Incidence Of Pneumonia In Children Research Articles

Pneumonia in Toddlers: Association of Characteristics and Nutritional Status

Pneumonia is one of the health problems that contribute to the mortality of toddlers. Pneumonia cases in children are determined by health history. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between age, gender, birth weight, history of breastfeeding, nutritional status, and immunization status with the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers at the Kudus Aisyiyah Hospital. The design of this study was analytic observational with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 102 patients have participated as research respondents, and sampling was done using the accidental technique. The instrument used in this study is an observation sheet prepared for toddler patients with pneumonia. Data analysis was carried out using chi-square and fisher's exact method. The results showed that 48 patients (47.1%) had pneumonia. There was a significant relationship between the age of children under five (p=0.003) and birth weight (p=0.0001) with the incidence of pneumonia. There was no relationship between gender (p=0.399), exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.495), and nutritional status (p=0.141), with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five. The age variable is associated with the pneumonia incidence in toddlers at Kudus 'Aisyiyah Hospital. Mothers are expected to pay more attention to the health of their toddlers due to their vulnerability to a variety of diseases, particularly infectious diseases. Support and counseling programs from health workers were also expected to help mothers' understanding to improve their child's health quality.

Pengaruh musim terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada balita di Kabupaten Pelalawan

Pneumonia is a type of lower respiratory tract infection and the main cause of under-five mortality, especially in developing countries, with a mortality rate of 3 million each year. Pneumonia cases in children under five in Pelalawan Regency are quite high, namely 72.8% in 2018. Pneumonia is also influenced by climatic condi-tions and seasons. Parasites and disease vectors are very sensitive to climatic factors, especially temperature, humidity, and rainfall. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of season on the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Pelalawan District. This type of research is analytic observational with a cross sectional approach. The study population was all patients with pneumonia under five who were recorded in the registration of 12 Puskesmas in Pelalawan Regency in 2018-2019. The research sample uses total sam-pling. Data analysis uses the Vector Autorgressive (VAR) method on time series data with time level being monthly data. The results showed that the trend of the number of pneumonia cases fluctuated approximately every 2 months, this was caused by the influence of the season, namely the rainy season and dry season. Mostly in the rainy season the number of pneumonia cases tends to experience an increasing trend. Based on statisti-cal tests, it is known that seasonal variables (rainfall, rainy days, humidity and temperature) have no signifi-cant effect on the incidence of pneumonia in children under five, but the R Square value in the modeling above is quite good, namely 0.655, meaning that 65.5% of the diversity of pneumonia cases can be explained. by these variables while the rest is explained by other variables outside the model. For this reason, it is hoped that the Puskesmas will campaign for the '5 M' program, especially in the rainy season (opening ventilation, entry of light, entry of air, maintaining house cleanliness and increasing body immunity). It is suggested to the Pelalawan District Health Office to monitor climate factors on an ongoing basis in the context of the pro-gram to eradicate pneumonia in children under five.

The indirect effects of COVID-19 upon global childhood pneumonia

ObjectivesThe relative scarcity of paediatric COVID-19 disease infers protection from its direct harms. We aim to highlight the potentially severe indirect effects of COVID-19 upon global childhood pneumonia. Study designThis is a discussion piece written from the authors’ perspective. MethodsWe use the social determinants of health to describe the indirect impact of COVID-19 upon global childhood pneumonia. ResultsThe social determinants of health are a range of social, economic, and environmental factors used to explore and explain global health differences and inequalities. Global childhood pneumonia is a significant public health problem with clear linkage to the social determinants of health. COVID-19 is a significant threat to the health and wellbeing of children around the world through its potentially severe effects on all strata of the social determinants of health. ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic could undermine years of progress in reducing both global childhood pneumonia incidence and mortality, and most significantly affect vulnerable children living in poverty.

