Incidence Of Caries Research Articles

Comparing the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and virulence factors cagA, vacA, and dupA in supra-gingival dental plaques of children with and without dental caries: a case–control study

BackgroundHelicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common infectious diseases in humans. Dental plaque is considered as a reservoir of this bacterium, which could play an important role in the development of gastrointestinal problems. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of H. pylori and its virulence factors in dental plaques in children with and without dental caries.MethodsAmong children aged 6 to 12 years, a total of 72 children were enrolled in the study, including 36 cases with total DMFT/dmft > 3 (case group) and 36 participants with total DMFT/dmft < 1 (control group). After removing supra-gingival plaques from the lower first permanent molar teeth, the samples were examined using PCR method for the presence of H. pylori and some of its virulence factors. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square, Fisher' exact test, t-tests, and logistic regression.ResultsOf 72 participants, 40 cases were male, and 32 cases were female. The minimum and maximum values of total DMFT/dmft indices were zero and ten, respectively, and the mean ± SD value of total DMFT/dmft was 2.78 ± 3.22. Except for vegetable consumption (p = 0.045), there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding gastrointestinal disorders, feeding methods in infancy (p = 0.058), frequency of daily brushing (p = 0.808), frequency of dental visits (p = 0.101), and history of dental scaling (p = 0.246) and professional topical fluoride therapy (p = 0.5). Out of 72 samples, 15 cases were positive for H. pylori DNA (20.8%), and there was no significant association between the presence of this bacterium in dental plaque and dental caries (p = 0.281). The frequency of virulence factors detected in 15 H. pylori cases was as follows: cagA in six cases (40.0%), vacAm1 in three cases (20.0%), and vacAs1 in one case (6.7%). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the prevalence of virulence factors.ConclusionOur results indicate the presence of H. pylori along with some virulence factors in dental plaques as a reservoir of this bacterium in children in Iran. Although there was no significant association between this bacterium and the incidence of dental caries, dental health in children needs to be seriously taken into consideration.

MO934: Correlation Between Sarcopenia and Oral Health in Patients on Chronic Haemodialysis

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients on haemodialysis have signs of chronic systemic inflammation and a higher incidence of sarcopenia. Poor oral health can also trigger systemic inflammation and thus affect sarcopenia. The aim of the study was to examine oral health and the presence of sarcopenia in patients on chronic haemodialysis and to determine whether there is a correlation between them. METHOD This study included 100 patients on chronic haemodialysis at the Clinical University Hospital `Sestre Milosrdnice’ in Zagreb, who underwent oral status, routine laboratory measurements, bioimpedance analysis of body composition and measurement of hand grip strength. RESULTS Of the total number of participants (N = 100), 28.0% had sarcopenia. The majority of participants were male (61.0%). Poor oral hygiene was recorded in as many as 39.0% of participants, while 46.0% had their last visit to the dentist several years ago. It is interesting to note that 64.3% of patients with confirmed sarcopenia were last examined by a dentist several years ago, while in those without sarcopenia the proportion was 38.9%. The median total number of erupted teeth in all patients was 12.0 (7.0–23.0). A positive correlation of the total number of erupted teeth and erupted premolars with sarcopenia was confirmed. CRP was significantly elevated in patients with sarcopenia (P = 0.035), in contrast to those without sarcopenia (3.45 versus 2.70). A total of 51% of patients had increased calculus formation, 49% had oral candidiasis and 38% periodontitis, with as many as 24% of petechiae on the mucosa and 22% of dental caries. A total of 8% of patients had an ammonia breath and 4% had a metallic taste in their mouth. Of all the examined signs and symptoms of oral health, significant differences were observed only in the incidence of dental caries, which was significantly more common in the group that did not have sarcopenia (P = 0.031). However, it should be noted that in patients with sarcopenia, total edentulousness was present in 17.9% as opposed to 9.7% in patients who did not have sarcopenia, i.e. 12% of the total number of participants had total edentulousness. Moreover, in 21% of patients with sarcopenia, a complete denture was present in combination with a partial denture, while that was the case in only 9.7% of patients without sarcopenia. CONCLUSION This study confirmed poorer oral health in haemodialysis patients who had sarcopenia. Therefore, intervention studies are needed to improve oral health of patients on HD, which could possibly influence the incidence and severity of sarcopenia.

