Incidence Of Burns Research Articles

751 Incidence of Pavement Burns During a Worldwide Pandemic and Limited Outreach Efforts

IntroductionAreas of the United States with desert climates and consistent ambient temperatures greater than 100 degrees Fahrenheit four to five months out of the year have a significant influx of pavement burn inpatient admissions during the summer season. These burns are caused when skin meets elevated pavement temperatures, even if the contact is just for a few seconds. We investigated retrospective data and the impact of the decreased outreach efforts during the pandemic on pavement burn admissions.In 2018, due to an identified increase in pavement burn admissions in the community, the burn center created and implemented a pavement burn campaign to reduce pavement burn admission by raising awareness and providing education in the community. The campaign included specific messaging posted on billboards, public service announcements via news outlets and social media, printed flyers distributed during various community safety events, and the distribution of summer footwear between the months of April and September. The efforts proved fruitful in reducing rates. Due to the worldwide pandemic, prevention efforts were greatly decreased in 2020.MethodsA 3-year retrospective data review of acute admissions to a 16-bed burn unit was conducted. Data was abstracted from the burn center’s registry, looking at rates of pavement burns within the months of April to September. Each of the three year’s inpatient pavement burn admission totals were compared.ResultsOur analysis showed a need for burn prevention strategies in 2018, leading to implementation of the pavement burn campaign. There was a 58% decrease in admission rates in 2019 compared to 2018.In March of 2020, the state ordered businesses to close; additional closures and restrictions continued over the summer months causing all prevention efforts to cease. In 2021, there was a 60% increase in pavement burn admissions compared to previous two years. There is a correlation between halted pavement outreach and the increase in pavement burn admissions.ConclusionsThe lack of burn outreach during the pandemic lead to a remarkable increase in pavement burn admissions in 2021, reinforcing the need for continued outreach in the hot summer months. Additional research is needed to identify specific populations admitted for pavement burns to identify needs of the community. Patient demographics such as age and geographical location can aid in targeting outreach strategies for the identified populations. Additional research with other burn centers may aid in constructing innovative outreach strategies moving forward.

753 Segregation, Vulnerability, and Fundamental Causes: Understanding the Social Dimensions of Burn Injury

IntroductionSociologists have long investigated the enduring link between place and health. Despite prolific research in this field, there are health issues that remain obscured in the literature. The goal of this work is to examine the spatial-health relationship(s) between place of residence and burn injuries, the socially produced vulnerability of individuals living in high-risk areas, and the experience of being burned in these identified areas. Fundamental cause theory, which focuses on an individual’s ability to either avoid health risks or minimize the consequences of these risks, is employed to demonstrate the worsening effects of socioeconomic status (classism) and race (racism) on burn injuries. Managing health risks is dependent upon access to and utilization of flexible resources (knowledge, money, freedom, power, prestige, and social networks) that are differentially distributed across populations based on social conditions like age, race-ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and neighborhood infrastructure.MethodsExploratory spatial and cluster analysis using ArcGIS (a geographic information system) of accidental, at-home burn incidence in an historically redlined county.ResultsAnalysis shows burn injuries tend to cluster in areas marked by low-income, higher numbers of racial-ethnic minorities, and poorer quality housing. Table 1 shows preliminary descriptive data about the study population.ConclusionsDespite advances in treatment and prevention, there are socially-constructed and salient environmental risks that leave some communities vulnerable to burn injury. Historical practices, like racial residential segregation and redlining, have concentrated racial-ethnic minority communities marked by lower-income, poorer quality housing, and other burn-risk factors.

Assessment and Management of Pain in Patients Sustaining Burns at Emergency Department Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya: A Descriptive Study