Association between household air pollution and nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in Malawian infants (MSCAPE): a nested, prospective, observational study

SummaryBackgroundHousehold air pollution from solid fuels increases the risk of childhood pneumonia. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a necessary step in the development of pneumococcal pneumonia. We aimed to assess the association between exposure to household air pollution and the prevalence and density of S pneumoniae carriage among children.MethodsThe Malawi Streptococcus pneumoniae Carriage and Air Pollution Exposure study was a nested, prospective, observational study of children participating in the cluster randomised controlled Cooking and Pneumonia Study (CAPS) in the Karonga Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) area in northern Malawi. CAPS compared the effects of a cleaner burning biomass-fuelled cookstove (intervention group) with traditional open-fire cooking (control group) on the incidence of pneumonia in children. Eligible children aged 6 weeks or 6 months (those recruited a 6 weeks were also followed up at age 6 months) were identified by the Karonga HDSS centre. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken to detect S pneumoniae, and infant exposure to particulate matter with a diameter of ≤2·5 μm (PM2·5) exposure was assessed by use of a MicroPEM device. The primary outcome was the prevalence of nasopharyngeal S pneumoniae carriage in all children aged 6 months, assessed in all children with valid data on PM2·5. The effects of the intervention stoves (intention-to-treat analysis) and PM2·5 (adjusted exposure-response analysis) on the prevalence of S pneumoniae carriage were also assessed in the study children.FindingsBetween Nov 15, 2015, and Nov 2, 2017, 485 children were recruited (240 from the intervention group and 245 from the control group). Of all 450 children with available data at age 6 months, 387 (86% [95% CI 82–89]) were positive for S pneumoniae. Geometric mean PM2·5 exposure was 60·3 μg/m3 (95% CI 55·8–65·3) in S pneumoniae-positive children and 47·0 μg/m3 (38·3–57·7) in S pneumoniae-negative children (p=0·044). In the intention-to-treat analysis, a non-significant increase in the risk of S pneumoniae carriage was observed in intervention group children compared with control group children (odds ratio 1·36 [95% CI 0·95–1·94]; p=0·093). In the exposure-response analysis, a significant association between PM2·5 exposure and S pneumoniae carriage was observed; a one unit increase in decile of PM2·5 was found to significantly increase the risk of S pneumoniae carriage by 10% (1·10 [1·01–1·20]; p=0·035), after adjustment for age, sex, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination status, season, current use of antibiotics, and MicroPEM run-time.InterpretationDespite the absence of effect from the intervention cookstove, household air pollution exposure was significantly associated with the prevalence of nasopharyngeal S pneumoniae carriage. These results provide empirical evidence for the potential mechanistic association between exposure to household air pollution and childhood pneumonia.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF PNEUMONIA MORBIDITY IN CHILDREN IN THE PERIOD 1993-2017 AND PROGNOSIS FOR 2025.

The aim: To assess national trends in the morbidity of pneumonia in children aged 0-6 years, 7-14 years and 15-17 years in the period from 1993 to 2017 and mathematically predict the dynamics of the morbidity in 2025. Materials and methods: Data from the Center for Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine for the period 1993-2017 were used to calculate the morbidity rate of pneumonia in children aged 0-6 years, 7-14 and 15-17 years. Result: The period from 1993 to 2017 is characterized by high incidence of pneumonia in children in Ukraine (from 6.74 to 8.21 per 1000). In children aged 0-6 years, the morbidity 1000 ranged from 11.45 to 11.17, in children aged 7-14 years - from 4.65 to 6.46, in adolescents aged 15-17 years - from 1.99 to 10.47 . In Ukraine, the morbidity rate has significantly exceeded the that in European countries. In 2025, the morbidity of children under 6 years old in Ukraine may make up 3.84 per 1,000. Conclusions: In Ukraine, a significant increase in the morbidity rate of pneumonia in adolescents is predicted by 2025. It is necessary to develop a national strategy to improve the health of children and adolescents to implement policy and management measures in the health care system, aimed at effective prevention and quality treatment of pneumonia in children and adolescents.