Dental Status of Active Age Population in the Republic of Bulgaria

Dental health is an important public health component. There is a number of dependencies between the demographic and social characteristics of the population and its dental status. The purpose of the study is to examine the dental status of the active age population in the Republic of Bulgaria and to define its dependence on social and demographic factors. Epidemiologic study and inquiry survey were conducted among 416 Bulgarian citizens aged 18–65 years in six district towns for achieving the aim. The results were processed and subjected to statistical analysis with significance factor 95% (p = 0.05). Prevalence per persons (EP) for the studied sample is 98.56%, teeth prevalence (ET) has an average value of 52.7%, while the dental caries intensity (DMFT) is 16.25. Caries incidence and intensity increases with age as a result of a proportional increase in the number of obturated and extracted teeth with patients’ ageing. The average number of treated teeth is bigger in individuals with higher education and at the same time, this group has lower average number of extracted teeth. Lower average number of extracted teeth is also reported in persons with high income compared to those on minimal wages and parallel the average number of obturated teeth increases proportionally to the income increase. There is distinct dental status dependence in the active age Bulgarian population on demographic and social factors. Persons, paying regular visits to the dental office, have lower number of caries and extracted teeth, which supports the importance of dental prophylaxis.

Assessment of Oral Health and Healthy Habits in Adult Patients with Congenital Hemophilia.

The objective of our study was to assess the current knowledge, the oral health status, and the pro-health needs of patients with hemophilia. The study included 77 patients with known hemophilia. The study included the assessment of dental indicators related to caries incidence (decayed, missing, and filled teeth [DMFT] and decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth or surfaces [DMFS]), caries treatment (treatment index), oral hygiene status (Approximal Plaque Index [API] and simplified oral hygiene index [OHI-S]), and periodontal status (bleeding on probing [BoP]). A questionnaire addressed symptoms of hemorrhagic diathesis and health-promoting habits. The influence of routine management ("on-demand" vs. prophylactic therapy), type of hemophilia (A, B), and severity of clotting factor deficiency (mild, moderate, or severe) on oral health was assessed. The tests used in the study were Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Dunn's tests. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Patients with hemophilia showed a higher prevalence of caries compared with patients without hemorrhagic diathesis (DMFT 14 and 9, and DMFS 30 and 15, respectively), and they also presented a higher bleeding index value during probing and worse effectiveness of hygienic interdental procedures. The type of therapy and secondary prophylaxis used and the type and severity of hemophilia did not affect the oral health status. Patients with hemophilia have an increased risk of developing dental caries. Undertaking educational activities related to the prevention of oral diseases is necessary to improve oral health.

Effect of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar on Development of Distal Caries of Second Molars

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of caries on distal aspect of mandibular second molars due to impacted third molars. Methodology: Radiographs were obtained for the patients with clinical evidence of impacted 3rd molar. Dental records including number of impacted third molars, pathological conditions and complaints of caries, pericoronitis and recurrent pain were taken. Data of patients with visible distal caries to second molars in the absence of third molar was also recorded entered into specially formulated Performa. Results: A total of 151 participants shared their data for research purpose. According to Winter’s classification, 42.4% and 41.7% impactions were mesioangular and vertical 3rd molars respectively. According to Pell and Gregory classification more than half (55%) of the impacted 3rd molars were in Class I relationship to the ramus whereas 51% of impacted 3rd molars were at the depth of level A. Conclusion: Caries of second more is more common if the impacted third molar tooth is mesioangulated, having class I relationship with respect to ramus. Keywords: second molar, distal caries, impacted third molar

Effect of a mouth rinse and a high-fluoride toothpaste on caries incidence in orthodontic patients: A randomized controlled trial

