased sex ratio, and evidence of dispersal from the Plateau by breeding-age females. Our results raise concerns about the long-term viability of this important population as well as that of other species in this region. Given that hydropower projects are of economic importance throughout Laos and elsewhere in southeast Asia, this study has important implications for understanding and mitigating their impact.

KONFLIK KAUM SELEPAS PENDUDUKAN JEPUN 1945 DAN PERISTIWA 13 MEI 1969 DI TANAH MELAYU: SUATU ANALISIS

The society of Malaya has a diverse and multiracial population, which originates from the British colonial era. In the pluralistic context of Malaysian society, racial issues can be said to be sensitive and important. Pluralism shows diversity based on each racial identity. Diversity refers to the differences that exist in a society. This difference is a challenge to the construction of national identity and national unity because in the effort to create a nation state is not something easy. The focus of the study focuses on the analysis between two incidents of racial conflict that occurred after the Japanese occupation in 1945 and the event of May 13, 1969. This analysis will look in terms of analysing the similarities and differences between the two incidents of racial conflict. Is it true that there are differences or similarities between the two incidents of racial conflict in Malaya? The results of the study found that the two incidents of racial conflict were a planned incident and did not happen spontaneously. It is also motivated by the existence of elements of oppression or very heavy oppression. In terms of communist involvement, it was seen to be more comprehensive during the incident after the Japanese occupation in 1945 compared to the event of May 13, 1969. The racial conflict in 1945 was not entirely racial in nature but more about their goal in expanding communist influence in Malaya. In contrast to the events of May 13, 1969, the racial riots occurred as a result of political competition at that time which was unhealthy and did not care about pluralism.

Harmonization & Conflict

There are many things that made us interested in this book where the book discusses a lot about the conflicts that exist on campus with the community, from this we can learn and also respond as students or the campus knows how to solve problems or solutions. which exists. The conflict incidents in this book can give us practice to prevent this from happening in the future and on other campuses. The theories provided in the studies can also be a source of reference for us as students. In the first chapter of this book, it discusses a university that has many agents of change, there are lecturers as educators or researchers, there are students who are always making changes in thinking and trying new methods and lifestyles, there are administrative and technical staff who have specific managerial and technical skills in supporting the teaching and learning process and managing the entire campus area. Small conflicts have continued to occur throughout the history of the development of this campus. The nuances of conflict between the Unimal campus community and the surrounding gampong community are actually an extension of the vertical and horizontal conflicts that have existed in Aceh for a long time, between the government (central and regional) and the Free Aceh Movement. It is the main discussion in this book. Like the conflict between the residents of the gampong around the campus and Unimal, it has been ongoing and intertwined with the wider conflict, the Aceh conflict which has been going on for quite a long time since 1953 which has put Aceh into a territory that is rebelling against the Central Government. This peace agreement became the initial capital for creating new socio-political conditions in post-conflict Aceh and as a prerequisite for carrying out rehabilitation and reconstruction activities for the area after being hit by the tsunami disaster on December 26, 2004. Several stages in the peace process were successfully passed with generally quite positive results. even unexpectedly; demobilizing GAM and decommissioning its weapons; non-organic redeployment of TNI/POLRI; amnesty for GAM political prisoners; reintegration of former GAM members; the enactment of Law Number 11 of 2006 concerning the Government of Aceh; and the election of the head of the Aceh administration and local elections at the district and city levels throughout Aceh.

Palm oil cluster resilience to enhance indigenous welfare by innovative ability to address land conflicts: Evidence of disaster hierarchy

Abstract Recently, capacity building has been named the government’s target in evaluating strengthening land function cycle collaboration in reducing disaster conflicts due to palm oil expansion. Disaster conflicts over palm oil plantations are the main cause of the fundamental transition of environmental culture and customs, especially concerning the welfare capacity of indigenous people in Jambi Province, Indonesia. This article aims to combine information on decision hierarchies and Geographical Information System (GIS) imaging applications to assess complaints of disaster risk in the development of palm oil clusters on indigenous welfare factors due to the palm oil boom in eight Rokan hamlets, Jambi. The combination of the Analytical Hierarchy Process simulation and GIS method in the GeoDa density test is used synergistically to analyze the following criteria for disaster causes: land disputes, water pollution, habitat scarcity, drought/forest fires, floods, and crop failure. The results of the disaster hierarchy show that the priority criteria are land disputes followed by drought/forest fires and floods. Meanwhile, the answer to alternative stakeholder decisions is the regional government according to predictions from the findings of the frequency of resolution of conflicts that have occurred in the past. In addition, the GIS density results detected six Rokan hamlets in Jambi having very high and high conflicts, but two hamlets had no disaster conflict incidents. A capacity building approach in the social, economic, and environmental fields is one of the solutions in minimizing land conflicts caused by palm oil expansion.