Background: Poorly managed burn pain affects the victim by delayed healing, psychological disturbances, and chronic pain. Burn injuries are the fourth leading cause of injuries worldwide. The incidence of thermal burns in Kenya is 3%. Pain assessment and control are integral parts of management that a burn victim should be offered. We lack data on pain management in burn patients during setup. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out at the emergency department (ED) of Kenyatta National Hospital. We enrolled patients who sustained thermal burns until a sample 138 patients was reached. Enrollment of patients was done from February to August 2015. The pain level was assessed using a visual analogue scale, and the Lund and Browder chart was used to record the depth and extent of the burn. Data on the type of analgesia prescribed and its route of administration was collected. Data was analyzed using STATA v.11. Results: The median age of the sample was 28 years with a male to female ratio 1.8:1. The majority of the victims (38%) sustained flame burns. The median total body surface area was 19.5%. Pain assessment was done in 2% with a visual analogue scale and face pain recognition scale. Mean Visual Analogue score was 7. Analgesia was offered to 96% of participants, and it was unimodal in the majority, 76.7%, and the preferred drug of choice was morphine. The majority of all burn patients had sustained moderate to major burns. The tools used to assess pain in this hospital were Face Pain Recognition Scale and Visual Analogue Scale; however, pain assessment was done on a meagre 2% of the sample. Conclusions: A minority of the patients had any sort of pain assessment done at the emergency department. As a result, burn pain was inappropriately managed. There is a need to improve the assessment of burn pain and improve its management by encouraging training of ED burn care providers by burn surgeons and pain therapists.

Intelligent peptide-nanorods against drug-resistant bacterial infection and promote wound healing by mild-temperature photothermal therapy

• Dap@Au/Ag NRs can release Ag + and Dap with H 2 O 2 etching to kill bacterial. • Dap@Au/Ag NRs have good biocompatibility before and after etching. • The antibacterial property was significantly improved with PTT and H 2 O 2 etching. • Mild temperature PTT can effectively reduce the incidence of skin burns. Due to the abuse of antibiotics, bacteria produce serious drug resistance, which makes the existing clinical antibiotic treatment scheme fail and seriously endangers human health. The construction of antimicrobial nanometer systems including antimicrobial peptides and antimicrobial nanomaterials has become the focus of research on new antimicrobial agents, and may significantly improve the antimicrobial efficiency. In this study, we successfully explored a novel antimicrobial nano-system Dap@Au/Ag nanorods (Dap@Au/Ag NRs) based on gold nanorods, and investigated the antimicrobial properties of this novel antimicrobial agent with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as the experimental strain. Under the action of H 2 O 2 , Dap@Au/Ag NRs can considerably release silver ions and antimicrobial peptides (Dap), destroying the integrity of the MRSA membrane and resulting in content leakage and bacterial death. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that after a certain intensity of laser irradiation (808 nm, 0.8 W/cm 2 , 40–60 s), the antibacterial properties of Dap@Au/Ag NRs were significantly improved by using gold nanorods with good photothermal effect. At the same time, compared with traditional photothermal therapy (PTT), we found that laser irradiation with the appropriate intensity was given at the initial stage of infection and controlled at a mild temperature (below 47 °C), it not only significantly inhibited the growth of MRSA, prevented large area of wound ulceration and promoted wound healing, but also had no obvious thermal damage to the wound surface and surrounding skin. The results showed that novel antibacterial nano-system Dap@Au/Ag NRs have significant bactericidal properties, and can be used as a potential promising antimicrobial agent, which provides a new strategy for facilitating and enhancing the effective antimicrobial efficiency to inhibit drug-resistant bacterial infection.

Foot Burns in Persons With Diabetes: Outcomes From the National Trauma Data Bank.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) complicates the treatment of burn injuries. Foot burns in diabetic patients are challenging problems with unfavorable outcomes. National-scale evaluations are needed, especially with regard to limb salvage. We aim to characterize lower-extremity burns in persons with DM and evaluate the likelihood of amputation. The National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) was queried from 2007 to 2015 extracting encounters with primary burn injuries of the feet using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 9th edition codes. Logistic regression modeled predictors of lower-extremity amputation. Covariables included age, sex, race/ethnicity, comorbidities including DM, % burn TBSA, mechanism, and region of burn center. Poisson regression evaluated temporal incidence rate changes in DM foot burns. Of 116,796 adult burn encounters, 7963 (7%) had foot burns. Of this group, 1308 (16%) had DM. 5.6% of encounters with DM foot burns underwent amputation compared to 1.5% of non-DM encounters (P < .001). Independent predictors of lower-extremity amputation included DM (odds ratio 3.70, 95% confidence interval 2.98-4.59), alcohol use, smoking, chronic kidney disease, and burn size >20%, African-American/black race, male sex, and age >40 years (all P < .01). The incidence of DM foot burns increased over the study period with an incidence rate ratio of 1.07 (95% confidence interval 1.05-1.10, P < .001). In conclusion, DM was associated with nearly a 4-fold increase in amputation after adjusting for covariables. Furthermore, the incidence of DM foot burns is increasing. Strategies for optimizing care in persons with DM foot burns are need to improve limb salvage.