The objective was to evaluate the effect of a fluoride mouth rinse and a high-fluoride toothpaste on caries incidence in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. In this 3-armed, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial, patients referred to the Specialist Clinic of Orthodontics, Mölndal, Sweden, were randomly allocated to 1 of the 3 groups. (1) Fluoride mouth rinse (FMR) group: 0.2 % sodium fluoride (NaF) mouth rinse plus 1450 ppm fluoride (F) toothpaste; (2) High-fluoride tootpaste (HFT) group: 5000 ppm F toothpaste; and (3) Control (CTR) group: 1450 ppm F toothpaste. The generation of a randomization sequence was performed in blocks of 30. Inclusion criteria included patients scheduled for treatment with fixed appliances in the maxillary and mandibular arch aged 12-20 years. The primary outcome variable was the change in Decayed Initial Filled Surfaces (ΔDiFS) based on radiographs taken before and after the treatment. For statistical comparisons between groups, the Kruskal-Wallis test were used for continuous variables, whereas the Mann-Whitney U-test was used for pairwisegroup comparisons. Furthermore, the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) based on clinically relevant cutoffs (DiFS ≥2) were calculated to compare the increase of caries during orthodontic treatment between 2 groups. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method was used to adjust RR for baseline values. Blinding was employed during the caries registration and the data analysis. In total, 270 participants were randomized, with 15 patients dropping out, such that 255 patients were included in the statistical analyses. Recruitment was from October 2010 to December 2012. An increase in DiFS (≥1 DiFS) during treatment was observed in 48.3% of the FMR group, 42.0% of the HFT group, and 35.6% of the CTR group. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding increased DiFS (P= 0.17). The risk of increase in DiFS ≥2 during orthodontic treatment was 31.0% in the FMR group, 25.9% in the HFT group, and 18.4% in the CTR group. The RR for an increase of ≥2 DiFS during orthodontic treatment was 1.38 (95% CI, 0.81-2.34; P= 0.23) for FMR vs CTR, 1.21 (95% CI, 0.70-2.10; P= 0.51) for HFT vs CTR, and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.57-1.49; P= 0.76) for HFT vs FMR. In patients who demonstrate a low prevalence of caries and are undergoing orthodontic treatment, daily use of high-fluoride toothpaste or fluoride mouth rinse in combination with regular toothpaste does not appear to significantly alter the caries incidence compared with the use of regular toothpaste. The trial was registered in the FoU i Sverige research database (http://www.fou.nu/is/sverige), with registration no.236251. The protocol was not published before trial commencement. Local Research and Development Board for Gothenburg and South Bohuslän (grant no. 768531); and The Swedish Patent Revenue Fund (grant number EKF-780/19).

Novel rechargeable nanostructured calcium phosphate crown cement with long-term ion release and antibacterial activity to suppress saliva microcosm biofilms

ObjectiveResin cements with remineralizing and antibacterial properties are favorable for inhibition of caries. The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the capability of the novel dimethylaminohexadecyl-methacrylate (DMAHDM) and nano-sized amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) containing cement to reduce saliva microcosm biofilm, and (2) to investigate the long-term ion release, recharge, and re-release of DMAHDM-NACP cement. MethodsPyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDM) and ethoxylated bisphenol-A-dimethacrylate (EBPADMA) were used to make PEHB monomer. Five cements were fabricated: (1) PEHB+0%NACP+0%DMAHDM (experimental control); (2) PEHB+25%NACP+0%DMAHDM, (3) PEHB+25%NACP+0%DMAHDM; (4) PEHB+25%NACP+3%DMAHDM; (5) PEHB+25%NACP+5%DMAHDM. RelyX luting cement was used as commercial control. Colony-forming units (CFU), lactic acid production, metabolic activities, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were performed. Long-term Calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion release, recharge, and re-release were assessed. ResultsCompared to experimental and commercial controls, the NACP-DMAHDM cement significantly reduced CFU biofilm by 2–3 orders of magnitude, metabolic activities from 0.24±0.06 A540/cm2 to 0.03±0.01 A540/cm2, and lactic acid production from 27.7 ± 2.5 mmol/L to 5.4 ± 2.1 mmol/L (n = 6) (p<0.05). The DMAHDM showed an MIC value of 0.03 mg/L. However, when the DMAHDM was combined with PMGDM monomer, the MIC was greater than DMAHDM alone. The ion concentrations for the experimental groups significantly increased over time (1–84 days), indicating continuous ion release (n = 3) (p<0.05). Increasing the DMAHDM mass fraction from 0% to 5% and 3% to 5% significantly enhanced ion recharge and re-release at the third cycle (p<0.05). ConclusionsIncorporating DMAHDM and NACP into resin-based crown cement provides strong antibacterial action against saliva microcosm biofilm and presents a high level of Ca and P ion recharge abilities, exhibiting long-term Ca and P ion release and remineralization potential. Clinical SignificanceResin based cement containing NACP and DMAHDM were developed with remineralizing and potent antibacterial effects. This cement formulation showed ion release and remineralization potential and are promising formulations to inhibit the incidence of recurrent caries and could promote remineralization and be sustainable for the long term.