Effect of Behavior Change Communication on the Incidence of Pneumonia in Under Five Children: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

Improving health education of the mother by providing community-based interventions is known to help control pneumonia. To determine the effect of behavior change communication (BCC) activities for mothers in reducing the incidence of childhood pneumonia. Open-label cluster randomized controlled trial. Urban slums and villages in two districs of Maharashtra. Under-five children and their mothers from households in the randomly selected 16 clusters out of total 45 clusters, stratified into Pune and Sangli districts and further into rural and urban areas before randomization. Three forms of BCC activities were imparted, viz., interactive sessions of education using pictorial mothers' booklet, screening of a audio-visual film, and virtual hand wash demonstration and use of flashcard. Routine care under the National health program was provided by the Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) workers in both the arms. The primary outcome was pneumonia as per the IMNCI criteria assessed during fortnightly visits of the ASHA/anganwadi workers to the houses of under-five children, who received at least one follow-up visit in a period of one year. The incidence of pneumonia in 1993 and 1987 under-five children in the intervention and control arm was 0.80 and 0.48 episodes per child per year, respectively (P=0.03). BCC for mothers is not sufficient to reduce the incidence of childhood pneumonia.

Smoking Family Members In The House As Factor Risk Of Pneumonia Events In Children In Puskesmas Papanggo North Jakarta, In 2019

The incidence of pneumonia in children under five in the district health center in Papuan, North Jakarta, has increased from 2017-2018 to 156 cases. The purpose of this study was to study and explain smoking as a factor in the incidence of pneumonia in infants. This research is a quantitative study using case control design. The sample consisted of 204 respondents consisting of 68 cases namely toddlers with pneumonia and 136 controls without pneumonia. Analysis of the data used is, univariate, bivariate, chi square, and multivariate using multiple logistic regression. The results of this study showed that most of the toddlers are <12 months of age by 35.3%, male sex 51.5%, underweight nutritional status by 85.3%, toddlers with BLB <2500 grams by 20.6% , exclusive breastfeeding was not given for 22.1%, measles immunization was never 27.9%, incomplete DPT immunization was 5.9%, maternal knowledge was less than 79.4%, maternal education was low by 57.4%, mothers work by 16.2%, Density of occupancy is not standard 42.6%, have used mosquito repellent 67.6%, there are family members smoking 61.8%, there is a history of asthma of 64.7%, who do not use health insurance by 33.8%. Keywords:, smoking family members, toddlers, factors of incidence of pneumonia,

Spatio-temporal patterns of childhood pneumonia in Bhutan: a Bayesian analysis

Pneumonia is one of the top 10 diseases by morbidity in Bhutan. This study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal trends and risk factors of childhood pneumonia in Bhutan. A multivariable Zero-inflated Poisson regression model using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation was undertaken to quantify associations of age, sex, altitude, rainfall, maximum temperature and relative humidity with monthly pneumonia incidence and to identify the underlying spatial structure of the data. Overall childhood pneumonia incidence was 143.57 and 10.01 per 1000 persons over 108 months of observation in children aged < 5 years and 5–14 years, respectively. Children < 5 years or male sex were more likely to develop pneumonia than those 5–14 years and females. Each 1 °C increase in maximum temperature was associated with a 1.3% (95% (credible interval [CrI] 1.27%, 1.4%) increase in pneumonia cases. Each 10% increase in relative humidity was associated with a 1.2% (95% CrI 1.1%, 1.4%) reduction in the incidence of pneumonia. Pneumonia decreased by 0.3% (CrI 0.26%, 0.34%) every month. There was no statistical spatial clustering after accounting for the covariates. Seasonality and spatial heterogeneity can partly be explained by the association of pneumonia risk to climatic factors including maximum temperature and relative humidity.