A Clinical Study of Acute Hand Burns

Background: Hand is one of the most common part of the body involved in burns i.e. 80%. Even small burns in hand mayresult in severe limitations of function. Early initiation of physiotherapy, topical treatment, splintage, passive exercise,early excision and grafting in indicated cases are important treatment principles. Aims &amp; Objectives: To study the clinicalprofile and management outcome of acute hand burns. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted in50 patients of acute hand burns due to thermal burns (scald, flame) at Dr. Vasantrao Pawar Medical College and ResearchCentre and SCL Hospital from January 2011 to December 2020 to study clinical profile and outcome. Results: A total 50patients were included in our study. Majority of the patients were in 21 to 30 years 28%. Incidence of burns in femaleswas found to be 68% and 24% in paediatric group. Second degree superficial burns were in 46% patients and treated withdaily dressing and splintage. Deep dermal burns were in 34% patients and treated with daily dressing and split thicknessskin graft. Collagen application was done in 14% patients with second degree superficial burns for early presenters. Earlyexcision and grafting was done in 6% patients with second degree deep burns with exclusive hand burns who presentedearly. Hypertrophic scar accounts 20% of complications. Conclusion: Outcome of acute hand burns depends upon degreeof burns, time interval and initiation of treatment protocol.

In pursuit of a better broiler: walking ability and incidence of contact dermatitis in conventional and slower growing strains of broiler chickens

In this study, the mobility, incidence, and severity of contact dermatitis and litter moisture content were assessed in 14 strains of broiler chickens differing in growth rate. The strains encompassed 2 conventional (CONV; ADG0-48 > 60 g/d) and 12 slower growing (SG) strains categorized as FAST (ADG0-62 = 53-55 g/d), MOD (ADG0-62 = 50-51 g/d), and SLOW (ADG0-62 < 50 g/d), with 4 strains in each category. A total of 7,216 mixed-sex birds were equally allocated into 164 pens (44 birds/pen; 30 kg/m2) in a randomized incomplete block design, with each strain represented in 8 to 12 pens over 2–3 trials. From each pen, 4 to 6 birds were tested in the latency-to-lie (LTL) and group obstacle tests 1 wk prior to the birds reaching 2 target weights (TWs) of approximately 2.1 kg (TW1: 34 d for CONV and 48 d for SG strains) and 3.2 kg (TW2: 48 d for CONV and 62 d for SG strains). The incidence of footpad dermatitis (FPD) and hock burns (HB) were evaluated a day prior to each TW. Litter moisture content was determined biweekly from d 14 to d 56. At TW1, CONV and SLOW had longer LTL than FAST birds. At TW2, CONV, MOD, and FAST birds had similar LTL. At both TWs, CONV birds were lighter than FAST birds in the group obstacle test, yet their number of obstacle crossings was similar. At TW1, CONV birds had greater incidence of FPD than FAST and MOD, while at TW2, CONV birds had greater incidence than the other categories. The incidence of HB in CONV and MOD was greater than SLOW birds at TW1, while at TW2, the incidence of HB was greater in CONV and FAST birds vs. MOD and SLOW birds. Litter moisture content was high in all categories from d 28 onward. Our results indicate that both BW and growth rate influence leg strength and walking ability, whereas the overall high litter moisture content and to a lesser extent growth rate influenced the incidence of contact dermatitis.

The level of public knowledge about the management of burns in the working area of the Puskesmas Kota Timur, Kota Timur Subdistrict, Gorontalo City

Burns are injuries caused by touching the surface of the body with an object that produces heat from a heat source or from an intermediary material that can conduct heat, exposure to the sun with high temperatures, electricity, or chemicals, water, etc.) or other substances. which are destructive and loss of tissue by burning the skin (strong acid, strong base), Design and Sample: This study is to analyze the extent of public knowledge about the management of burns in the working area of the Puskesmas Kota Timur, Kota Timur Subdistrict, Gorontalo City. This research method is carried out with a quantitative approach with a descriptive design. The population sample of 100 respondents was taken by non-probability sampling technique. sample area of 6 kelurahan was taken by using Quota sampling technique. Collecting data through observation and analysis of descriptive statistical tests. Results: From the results of the study, it can be seen that there are still many people wrongly using toothpaste for treating burns (73.0%). The results showed that the level of knowledge of the community in the working area of the Puskesmas Kota Timur, Kota Timur Subdistrict, Gorontalo City was included in the sufficient category (56.0%). Discussion and Conclusions: From the researcher's perspective, the community still needs to be given counseling to increase knowledge about handling burns so that people understand what to do and minimize the incidence of burns in the working area of the Tomur City Health Center, Gorontalo City.