Guardian Factors Affecting High Prevalence of Dental Caries in Preschool Children.

This study analysed the relationship between caregiver-related factors (dental knowledge, attitude, behaviour, and health status) and early childhood caries. ?It aimed to explore better intervention methods for reducing caries prevalence in preschool children. This cross-sectional investigation was carried out in Zhejiang, China. A total of 1344 guardians (parents and grandparents) paired with their children aged 3-5 years old were enrolled. The guardians completed structured questionnaires, which included their attitude, knowledge level and oral health status. The children received dental examinations. All of the data ?were analysed with R software. Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used to analyse different variables. Multinomial logistic regression with stepwise procedures and curve fitting was used to explore the relationship between guardians' risk factors and the level of early childhood caries. Guardians have a great influence on the incidence of early childhood dental caries. ?When guardians pay attention to oral health and have a good command of relevant knowledge, then the risk of early dental caries in children is low (p = 0.027). The guardians' dental problems?, e.g. dental caries (p = 0.0002), gingival bleeding problems (p = 0.049) and chewing discomfort experience (p = 0.049), demonstrated ?statistically significant correlations with early childhood caries levels?. Guardians' attitudes, knowledge, and oral health status ?had a statistically significant relationship with the level of early childhood caries? in their children/grandchildren. Instead of instructing schoolchildren about oral health, multiple-level dental knowledge instruction of guardians is needed to prevent early childhood caries.

Management of Class-I and -II Miller Recession Using Modified Technique: A Case Report

Background: Gingival recession is characterized by the gingival margin move apically to the mucogingival junction and cause root surface exposure. It causes a high incidence of caries, hypersensitivity and interferes with the appearance of the patient. A variety of materials and periodontal plastic surgery procedures are available to correct mucogingival problems and cover the root surface. Some treatment modifications have been developed to obtain optimal root coverage and better esthetics so that the selection of suitable treatments can affect the treatment results.&#x0D; Objective: To describe the treatment result of gingival recession using several modifications of gingival recession treatment.&#x0D; Case Report: A 42-year-old woman presented to the Dental and Oral Hospital of Hasanuddin University with a chief complaint of sensitive teeth when eating sweets or rinsing. Intraoral examination revealed the malposition of teeth 43 and 33, causing traumatic occlusion. Moreover, there were gingival recessions in the maxilla and mandibular regions. Recession in the maxillary right (12, 13, 14, 15, 16) was treated with tunneling technique combined with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF); recession in the maxillary left (22, 24, 26) was treated with coronally advanced flap (CAF) technique combined with PRF; and recession on mandibular (33, 43) was treated with CAF technique combined with subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG).&#x0D; Conclusion: All combination treatments gave satisfactory results for patients but different times of healing.&#x0D; Keywords: coronally advanced flap, gingival recession, platelet-rich fibrin, subepithelial connective tissue graft, tunnel technique

Dental caries among pregnant women in Basrah

Background: It has long been suspected that oral diseases could have an effect on pregnancy outcomes in different countries. This study described the dental caries incidence among pregnant women and examined its relationships to their oral health and behavior.Patients and Methods: Two hundred pregnant women were invited to participate in this study. Their ages ranged between 18-40 years. They were inspected at Maternal and Child Hospital as well as the College of Dentistry during the period from January to October 2021. Maternal variables were identified as medical history, previous pregnancy, dental history, presence of any dental complaints during pregnancy and oral hygiene practice. Screening for mothers’ dental caries was carried out using the decayed, missing and filled Teeth index.Results: Among 200 women who delivered during the study period 28 (14%) women had dental caries. Among them 16 (6%) women were treated for dental caries. Mother's education, women with &gt;3 children in rural regions were significantly associated less with the incidence of dental caries. While, tobacco use or passive smoking has no relationship with occurrence of dental caries. Mothers who did not brush their teeth believed that they could lose a tooth with dental caries only because they were pregnant (66.7%) in comparison to regular twice a day brushing (6.8%). A group of women (56%) were visited dentists regularly either before or during their last pregnancy had less frequently dental caries. Significantly higher dental caries (17.9%) were associated with preterm birth.Conclusions: Women in this study had a high prevalence of dental diseases and knew little about dental care during pregnancy. These results will be helpful in planning oral health programs for pregnant women. Â