Determinants of the Incident of Pneumonia in Toddlers in Bengkulu City in 2020

The number of pneumonia cases in toddlers in Bengkulu City in 2018 reached 3,411. In 2017 there were 3,437 cases. In 2016 there were 31 people. The increase in pneumonia cases will affect the health status of infants and children in the future. This study aims to analyze the determinants of the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Bengkulu City. The research method was cross-sectional, located in 4 health centers (Sukamerindu, Betungan, Telaga Dewa, and Kuala Lemembu). The sample in this study was 90 people. Data collection using a questionnaire. Data analysis by univariate and bivariate. Results, There is a relationship between immunization status (P-Value 0.000), exclusive breastfeeding (P-Value 0.004), history of ARI (P-Value 0.000), and residential density (p-value 0.004) with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Bengkulu City. The study concluded the significant relation between immunization status, exclusive breastfeeding, history of ARI, and residential density with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Bengkulu City. The most influential variable was exclusive breastfeeding.

Exploring Pneumonia Risk Factors in Slum and Non-Slum Areas

Background: Pneumonia remains a health concern that is the most significant contributor to the mortality of children under five years old in the world. The environment and immunization history, exclusive breastfeeding, and nutritional status become risk factors for children's pneumonia. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors for pneumonia in infants in the slum and non-slum areas of Palembang City. Methods: This study used a case-control study design. This population study was all children under five years old who lived in the slum and non-slum Areas of Palembang City. The sample in this study was 84 samples with a ratio of 1:1. Analysis data used univariate and bivariate with chi-square. Results: This study found that in slums showed 5 independent variables related to the incidence of pneumonia in children under five years old, those variables were immunization status (OR=5.2; CI 95%= 1.367-19.774), exclusive breastfeeding (OR= 5.667; CI 95%= 1.411-22.761), humidity (OR= 7.125; CI 95%= 1.309-38.771), ventilation area (OR= 5.2; CI 95%= 1.367-19.774) and occupancy density (OR= 6,9; CI 95%= 1,702-28,026). Whereas in the slums areas, there was a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding (OR= 8; CI 95%= 1.790-35.774), nutritional status(OR= 5.67; CI 95%= 1.411-22.761), humidity (OR= 6.9; CI 95%= 1.702-28.026), and exposure to cigarette smoke (OR= 5.4; CI 95%= 1.226-24.261) with the case of pneumonia in children under five years old. Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding and humidity are risk factors for pneumonia in children under five years old in the slum and non-slum areas of Palembang City.

BEHAVIOR RELATIONSHIP, KNOWLEDGE AND FATHER'S ROLE (FATHERING) IN CHILDREN'S CARE TO PNEUMONIA EVENTS IN CHILDREN IN PEGADINGAN VILLAGE, KEC. KRAMATWATU REGENCY. ATTACK

Background Parenting is a process of interaction between parents and children. The role of a father in the family is usually more of the backbone of the family and the breadwinner of the family, while the mother plays an active role in caring for her children. In fact, the role of parents, especially here father, is very much needed for the development of a child. Coparenting refers to the way for parents to work together as a couple, negotiate in raising children and support each other. The role of father (fathering) is as important as the role of mother and has an influence in the development of early childhood. Pneumonia is still a public health problem in Indonesia, especially for toddlers. According to the source of the Directorate General of P2P of the Indonesian Ministry of Health in 2017, it was found that the number of pneumonia cases in toddlers was 57.84% or 503,738 toddlers from the target of finding 870,893 cases of pneumonia in children under five, while in Banten Province, the number of pneumonia cases in toddlers was 57.84% or 503,738. Toddlers from the target of finding cases of pneumonia in children under five were 870,893 people. Research in 2017 of 95 toddlers who experienced pneumonia as much as 48%. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between father's behavior, knowledge and the role of father (fathering) in childcare for the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers in Pegadingan Village, Kec. Kramatwatu&#x0D; Research Methods This type of research is an observational analytic study, with the research design used is a cross sectional approach. The sample of this study consisted of 84 fathers who have children under five. Data processing was done by means of editing, scoring, coding and tabulating using univariate and bivariate data analysis.&#x0D; Results More than half of 52.4% of children under five had pneumonia, 57.1% of fathers had less knowledge about pneumonia, 58.3% of fathers had sick behavior, 71.4% of fathers had less roles. There is a significant relationship between the behavior and role of the father with the incidence of pneumonia and there is no significant relationship between knowledge and the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Pegadingan Village, Kec. Kramatwatu Kab. Attack of the Year 2020&#x0D; Suggestion Health workers further increase the promotion of the importance of routine monthly check-ups for toddlers by involving the participation of a father