A Systematic Review of Subsurface Radiofrequency Treatments in Plastic Surgery.

BackgroundSubsurface radiofrequency (RF) treatments produce skin contraction by causing coagulation of the underlying subcutaneous fat. This method is marketed to fill a treatment gap for patients who do not wish to have surgery. A systematic review of this subject has not been previously published.MethodsAn electronic search was performed using PubMed to identify the literature describing subsurface RF treatments.ResultsThirty articles were evaluated. An InMode device was used in 23 studies, and a Thermi device was used in 6 studies, with or without liposuction. Treatment areas included the face, neck, body, breasts, and labia. Most studies relied on patient satisfaction scores and physician review of photographs. The most frequent complications were induration and nodules. Most patients experienced prolonged swelling and numbness. Several studies reported marginal mandibular neuropraxias. The skin response after treatment of the abdomen was poor, and seromas were common. The incidence of burns improved after modification of the InMode device. Breast treatment did not appear to be effective in treating ptosis. Patient satisfaction scores were modest. Most studies (77%) were published by authors with a known conflict of interest. In some studies, the photographs did not accurately depict the treatment result. Institutional review board approval and disclosure of off-label regulatory status were often missing.DiscussionThermal treatment of the subcutaneous tissue introduces extra risks without a compensatory benefit. Comparisons in terms of safety, cost, recovery time, results, and complications do not favor energy-based devices. A treatment gap may be fictitious; properly informed patients may be treated with existing surgical procedures at all ages.ConclusionsLittle evidence supports the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous RF treatments as an improvement over results that may be obtained using traditional surgical methods such as submental lipectomy, liposuction, and abdominoplasty. Photographic integrity is often lacking. Financial conflict of interest is pervasive. Marketing precedes the science. Plastic surgeons need to be aware of these serious limitations and the off-label regulatory status of these devices, before purchasing expensive equipment and recommending subsurface RF treatments to patients.

Changing concept in Burns Management- An Analytical study of Epidemiology, Morbidity, Mortality and Treatment in a period of forty years in the Indian state of Assam

There is an improvement in the morbidity and mortality in burns in the recent past due to better fluid resuscitation, use of better burn wound covers and early excision and skin grafting for full thickness burns. Burn care in the North Eastern Indian state of Assam was disorganized in the eighties, but individual efforts by some surgeons of the state, have improved outcome. This is a retrospective analysis of 8569 cases of burn injuries treated in three hospitals of Assam over a period of 40 years. The study intends to analyze the epidemiological pattern of burn injuries in order to plan preventive strategies and also to compare the results of treatment with and without an organized burn care unit. There were 7071 (82.3%) minor burns and 1518(17.7%) major burns in the series. The period of study was divided into three blocks - Block I- first 14 years of disorganized management, before establishment of Burns Unit, Block II -next 16 years of organized management after establishment of Burns Unit and Block III - last 10 years of advanced care with introduction of newer burn wound covers and early excision of burns. The data were analyzed and compared. The overall incidence of burns was more in males, but a greater number of females were the victims of major burns.77.2% of patients were below 40 years of age. The number of accidental burns remaining constant in the three blocks, there was a significant increase in the suicidal burns in the last two blocks. Flame burns (56.7%) constituted the majority of injuries, while scald (31.3%) and electrical burns (9.3%) followed. Domestic burns (73.1%) were of most common occurrence, followed by Industrial (10.8%), Diwali related (9.6%) and Traffic burns (6.4%). Though the overall mortality in the three blocks were almost same (Block I- 9.4%, Block II- 7.8% Block III-9.4%), mortality in major burns were reduced significantly after introduction of modern methods of management (Block I- 79.7%, Block II-52.0% Block III-38.4%). The quality of wound healing showed improvement in the subsequent years as evident by increase in number of patients with no scar (Block I -10%. Block II-20%, Block III- 37%) and decrease in number of patients with extensive scar (BlockI-18%, Block II- 15%, Block III-5%), measured by Vancouver Scar Scale. This analytical study has given us an understanding of the magnitude of the problem of burns in the region, which will help to plan treatment and preventive strategies. It also concludes that, dedicated individual care and introduction of newer methods of treatment have improved results of burn management. Key words: Epidemiology, treatment, morbidity and mortality