Meta Analysis: Relationship between Obesity and Dental Caries in Children

Background: Caries is an oral disease that often affects children around the world. The oral disease is related to several etiological factors with indicators of nutritional status, such as obesity and malnutrition. Studies linking overweight/obesity and caries experience in children have proved contradictory so far, the results including positive association, no association and inverse association. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the relationship between obesity and caries in children based on the results of several previous studies.Subjects and Method: This was a systematic study and meta-analysis. The search for articles was carried out by considering the eligibility criteria determined using the PICO model. The study population was children aged 6-15 years old with an intervention in the form of obesity, normoweight comparison and caries outcome. This article was collected for 3 weeks. The keywords to search for articles were as follows: “obesity” OR “overweight” AND “dental caries” AND “children”. The articles included in this study are full text articles with a cross sectional research design from 2012 to 2022. Articles were collected using the PRISMA flow chart. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: A total of 9 articles contained in this study, including 3 articles from Brazil which is the continent of South America, 2 articles from Mexico which is the continent of North America, 1 article from Nigeria which is the African continent, 2 articles from China and 1 article from Arabia which is the continent of Asia. The results showed that obesity can reduce the incidence of dental caries in children by 0.82 times higher compared to children with normal weight (aOR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.45 to 1.52; p = 0.540)Conclusion: Meta-analyses show that overweight and obese children have a lower risk of developing early childhood caries. Keywords: Obesity, Overweight, Caries Dental, Children Correspondence:Sholikha Dela Aprilia. Department of Nursing, Universitas Diponegoro. Jl. Prof. Sudarto No. 13, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java, 50275. Email: ikadela23@gmail.com Mobile: 081390211993.

COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on US Childhood Caries and Potential Mitigation

Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Hispanic and low-income US children have a higher prevalence of untreated caries than their higher-income and non-Hispanic White (NHW) counterparts. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many dental offices and school sealant programs closed beginning March 2020. We examine the effect of reduced access to restorative care and sealants on the oral health of children from low-income households overall and by race/ethnicity and how increased sealant delivery in September 2022 could mitigate these effects. We used Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation to model COVID-19’s impact on first permanent molar (1M) caries incidence and loss in quality of life (disability-adjusted life years [DALYs]) due to time lived with 1M untreated caries. Our model followed a cohort of children aged 7 y in March 2020 until February 2024. Model inputs were primarily obtained from published studies and nationally representative data. Excess DALYs per 1,000 children attributable to reduced access to care during the pandemic were 1.48 overall and greater for Hispanic (2.07) and NHB (1.75) children than for NHW children (0.94). Excess incidence of 1M caries over 4 y was 2.28 percentage points overall and greater for Hispanic (2.63) and NHB (2.40) children than for NHW (1.96) children. Delivering sealants to 50% of eligible 1Ms in September 2022 would not completely mitigate COVID-19’s health access impact: overall excess DALYs would decrease to 1.05, and absolute disparities in excess DALYs between NHW children and Hispanic and NHB children would remain but decrease by 0.38 and 0.33, respectively. Sealing 40% of eligible 1Ms, however, would bring overall 4-y caries incidence down to pre–COVID-19 levels and eliminate the differential effect of the pandemic on children from minority groups. The pandemic’s negative impact on the oral health of children from low-income households and increased disparities could be partially mitigated with increased sealant delivery.

Comparative Assessment of the Functional Parameters for Metal-Ceramic and All-Ceramic Teeth Restorations in Prosthetic Dentistry-A Literature Review.