Conflict management and social work curriculum at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

ABSTRACT The intensifying incidence of conflict in Nigeria raises concern about conflict management. The post-independence era in Nigeria has seen the country witnessing several agitations, issues and conflict which requires professional attention. Social workers are expected to be at the forefront of conflict management campaigns and implementation, hence, the question of their readiness and preparedness to meet these expectations arise. This article evaluates the extent to which the degree curriculum of the Department of Social Work, University of Nigeria, Nsukka conforms to the expectations. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were used to collect data from purposively selected 16 undergraduates and four postgraduates. Findings revealed that enough conflict management contents are offered in the curriculum, but participants suggested the need for a review of the curriculum; incorporating indigenous ways of managing conflict. Finally, the study recommends avenues for further development of conflict management within social work education; identifying some research avenues and delineating course content.

Ethno-religious Conflicts and the Challenges of National Security in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic

ABSTRACT The threats of ethnic, religious, and ethno-religious conflicts have endured in Nigeria and become increasingly alarming in the fourth republic, which started in 1999. Ethno-religious conflicts are hostile engagements where actors and their motivations reflect a combination of ethnic and religious interests. These conflicts are deeply rooted in colonial legacies, ethno-religious-based distributions of power and resources, and failure of the post-colonial state to advance unity in diversity and promote the welfare and security of all citizens without discrimination. Between 1999 and 2021, Nigeria recorded no fewer than 2811 incidences of ethnic conflict with 18,132 fatalities, 3703 incidences of religious conflict with 29,957 fatalities, and 117 incidences of ethno-religious conflict with 2420 fatalities. These conflicts have had negative consequences for the lives and properties of the affected population, political stability, national unity, integration, development, security, and the image of the country internationally. This article examines the threats of ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria’s fourth republic, their causes, manifestations, consequences, and possible ways forward.

Intergenerational Integration in Community Building to Improve the Mental Health of Residents-A Case Study of Public Space.

This study defined intergenerational integration in communities at a theoretical level and verified whether a series of measures could facilitate negotiation and communication between community residents and other stakeholders to generate a positive and healthy community environment and gradually improve intergroup relations. Specifically, we applied community psychology and used Hongqiao New Village in Shanghai, China, as a research site to explore intergenerational conflict in public community spaces. The research was divided into two stages: an input stage and an output stage. In the input stage, participatory research and tea parties were used to deeply explore residents' public space requirements. In the output stage, we tested the validity of the theory by using the Intergenerational Attitude Scale to investigate whether the intergenerational relationships were changed by the co-creation intervention. The results showed that the intervention caused a decrease in the incidence of conflict between residents using the square and caused some children to join the older groups in their activities. We thus propose a theoretical system model of intergenerational integration strategies that incorporates elements of integration, disagreement, and synergy in intergenerational interactions. Overall, this paper provides new ideas for building a community environment that supports mental health and improves intergenerational relationships and social well-being.

THE MOVEMENT PATTERN AND HOME RANGE OF SUMATRAN ELEPHANTS (Elephas maximus ssp. sumatranus) IN THE LANDSCAPE OF MILA-TANGSE IN PIDIE REGENCY, ACEH

The Sumatran elephant is the largest mammal species on the island of Sumatera. They are listed by the IUCN as critically endangered (IUCN, 2020). The current population throughout Sumatera lies on 22 home ranges and most of them are in critical condition (KLHK, 2020). One of the home ranges in Aceh Province is in the landscape of Mila-Tange, Pidie Regency. This landscape is a meeting point among the elephant herds. The herds that have been separated into small groups will gather with the other groups in several months. This phenomenon becoming one of the triggers for the incidents of human-elephant conflict. The conservation activity is being implemented by taking into account the needs of livelihood in the area. Therefore, the research was conducted to recognize the movement pattern and its range in this landscape during period of January to December 2021. The results show that the elephant herd range lies from 123 km2 to 413 km2. The movement patterns are concentrating in the type of shrubs (1.227 points which equal to 46.73%) and mixed dry land agriculture (923 points which equal to 35.15%). The roaming area and movement patterns are mostly influenced by the environmental factors including natural food, land cover and anthropogenic activities.