Effectiveness of interventions to reduce household air pollution from solid biomass fuels and improve maternal and child health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Interventions to reduce household air pollution (HAP) are key to reducing associated morbidity and mortality in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs); especially among pregnant women and young children. This systematic review aims to determine the effectiveness of interventions aimed to reduce HAP exposure associated with domestic solid biomass fuel combustion, compared to usual cooking practices, for improving health outcomes in pregnant women and children under five in LMIC settings. A systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken with searches undertaken in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, GIM, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Greenfile in August 2020. Inclusion criteria were experimental, non-experimental, or quasi-experimental studies investigating the impact of interventions to reduce HAP exposure and improve associated health outcomes among pregnant women or children under 5years. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment using the Effective Public Health Practice Project tool were undertaken independently by two reviewers. Seventeen out of 7293 retrieved articles (seven pregnancy, nine child health outcome; 13studies) met the inclusion criteria. These assessed improved cookstoves (ICS; n=10studies), ethanol stoves (n=1study), and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG; n=2studies) stoves interventions. Meta-analysis showed no significant effect of ICS interventions compared to traditional cooking for risk of preterm birth (n=2studies), small for gestational age (n=2studies), and incidence of acute respiratory infections (n=6studies). Although an observed increase in mean birthweight was observed, this was not statistically significant (n=4). However, ICS interventions reduced the incidence of childhood burns (n=3; observations=41723; Rate Ratio: 0.66 [95% CI: 0.45-0.96]; I2 : 46.7%) and risk of low birth weight (LBW; n=4; observations=3456; Odds Ratio: 0.73 [95% CI: 0.61-0.87]; I2 : 21.1%). Although few studies reported health outcomes, the data indicate that ICS interventions were associated with reduced risk of childhood burns and LBW. The data highlight the need for the development and implementation of robust, well-reported and monitored, community-driven intervention trials with longer-term participant follow-up.

Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on the demand for health care of children and adolescents with burns in three specialized outpatient centers in Chile

COVID-19 pandemic has meant adapting to a different reality, with long-term lockdowns that might cause an increase of burns in children at home. To compare the epidemiological situation of patients admitted to the Corporación de Ayuda al Niño Quemado (COANIQUEM) due to out patient burn injuries management at the beginning of COVID-19 lockdown with the same period the year before. Analytical and cross-sectional study. A population of 2,027 patients under the age of 20, who were admitted to COANIQUEM for the first time with burn inju ries, between April and July of 2019 and 2020 was analyzed. The number of patients admitted each month was registered as well as their demographic, social, and clinical characteristics. The monthly percentage variation was calculated by comparing patient data in both years. During 2020, there was a 48.7% decrease in overall outpatient admissions. There was a relative increase of 10.5% in burns in patients under 5 years old, 18.3% in scalds, 33.1% in the number of burns in 3 or more body locations, and 16.8% in burns occurring at home. These parameters were not influenced by geographic location, sex, or socioeconomic level. In the first period of the COVID-19 pandemic, with strict lockdown strategies, there was a decrease in the demand for burn care, affecting both outpatients with acute burns and those who were admitted for sequelae rehabilitation, as a result of the effective decrease in the burns incidence and the reduced access to health care.

Narratives on the 212 Movement and Tauhid Flag Transformation from the Boudieusian Perspective

The so-called Tauhid flag was exclusively known as HTI's (Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia) symbol of Islamic caliphate re-establishment. However, after its burning incident in 2018, the flag appears to be one of the symbols of post-Islamist populism. By using the Bourdieusian perspective's framework, this study aims to understand the prior narrative of the Tauhid flag, the narrative of the 212 movements, and how the narrative of the 212 movements influenced the transformation of the narrative of the Tauhid flag. The data in this study were taken from 180 sampled tweets using proportionate stratified random sampling. The data were elaborated with related news and publications and then condensed, codified, and categorized. This study revealed that the prior narrative of the Tauhid flag was the narrative of institutional Islamism, aiming to re-establish the Islamic caliphate through a peaceful act. Meanwhile, the 212 movements represent the narrative of post-Islamist populism. When the Tauhid flag became the central issue in several 212 movements, the flag's narrative transformed into post-Islamist populism. It means that the widespread acceptance of the Tauhid flag has a little impact, if none, on HTI's caliphate campaign.