Simple SummaryIn the last decades, the science and technology of all-ceramic teeth restorations witnessed the fastest-growing field of restorative materials in research and development for fixed prosthodontics. Due to their properties, characterized by a high level of biocompatibility, excellent optical properties, and high fracture resistance, all-ceramic material can also be used in the posterior areas of the dental arches. However, metal-ceramic fixed partial dentures are still perceived as the golden standard for those restorations, thanks to the positive clinical outcomes. Irrespective of the materials of which fixed partial dentures are performed, their success rates depend on the expected outcome and on how they perform in the oral environment. Such conditions of failure restorations may include biological factors (i.e., secondary decay, loss of vitality, periodontal disease, or abutment fracture) or technical factors (i.e., chipping, ceramic fracture, framework fracture, or loss of retention). Our aim is to provide the current evidence for the efficacy of metal-ceramics and all-ceramics in the treatment of multiple posterior edentulous spaces. Moreover, we aim to compare the survival rates of metal-ceramic and all-ceramic fixed partial dentures in terms of functionality and biocompatibility in all the aforementioned clinical situations. Our results have shown that all all-ceramic systems, especially densely sintered zirconia and reinforced glass ceramics, have a promising future to satisfy both practitioners and patients. However, technical and biological complications need to be taken into account when planning multi-unit fixed partial dentures for the posterior areas.The metal-ceramic fixed partial prosthesis is the golden standard for posterior tooth restorations. Following the demands of patients and clinicians for metal-free restorations, all-ceramic materials were developed as they offer an adequate alternative with better optical qualities and good mechanical properties. This study aims to carry out a bibliographic review to assess the survival rate and the biological and technical complications of all-ceramic and metal-ceramic fixed partial dentures. An electronic search for articles in the English language literature was performed using PubMed (MEDLINE). This literature review focused on research studies between 2010 and 2020 that performed clinical studies on tooth-supported fixed partial dentures with a mean follow-up of at least 3 years. All the studies, which analyzed the survival and complications of tooth-supported fixed partial dentures, were included. Thus, 14 studies reporting on 756 all-ceramic and 160 metal-ceramic fixed partial dentures met the inclusion criteria. A comparative analysis was carried out based on all the data existing in the studies included in this review. The metal-ceramic fixed partial dentures showed survival rates of 95% to 100% at 3-, 5-, and 10-year follow-up periods. Zirconia fixed partial dentures were reported to have survival rates of 81% to 100% at 3-, 5-, 9-, 10-year follow-up evaluations. The reinforced glass-ceramic fixed partial dentures showed survival rates of 70% to 93.35% at 5 years, while the alumina FPDs showed a survival rate of 68% at 3 years follow-up. The incidence of caries and loss of vitality were reported as higher for all-ceramic prostheses as compared to the metal-ceramic ones. A significant framework fracture was reported for glass-infiltrated alumina fixed partial dentures in comparison to metal-ceramic fixed partial dentures. All-ceramic and metal-ceramic restorations showed similar survival rates after 3 years, although all-ceramic restorations have problems with technical complications such as chipping, which can lead to framework fractures over time.

RELATIONSHIP OF PARENTS ROLE TO CARIES INCIDENT IN ADOLESCENTS AT SUNGAI LOBAN SUBDISTRICT

Background: Caries can be caused by a lack of individual knowledge about dental health and attitudes to pay attention to dental hygiene. Parents have the most important role in determining the personality, habits and behavior of the child in taking care of the teeth and mouth. Every action taken by the parents will have an influence on the character of the child. Parents who provide a positive parenting pattern to their child, will form good personality, habits and behavior towards the child. But on the contrary, parents who are less attentive and do not care will form negative personalities, habits and behaviors. Purpose: To find out relationship of parents role to caries incident in adolescents at Sungai Loban Subdistrict. Methods: This study used an observational analytic method in the form of cross-sectional research and a simple random sampling technique. The research population was grade VII students at SMP Negeri 1 Sungai Loban as many as 63 respondents. Results: The Spearman test obtained significant score results of 0.000&lt;0.05 which means there is a correlation between the role of parents to the incidence of caries in children. The correlation value is – 0.927 and includes a very strong correlation in the negative direction (-), it can be interpreted that the relationship is opposite or if the child's caries is high then the role of parents tends to be low. Conclusion: There is a relationship of parents role to caries incident in adolescents.