Preconceptional and prenatal exposure to air pollution increases incidence of childhood pneumonia: A hypothesis of the (pre-)fetal origin of childhood pneumonia

BackgroundIncreasing evidence has linked childhood pneumonia with early exposure to ambient air pollution. However, the impact of exposure to air pollutants before birth is unclear. ObjectiveTo further clarify whether exposure to a particular pollutant during preconceptional and prenatal periods, may pose a higher risk of developing childhood pneumonia. MethodsThis case-control cohort study consisted of 1510 children aged 0–14 years in Changsha, China between 2017 and 2019. Data of children's history of pneumonia and blood biomarkers were obtained from the XiangYa Hospital records. Each child's exposure to air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm (PM10), was calculated using data from ten air pollution monitoring stations. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to quantify the relationship between childhood pneumonia and exposure to ambient air pollution during the preconceptional and prenatal periods. ResultsChildhood pneumonia was significantly associated with preconceptional and prenatal exposure to the industrial-related air pollutant, SO2, for 1 year before conception, for 3 months before conception and for the entire pregnancy, with ORs(95% CI)= 4.01(3.17–5.07), 4.06(3.29–5.00) and 6.51(4.82–8.79). Also, children who were sick with pneumonia had higher white blood cell and neutrophil counts, and children with low eosinophil count or hemoglobin are likely to get pneumonia. Sensitivity analysis showed that boys, and children in high temperature area were susceptible to the effect of both preconceptional and prenatal exposure to industrial SO2. ConclusionPreconceptional and prenatal exposure to industrial-related air pollution plays a significant role in the incidence and progression of childhood pneumonia, supporting the hypothesis of “(pre-)fetal origin of childhood pneumonia”.

Smoke Exposure at Home to the Incidence of Pneumonia in Children Under 5 Years Old

Increased levels of pollutants in the room, apart from the penetration of outdoor pollutants, can also comefrom indoor pollutant sources such as cigarette smoke, smoke from using firewood, and the use of mosquitocoils. Pneumonia is the ultimate overlooked child killer (major “forgotten killer of children”). In KlatenDistrict, pneumonia cases in the last 3 years have increased, 1,068, 1,244, and 1,705. This study was todetermine the relationship between the incidence of pneumonia and exposure to smoke at home in childrenunder 5 years of age in Klaten Regency, Central Java Province. This type of research is observational analyticwith case-control studies. The total sample of 278 (139 cases and 139 controls) children under 5 years ofage resided in Klaten Regency and were recorded as pneumonia cases in the public health care registerin 2012 that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research instrument consisted of a structuredquestionnaire. The results of data analysis showed that the relationship with the incidence of pneumonia inchildren under five was the variable exposure to cigarette smoke (OR=2,053; p=0,017 and 95% CI=1,137-3,705) and exposure to kitchen smoke (OR=2,664; p=0,003 and 95% CI=1,4002-5,0680). Factors associatedwith the incidence of pneumonia in children under 5 years of age in Klaten Regency, Central Java Provinceare exposure to cigarette smoke and exposure to kitchen smoke.