Burns in India: a call for health policy action

Burns in India: a call for health policy action

Burn-Out On Nurses Who Treat Covid-19 Patients: Literature Review

Health workers are very vulnerable to high stress. Symptoms of burnout include physical fatigue, headaches, nausea, emotions, depression, frustration, irritability, feelings of sadness and fatigue. The purpose of the literature review is to examine the incidence of burn out in nurses who treat patients with COVID-19. The review was conducted using the literature review method. Based on the results of the Scopus and Science Direct database searches with the keywords "Burn Out, nurses and Covid 19", 321 articles were obtained. After screening articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 5 articles were included in this review study. In general shows the burn out of nurses who treat patients with COVID-19 cases such as fatigue, emotionality, depersonalization and professional efficacy. The COVID-19 pandemic shows an increase in nurse burn out, so it is important to control it so as not to reduce the quality of performance

Epidemiology, aetiology and knowledge, attitudes, and practices relating to burn injuries in Palestine: A community-level research.

The aim of this study was to identify the epidemiology, aetiology as well as the knowledge, attitudes, and practices relating to burn injuries in Palestine. A mixed‐method approach was used. A survey was distributed to a total of 1500 households selected by randomised approach. The survey was standardised based on World Health Organisation's guidelines for conducting community surveys on injury. Additionally, there were 12 focus group discussions and 10 key informant interviews to collect rich qualitative data. In the West Bank and Gaza, 1.5% of Palestinians had experienced serious burn injuries in the 12 months. The total sample of 1500 yields a margin of error (plus/minus) = 2.5% at a 95% level of confidence and a response distribution (P = 50%) with 3% non‐response rate. Of the 1500 households approached, 184 reported a total of 196 burn injuries, with 87.2% occurring inside the home: 69.4% were females and 39.3% were children. The main source of reported cause of burn was heat and flame (36%), electric current (31.6%), hot liquid (28.6%), and chemicals (2.7%). The most common first aid for burns was pouring water (74.7%). People in rural, refugee, and Bedouin settings had the highest incidence of burns. This study provides the burn prevalence rate, explanatory factors that contribute to the frequency of burns in Palestine. Making burn prevention a higher priority within the national policy is crucial.

Mortality from Burn: An Autopsy Based Study from Nepal

Introduction: In developing countries like Nepal burn deaths are a major public health problem due to their increased mortality, morbidity and long-term disability. A few clinical studies on burns have been reported from Nepal however, autopsy based studies on burns are limited.&#x0D; Objectives: To study the socio-demographic characteristics of victims of burns and evaluate the cause and magnitude of fatal burn injuries retrospectively.&#x0D; Methodology: A two years retrospective analysis of burn deaths brought for autopsy was conducted from January 2017 to December 2018 in a central level hospital of Nepal.&#x0D; Results: Out of 775 total cases autopsied 38 (4.90%) cases were burn related deaths. The majority of the deaths 17(44.70%) occurred in the age group 21-30 years with a preponderance in females 22(57.89%). Majority of the victims were married females 25(65.78%) and most of them were housewives 14(36.84%). Flame burn 23(60.52%) was the most common cause of all burns. The Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) Burn between 50-69% was observed in majority of the cases 27(71.05%).Most of the victims 15(39.47%) survived over 10 days post injury. Burn incidents were mainly accidental 33(86.84%) in nature followed by suicidal burns 5(13.15%). The main cause of burn death was septicemic shock 16(42.10%) followed by neurogenic shock 10(26.31%).&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of this study show that burns injuries are mostly accidental in nature; therefore, the risks of burn injuries should be rightly addressed and appropriate burn prevention strategies should be developed to reduce the frequency and burn related deaths.