Evaluation of Parents' Awareness about the Effect of Prolonged Exposure to Milk or Sugary Liquids during Bedtime in the Development of Rampant Caries in Preschoolchildren and Infants.

Nursing caries (NC) is a specific type of dental rampant caries with an infectious and transmissible potential that usually affect preschool children or infants that are still in the nursing phase. Prolonged exposure to milk or sugary liquids or other cariogenic substance during bedtime has shown to be the most common cause of rampant caries in preschoolchildren and infants which contributes to lowering of both functional and cosmetic appearance. This study aims to evaluate parents' awareness about the effect of prolonged exposure to milk or sugary liquids during bedtime in the development of rampant caries (NC) in preschool children and infants in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The research design is an observational quantitative cross-sectional with a sample size of 303 participants. The targeted subjects were Saudi parents' males and females, older than 20 and living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and those under 20 years old, non-Saudi without children, and not living in Riyadh were excluded. A sample of 303 parents was analyzed. Comparison between NC knowledge and gender showed that a higher percentage of mothers (71.0%) knew that bottle-feeding during bedtime can increase the incidence of caries compared to the fathers (51.9%), p value 0.003. The relation between NC awareness and previously heard about NC showed that those who heard about NC before knew more about bottle feeding during bedtime can cause NC, p value < 0.001. Most of the parents (88.7%) who previously heard about NC also knew that oral hygiene follow-up is important in preschool children, p value < 0.001. A significant difference in knowledge existed between those who heard about NC and those who are not in terms of the proper time to follow-up with a child's oral hygiene (p value < 0.001), and the proper time to visit a dentist (p value 0.012). Our study showed that the parents are significantly aware of the incidence of NC during childhood (90.4%). In addition to the significant awareness among the parents who have previously heard about NC. However, (61.7%) of the parents acknowledged the most common leading cause of early childhood caries. Fatani B, Fatani OA, Kalantan R. Evaluation of Parents' Awareness about the Effect of Prolonged Exposure to Milk or Sugary Liquids during Bedtime in the Development of Rampant Cariesin Preschoolchildren and Infants. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(2):227-232.

Association of Salivary Mucin-7 Levels with Dental Caries in Adults

Objectives: This study examines the potential relationship between the incidence of dental caries in adults and the level of mucin-7 glycoprotein, a specific parameter in saliva. Methods: In a case-control study, samples of whole unstimulated saliva from 40 volunteers in two different groups were classified according to the decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index. One group was caries-free (n = 17), and the other had severe carries (n = 23). We measured the level of mucin-7, salivary buffer system, and pH and examined for relationships to the DMFT index. Results: There was a statistically significant difference among the groups (p &lt; 0.001) in the level of mucin-7, salivary buffer system, and pH. The DMFT index for case and control groups was calculated as 0 and 14.09 ± 3.78. There was a strong, negative relationship between the level of mucin-7 and the DMFT index. Conclusion: The development of dental caries is linked to a reduced concentration of mucin-7 in saliva. The level of mucin-7 may be clinically useful for evaluating dental caries risk.

Perception towards preventive strategies for dental caries and oral health promotion among school teachers

Background and Aim: There are numerous preventive strategies available globally for dental caries. However, the incidence of dental caries is high among school going children in most of the developing countries. School teachers play a major role in inculcating good habits and behaviour to the children. Thus, we aimed to assess the perception of dental caries among school teachers qualitatively by focus group discussion. Methods: One focus group discussion was conducted among the primary level government and private school teachers in Tamil Nadu. A group of 12 teachers, 6 from Government schools and 6 from Private schools were recruited. The discussion was held in a virtual platform due to COVID-19 Lockdown. The session lasted for 45-60 min. The areas of discussion included attitude towards aetiology, prevention and treatment for dental caries.&#x0D; Results: Analysis of interview transcripts recognized many influences on children’s oral health attitudes. Majority of teachers expressed a high efficacy using toothbrushes, tongue cleaners, mouthwashes, oil pulling and massaging gums as plaque control mechanisms. Most of the participants were aware of all treatment modalities for dental caries. However, they were not totally aware of the preventive strategies of dental caries. Conclusion:

Gambaran Kesehatan Gigi Mulut dan Jumlah Streptococcus Sp pada Anak Sindroma Down di Kecamatan Patrang dan Sumbersari Jember

Down syndrome is a disorder that causes distinctive physical and mental disorders, causing a slower learning process than normal people. One of the consequences of these physical and mental limitations is the magnitude of dental and oral health problems. To check the state of oral hygiene, DMF-T and OHI-S examinations can be done. In addition, the presence of caries causes, such as Streptococcus sp can be a state of oral hygiene. This study aimed to examine the description of dental and oral health and the effect of the number of Streptococcus sp bacteria in saliva on the incidence of caries in children with Down syndrome at SLB Negeri Patrang, SLB C Taman Pendidikan and Asuhan (TPA) Sumbersari and SLB C Bintoro Regency. Jember. This study was a descriptive study with cross sectional design. This study was held at SLB Negeri Patrang, SLB C Bintoro, and SLB C TPA Sumbersari. This study showed there were differences to the caries incidence and dental hygiene of Down syndrome’s children at SLB Negeri Patrang, SLB C Bintoro, SLB C TPA Sumbersari. Besided it, there were significant differences between the DMF-T index and the colonies of Streptococcus sp, while there was no significant difference of oral hygiene down syndrome children in SLB Negeri Patrang, SLB C Bintoro, SLB C TPA Sumbersari. Briefly, this study showed that the number of Streptococcus sp colonies not frequently correlated to caries incidence and oral hygiene.

Nicotinamide could reduce growth and cariogenic virulence of Streptococcus mutans

ABSTRACT Dental caries is among the most prevalent chronic oral infectious diseases. Streptococcus mutans, a major cariogenic bacterial species, possesses several cariogenicity-associated characteristics, including exopolysaccharides (EPS) synthesis, biofilm formation, acidogenicity, and aciduricity. Nicotinamide (NAM), a form of vitamin B3, is a non-toxic, orally available, and inexpensive compound. The present study investigated the inhibitory effects of NAM on the cariogenic virulence factors of S. mutans in vitro and in vivo. NAM inhibited the growth of S. mutans UA159 and the clinical isolates. In addition, there was a decrease in the acid production and acid tolerance ability, as well as biofilm formation and EPS production of S. mutans after NAM treatment. Global gene expression profiling showed that 128 and 58 genes were significantly downregulated and upregulated, respectively, in NAM-treated S. mutans strains. The differentially expressed genes were mainly associated with carbohydrate transport and metabolism, glycolysis, acid tolerance. Moreover, in a rat caries model, NAM significantly reduced the incidence and severity of smooth and sulcal-surface caries in vivo. NAM exhibited good antimicrobial properties against S. mutans, indicating its potential value for antibiofilm and anti-caries applications.

Third molar: position, caries, periodontal disease and quality of life

Third molar teeth(3M) position can lead to periodontal disease(PD), caries and may also a significant impact on the oral health related quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to verify possible associations between QoL, PD, caries lesions and the position of the lower 3M. An observational cross-sectional study was performed in 116 patients (228 teeth), with the approval of ethics committee (280084) from University of São Paulo Dental School and registered on Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04024644). Caries, PD and QoL were the evaluated outcomes. Caries were assessed by visual tactile examination and PD through probing sites around 3M. Both diseases were complementary diagnosed with radiographic’s exams. The assessment of QoL was carried out using the Oral Health impact Profile questionnaire(OHIP-14), applied as an interview. The evaluation of the 3M’s position was performed according to the classification of Pell; Gregory, 1942/Gregory and Winter. Data were analyzed according to STATA 13.0 with 95% of level of significance The higher degree of eruption and angulation of the 3M increased the incidence of caries and PD in these teeth. Age was also a risk factor that increased the occurrence of these oral diseases which negatively influenced the QoL. Patients with caries have impact on domains 1 and 7 and those with PD had impact on domain 2 and 7. Pathologies on the 3M region had an impact on domain 7. 3M’s position influences the incidence of caries and PD in the lower 3M, with consequent negative impacts on the QoL.