5 Questions for Li Zi Shu

5 Questions for Li Zi Shu Michelle Johnson (bio) and Li Zi Shu (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution PHOTO COURTESY OF LI ZI SHU Li Zi Shu is the author of the Taiwanese best-seller The Age of Goodbyes, now available in English translation by YZ Chin (Feminist Press, 2022). Q YZ Chin's translation of The Age of Goodbyes is your first book available in English and the first time a novel by a Malaysian woman writer working in Chinese will appear in English. What do you make of these milestones? A As a matter of fact, there are very few novels you could find in Malaysian Chinese literature. The current environment has never been supportive. Not only that Chinese, as a language commonly used for generations in Malaysia, is not officially recognized, but our literature also has been marginalized in the Chinese-speaking world. For decades, Malaysian writers who work in Chinese have been struggling to survive on a small readership, low pay, and very limited space for publication. To work on novels is simply unrealistic. It is also true that the number of women writers was relatively small in the past, so it is not surprising that I could be the first Malaysian woman writer—after twenty-five years of my career—who gets her Chinese novel translated and published in English. However, I must admit that I had never thought of expanding my readership beyond the Chinese-speaking world—not even to Malay readers, until YZ Chin, the translator of The Age of Goodbyes, brought up the suggestion. I and my peers in Malaysia who write in a marginalized language have worked so hard trying to be seen and recognized. I am glad and excited that my work could be the first step we take to go out into a wider literary world. Hopefully, it will draw the attention of more readers to Malaysian Chinese literature. Q You are known for daring experimentation with form. For instance, The Age of Goodbyes begins on page 513. Are there other writers who have inspired you in this regard, or are you working against what you've read? A I was considerably young at the time I wrote The Age of Goodbyes, and [End Page 34] absolutely a beginner as a novelist. Like most young people, I was fond of exploring, easily fascinated by forms and techniques, and courageous enough to play with all kinds of perceptible, even tangible devices, such as formal and linguistic methods, in order to explore the possibilities of novel writing. Jorge Luis Borges and Italo Calvino were my favorite writers; they still are. It was almost impossible for me to resist the charms of their works and not be influenced by their ideas of construction of human society and the world. In fact, it was only after I finished The Age of Goodbyes and had learned from the experience that I began to gradually develop my own ideas of form. From the first novel to the second (Worldly Land), which came out two years ago, I had been pursuing—at a higher level, I believe—a new approach to fiction writing that is less formal and technical. Not that I care less about form now, I just think that I should be capable of integrating form into narrative, instead of using form to shape a novel and pouring narrative into it. Q Would you tell us a little about The Age of Goodbyes? A The novel was written in my late thirties. I was so determined to write a novel at that time. For many years before I had written only short stories, or flash stories, as they were easier to get published, and it was a quicker way for me to earn a living. Right before I turned forty, I decided to write a novel, setting it as a career challenge to explore more possibilities of fiction writing. I chose to tackle a subject I was most familiar with, which was the changes of the Chinese community in Malaysia. The story begins on May 13, 1969, the day an incident of ethnic conflict took place, namely the 513 incident (May...

Trend of Conflict Rate in Iran from 2014 to 2020: An Ecological Study.

Detecting the correlation of conflict rate within provinces over time provides a better understanding for health policymakers in identifying potential causes. The purpose of this study was to assess the trend of conflict rate in 31 provinces of Iran using the growth mixture model (GMM). This ecologic study was conducted based on the data obtained from the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization (ILMO) by gender and provinces between March 21, 2014 and March 21, 2020. First, the 7-year cumulative incidence rates were described; second, the trend of conflict rate was modeled by a linear mixed-effects model according to gender and overall; finally, distinct classes of provinces with similar conflict trends in seven years were identified using the GMM. The significance level was considered less than 0.05. Among provinces, Ardebil and Sistan Baluchistan had the highest and the lowest 7-year conflict incidence rates (95% CI) with 66.6 (52.38, 84.67) and 20.79 (13.53, 31.95) per 100000, respectively. The results of the linear mixed-effects model showed that the annual rate of conflict in Iran decreased by 0.37% from 2014 to 2017 and then slightly increased by 0.07% after 2017. In addition, the GMM results indicated that the trends for Iranian provinces can be clustered into four distinct classes. Our study showed the increasing growth of conflict in the last years in most provinces of Iran. Necessary interventions are important to prevent the rising conflict rate due to the various effects of conflict on psychological, social, and health factors.

A National Survey Assessing the Variability in the Management of Traumatic Cardiac Arrest.

Resuscitation of traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) is variable, with approaches that overlap Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) and Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) algorithms. There is no standard algorithm for TCA, with some withholding ACLS protocols given abysmal outcomes. This study aims to assess surgeon practices and attitudes toward resuscitation practices in TCA. A 16-question web-based survey was distributed to the membership of a national trauma association. Respondent demographics and management of TCA were analyzed. Chi-squared tests determined statistical significance. Open-ended responses were coded and analyzed inductively. Two hundred and three surveys were completed. 73.4% of respondents reported utilizing ACLS, while 26.6% reported they never utilized ACLS. A statistically significant difference in the performance of ACLS was found based on number of years in practice (P = .025) and the state of practice (P = .006). There was no significant difference in self-reported survival rates or legal, ethical, or interpersonal conflicts. Qualitative data highlighted themes of interpersonal conflict and futility. This study shows that one-quarter of respondents never utilize ACLS in TCA. Of those that utilize ACLS, there was variability in the technique, indication, and duration of resuscitation. Despite significant variability in technique, there appears to be similar survival rates and incidence of conflict. The association between years in practice and ACLS use suggests this may represent an emerging change in practice. The low response rate limits generalizability; however, there is significant variability in practice, highlighting a need for evidence-based guidelines.