Household Air Pollution (HAP) is Associated With Increased Pneumococcal Carriage in Malawian Infants – Malawi&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;Streptococcus pneumoniae&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Carriage and Air Pollution Exposure (MSCAPE) Study

Background: Household air pollution (HAP) from solid cooking fuels is a risk factor for childhood pneumonia. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a necessary step in development of pneumococcal pneumonia. We hypothesised that HAP influences S. pneumoniae carriage. MSCAPE assesses the relationship between HAP from solid cooking fuels and prevalence/density of S. pneumoniae carriage among children. Methods: MSCAPE is a prospective study of children participating in a trial of a cleaner burning cookstove to reduce childhood pneumonia incidence in Malawi (CAPS). MSCAPE assessed the impact of HAP exposure on prevalence of S. pneumoniae carriage in 6 week and 6 month old children through intention-to-treat and adjusted exposure-response analyses. Exposure to HAP (PM2·5) was assessed through RTI Micropem and S. pneumoniae detection in nasopharyngeal swabs. Findings: S. pneumoniae carriage prevalence was 39% (n=89) and 85% (n=398) in 6 week and 6 month old children respectively. A higher mean PM2·5 exposure was observed in intervention children (53·9 µg/m3) than controls (49·0 µg/m3), although not significant (p>0.05). Intention-to-treat analysis found a non-significant increased risk of S. pneumoniae carriage in intervention children (OR=1·36; 95% CI:0·97, 1·92). Exposure-response analysis found a significant association between HAP exposure and S. pneumoniae carriage with a 10% increase in risk per decile of PM2·5 exposure (OR=1·10; 95% CI:1·01, 1·20, p=0·035). Interpretation: Despite the lack of observed impact from the cleaner burning cookstove intervention, HAP exposure (PM 2·5) was significantly associated with S. pneumoniae prevalence giving empirical evidence for the potential mechanistic relationship between HAP and childhood pneumonia. Funding Statement: This work was supported by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation through grant number OPP1131425. The CAPS was funded by a Joint Global Health Trials Grant from the Medical Research Council, the UK Department for International Development and Wellcome Trust (MR/K006533/1). Declaration of Interests: There are no financial competing interests in relation to the work described. Ethics Approval Statement: Ethical approval was provided by the College of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee (COMREC), Malawi (P.08/15/1794) and the Central Ethics Committee of the University of Liverpool (RETH000839).

1480. Incidence of Non-Invasive Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Children in the United States before and after Introduction Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCV7 and PCV13) during 1998-2018

BackgroundPneumonia causes significant pediatric morbidity, mortality, and healthcare resource utilization. S. pneumoniae is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia in children. Merck is developing V114, an investigational 15-valent PCV that contains PCV13 serotypes as well as 22F and 33F. To demonstrate the potential value of V114, it is important to estimate the remaining burden associated with pneumococcal pneumonia (PP). This study was to estimate incidence rates (IRs) of non-invasive PP before and after PCV7 and PCV13 introduction in children in the US.MethodsPP-related claims in children < 18 years were identified in the IBM MarketScan® Commercial database (1998-2018) using pneumococcal specific ICD9/10 codes. Claims with any invasive pneumococcal disease ICD9/10 codes were excluded. An episode could comprise one or more claims. Episodes with any inpatient stays were categorized as inpatient, and as outpatient otherwise. Age-stratified (< 2, 2-4, and 5-17 years) IRs were episodes per 100,000 patient-years (PYs) during the pre-PCV7 (1998-1999), early and late PCV7 (2001-2005, 2006-2009), and early and late PCV13 (2011-2013, 2014-2018) periods.ResultsInpatient and outpatient PP IRs decreased steadily in children < 2 years (146.8, 117.9, 102.0, 67.8, and 32.2 per 100,000 PYs for pre-PCV7, early and late PCV7, and early and late PCV13 periods, respectively; Figure 1). In children 2-4 years, IRs increased slightly from 88.6 to 90.0 per 100,000 PYs from the pre-PCV7 to early PCV7 period, then declined to 83.9 and 30.8 per 100,000 PYs in the late PCV7 and late PCV13 periods, respectively (Figure 2). In children 5-17 years, IRs declined from 35.3 to 34.2 per 100,000 PYs from the pre-PCV7 to early PCV7 period, stabilized at 34.1 per 100,000 PYs in the late PCV7 period, followed by a steeper decline to 12.5 per 100,000 PYs in the late PCV13 period (Figure 3). The majority of episodes were outpatient in all three age groups.Figure 1. Non-invasive pneumococcal pneumonia incidence in children <2 years, episodes per 100,000 patient-years (1998 - 2018) Figure 2. Non-invasive pneumococcal pneumonia incidence in children 2 - 4 years, episodes per 100,000 patient-years (1998 - 2018) Figure 3. Non-invasive pneumococcal pneumonia incidence in children 5 - 17 years, episodes per 100,000 patient-years (1998 - 2018) ConclusionIn children < 2 years, IRs of non-invasive PP decreased after introduction of PCV7 and PCV13. Following introduction of PCV 7 and PCV13, there remains a residual burden of non-invasive PP in children in the US. The impact of future PCVs on PP will depend on the proportion of PP caused by S. pneumoniae and vaccine-type serotypes.DisclosuresTianyan Hu, PhD, Merck (Employee, Shareholder) Yan Song, PhD, Merck (Consultant) Nicolae Done, PhD, Merck & Co., Inc. (Consultant) Qing liu, PhD, Merck (Consultant) James Signorovitch, PhD, Merck & Co., Inc. (Consultant) Tanaz Petigara, PhD, Merck & Co., Inc. (Employee, Shareholder)