Community based solid waste management to reduce open burning incidents: A case study of waste treatment facility in Gajahmungkur District, Semarang City

Ngudi Kamulyan is a domestic waste treatment facility which imply 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) in Gajahmungkur District, Semarang City-Indonesia. This facility is already in status quo due to the lack of human resources and this Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, this facility has chances to improve its services after the pandemic. The activation of this facility can reduce the number of mismanage waste and open burning incidents. Performance improvement planning is carried out based on the five aspects of waste management. This study was conducted using qualitative analysis and questionnaire survey to the neighbourhood leaders and facility officers. Community participation planning was done with activities focused on improving the 3R habit in the community. There is a need for continuous supervision from related parties, such as Gajahmungkur District Semarang City Government and the Environmental Agency of Semarang City. That supervision will be necessary to make the waste treatment facility and operational activities of 3R could run consistently.

Comparison of Empirical Treatment Versus Advanced Medical Care in Treatment of Burns of Domestic Violence

Background: Fires and burns incidence are on constant rise. Efforts had been made since very ancient times to curb such debilitating injuries resulting from domestic violence, vitriol incidences, accidents and mishaps. Treating the burns always had been an intricate matter of concern. Since primitive times the treatment modalities had been changed over and over in the search of best available options. Aim: To compare the efficacy of empirical treatment with that of advanced medical care among the victims of burns. Methods: The study comprised of 300 cases of burns presented from January to December 2020 in Accidents and Emergency Department of the Jannah Hospital Lahore for empirical treatment and those managed in the Burn Center of Jannah Hospital Lahore for advanced medical care of burns. Those who have been referred from periphery and could not get advanced medical care or had their wound healed when brought to above set-up were considered as treated as empirically managed burn victims. Results: The comparative analysis of empirical therapy and advanced medical care revealed significant difference when observed among the literacy level and medium of burns with 0.000 value of p. While no significance difference was observed when analysis was carried out for age and gender with a p value of 0.187 and 0.496 respectively. Keywords: Empirical, Advanced Medical Care, Burns, Age, Gender, Literacy level, Medium of Burns

The Global Macroeconomic Burden of Burn Injuries

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to quantify the global macroeconomic burden of injuries inflicted by fire, heat, and hot substances. BACKGROUND: Over nine million people suffer from thermal injuries annually across the world. Among those injured, 90% of mortality occurs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The economic impact of the morbidity and mortality incurred as a result of such injuries remains unclear. Quantifying the financial impact of these injuries can educate government and non-governmental organization funding initiatives designed to increase access to care. METHODS: Data on incidence, mortality, and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) from injuries caused by fire, heat, and hot substances were collected from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The global macroeconomic burden of burns in the form of welfare lost was calculated by multiplying GDP per capita and DALYs for 190 individual countries. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) data were collected from the World Development Indicator Database. Temporal trends from 2009 to 2019 were evaluated with a specific focus on sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. RESULTS: In 2019, the incidence of burns was 1.2 million in South Asia and 1.3 million in sub-Saharan Africa compared with 0.5 million cases in the United States. Mortality rates were higher in both South Asia (2.6 per 100 patients) and sub-Saharan Africa (1.8 per 100 patients) than in the United States (0.7 per 100 patients). Between 2009 and 2019, the incidence of burns increased by 3.1% in sub-Saharan Africa and decreased by 4.0% in South Asia. Burn-related mortality decreased between 2009 and 2019 in both sub-Saharan Africa (20.0%) and South Asia (8.6%). Lifetime burden of disease due to burn injuries was 1,617,220 DALYs for sub-Saharan Africa and 1,876,506 DALYs for South Asia. In 2019, 11.7 billion USD in South Asia and 6.1 billion USD in sub-Saharan Africa were lost due to burns. This was equivalent to 0.10% and 0.15% of GDP, respectively. Welfare losses due to burns as a share of GDP within specific South Asian economies were 0.12% for India, 0.04% for Nepal, 0.09% for Pakistan, 0.07% for Bhutan, and 0.06% for Bangladesh. Welfare losses were highest in Papua New Guinea, equivalent to 0.63% of GDP. CONCLUSIONS: While mortality rates due to burns are decreasing over time, the impact on GDP remains significant; the impact on GDP exceeds that due to cervical cancer and HIV in South Asia and tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa. Temporal trends indicate that progress has been made in the treatment of burns in these regions. Additional resources, including intensive care units, skin banks, and hospital beds, may enhance care for patients with more severe burns and address the magnitude of injuries each year. In the setting of rising incidence, efforts designed to prevent burn injuries in the form of education are required. To convince governments to fund such initiatives in resource-limited environments, demonstrating the financial impact of burn injuries on a population level is one approach.