Dynamics of the incidence rate of pneumonia in children in Ukraine over the past 20 years

Pneumonia ranks third in the structure of hospital mortality in infants after perinatal pathology and congenital malformations in Ukraine. Over the past 20 years in Ukraine, there has been a 33,7% increase in the incidence of pneumonia in children (p˂0.01), with the predominant detection of this pathology in children from regions of the country who have problematic issues in the proper provision of pediatric services. The highest incidence of pneumonia in all age groups was observed in children of Ivano-Frankivsk, Rivne, Kyiv and Vinnitsa regions. Thanks to the progressive development of domestic pediatrics and the introduction of modern medical and diagnostic technologies, in particular, vaccine prophylaxis, over the past 20 years, the death rate of children from acute infections of the upper respiratory tract, pneumonia and influenza has decreased by almost 5 times. Changes in recent years in the incidence of pneumonia in children correspond to the dynamics of the spread of influenza and acute respiratory viral infection, especially during the epidemics 2009-2010 and 2015-2016. Assessing the dynamics of this indicator in subsequent periods is extremely important in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which continues.

Positive Effect of Single-Dose Measles Vaccination in Reducing the Incidence of Pneumonia in Children with Measles.

Measles is a worldwide common, highly infectious and vaccine-preventable contagious disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. We investigated the effects of administering single-dose measles vaccination in children with measles on the incidence of pneumonia and hospitalization. We retrospectively analysed the hospital records of children aged 0-18 years who were diagnosed with measles within a year before the study in a training and research hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. We compared the measles vaccine ratios, hospitalization rates, hospitalization duration and pneumonia development rates. We found that 34 (15.6%) patients had received measles vaccination, while 184 (84.4%) did not receive the vaccination. All the vaccinated patients received only a single dose of the vaccine. The proportion of those who had received pneumonia vaccine (14/34, 41.2%) was significantly lower than that of those who had never received a dose of measles containing vaccine (179/184, 97.3%) (p = 0.001). Moreover, patients who were immunized [n = 3 (3.1%)] had a significantly lower hospitalization rate than those who were not immunized [n = 94 (96.9%)] (p = 0.001). The risk of pneumonia in children with measles vaccination, rate of hospitalization and length of hospital stay was significantly lower in children who had received even a single dose of the vaccine when compared with that in those who had not vaccinated. The results of this study reiterate the need for more effective global measles vaccination.

Risk Factors of Very Severe Pneumonia Incidence in Children

Background: Childhood pneumonia is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries. About 7-13% of childhood pneumonia present with very severe pneumonia with a high risk of mortality. Identification of risk factors is necessary for early intervention and better management. &#x0D; Methods: Analytic observational study with a cross-sectional approach was conducted with subjects of pneumonia patients aged 2-59 months admitted in Respirology Ward and PICU Department of Pediatrics Dr. Soetomo Surabaya from January 2017 to December 2018.&#x0D; Results: A total of 253 were roled in this study. Group with very severe pneumonia are 140 patients and 113 patients with severe pneumonia. Independent risk factors were analysed by chi-square test and Continuity Correction. Independent risk factors that intluence the incidence of very severe pneumonia in infants and children are patient's age (PR=1.365;P=0.009;95% confidence interval (CI)=1.089-1.712), low birth weight (PR=1.380;P=0.010;95% CI=1.115-1,708), prematurity (PR=1,412;P=0.007;95% CI=1,141-1,747), exclusive breastfeeding (PR=1,434;P=0.007;95% CI=1,093-1,880), nutritional status (PR=2,412;P

The burden, social and economic consequences of Childhood Pneumonia in North Karnataka- A cross-sectional study

Background : Pneumonia is the prominent cause of childhood mortality. The disease accounts for 18 percent deaths in children < 5 years. Pneumonia kills more children than any other illness, more than measles,malaria and AIDS combined. Caring for children with pneumonia is a daunting task in resource-poorcountries where caregivers are required to pay for treatment ‘out of pocket’ at the point of care.Objectives: To assess the burden, social and economic consequences of childhood pneumonia and todetermine the risk factors associated with it.Methods : A cross sectional study was conducted among the 15 children admitted in Paediatrics Departmentof KIMS Hubli, with clinical evidence of pneumonia infections using a pretested, semi-structuredquestionnaire.Results: The incidence of childhood pneumonia was more among males (87%) and in rural population(54%). 53% were in the aged group of 1 and 5yrs. Overcrowding was present in 74%, indoor pollution in80% and outdoor pollution in 33%. 13% had to cancelled social gatherings and 54% had other impacts ontheir socialisation. 53% have taken external financial help for the treatment of pneumonia.Conclusion: Treatment of childhood pneumonia requires relatively more care and consequently moreresources to manage. The high costs of treatment puts a heavy financial burden on the family that necessitatethe need for preventive care interventions which could lead to a reduction in the number of disease cases anddecreased socio economic burden on the families

Visuomenėje įgytos vaikų pneumonijos komplikacijų diagnostika ir gydymas

Pastaraisiaismetais daugėja pranešimų apie tai, kad sergamumas sunkiomis ir komplikuotomis visuomenėje įgytomis vaikų pneumonijomis (VĮVP) įvairiose šalyse didėja, nors sergamumas pneumonija sumažėjo. Nepaisant skiepijimo pneumokokiniais skiepais, Streptococcus pneumoniae yra dažniausias bakterinės pneumonijos sukėlėjas, ypač – jo serotipai, neįeinantys į pneumokokinius skiepus. VĮVP komplikacijas galima skirstyti į plautines ir sistemines. Dažniausios jų – parapneumoninis pleuritas, pleuros empiema, abscesas, nekrozinė pneumonija, taip pat sepsis ir hemolizinis ureminis sindromas. Komplikuotą VĮVP reikėtų įtarti, kai būklė staigiai blogėja arba nėra teigiamo atsako per 48 val. po skirto adekvataus gydymo bei progresuoja kvėpavimo nepakankamumas. Plaučių rentgenograma bei ultragarsinis tyrimas – tai dažniausi ir paprasčiausi tyrimo metodai komplikuotų pneumonijų diagnostikai, tačiau apie 20 proc. atvejų pokyčiai gali būti nematomi. Tokiu atveju, kai yra indikacijų, rekomenduojama atlikti krūtinės ląstos kompiuterinę tomografiją. Visi vaikai, sergantys sunkia komplikuota pneumonija, turi būti gydomi III lygio arba jam prilygstančiame stacionare, kur yra vaikų intensyviosios terapijos skyrius, galimybė nuodugniam tyrimui ir daugiadalykei priežiūrai.