Incidence Of Antibiotics Research Articles

Regulation Transcriptional of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) in Bacteria Isolated from WWTP

The incidence of antibiotics and transcriptional regulation of ARGs in isolated bacteria from wastewater needs to be explored. By HPLC, in samples of untreated wastewater, ampicillin (49.74 ± 5.70 µg/mL), chloramphenicol (0.60 ± 0.03 µg/mL), tylosin (72.95 ± 2.03 µg/mL), and oxytetracycline (0.22 ± 0.01 µg/mL) was determined. Through metagenomic analysis identified 58 bacterial species belonging to 9 phyla and at least 14 species have shown resistance to a variety of antibiotics. Twenty-two bacterial isolates were proved to be resistant to fifteen antibiotics of new generation and used in medical research to combat infectious diseases. Fourteen strains were shown to harbor plasmids in size ranges of 2–5 Kb, 6–10 Kb and plasmids with size greater than 10 Kb. By quantitative PCR it was possible to identify genes sul, qnr, cat1, aadA1, and sat-1 gene were shown to be present in gDNA samples from treated and untreated samples of wastewater and by relative expression analysis, differential expression of cat1, ermB, act, and tetA genes was demonstrated in strains that showed identity with Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, and Salmonella thyphi, and that were stressed with different concentrations of antibiotics. The presence of ARGs in untreated water samples, as well as in bacterial isolates, was indicative that in these habitats there are microorganisms that can resist β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and quinolones.

Usage of Oral Rehydration Salts and Other Treatments in Management of Diarrhoea Among Children Under-Five Years Attending Primary Health Care Facilities in Dar es Salaam

Background Diarrhoeal disease is highly preventable and easily manageable, yet remains a significant cause of childhood mortality in Tanzania. Since dehydration caused by acute diarrhoea is the main contributor to mortality, key measures to treat diarrhoea include rehydration using oral rehydration salts (ORS) and zinc supplements. Therefore, this study aimed to assess ORS use, pediatric zinc and antibiotics in the management of diarrhoea in children under-five years attended at the primary health care facilities in Dar es salaam, Tanzania. Also, factors associated with antibiotics usage were determined. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to September 2019. Ten dispensaries were selected from five Dar es salaam municipalities in Tanzania. A total of 301 children under-five years with diarrhoea were enrolled. Information on socio-demographic characteristics was obtained by asking the parents/guardians, whereas clinical characteristics, laboratory results, diagnosis, and treatment were extracted from children’s files. The information obtained was recorded in the structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using statistical package for social science software, version 22.0. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the information collected. The multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with antibiotics use in diarrhoea management, whereby p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Of 301 children enrolled, 85.7% had acute watery diarrhoea. ORS and pediatric zinc were prescribed to 75.1% and 48.8% of children, respectively. At least one antibiotic was prescribed to more than half (66.8%) of the enrolled children. The odds that antibiotics were prescribed in the management of children with acute watery diarrhoea was less compared to those with bloody or persistent diarrhoea (AOR 0.1 (95% CI 0.02 – 0.3) p< 0.01). Also, children attending health facilities in Ilala municipality had 2.1 (AOR (95%CI 1.2 – 3.8) p = 0.014) times odds of being given antibiotics compared to those attended at other health facilities in other municipalities. Conclusion ORS usage in managing diarrhoea among children under-five years is higher than the use of pediatric zinc. A high incidence of antibiotics use in acute watery diarrhoea management was observed, which is against recommended guidelines. The study recommends continuing education to health care providers and the community on proper management of diarrhoea in children under-five years. Keywords: Diarrhoea; children under-five, pediatric zinc and oral dehydration salts.

Detección de Antibióticos en Leches: Un Problema de Salud Pública

Determining the presence of antibiotics in raw and processed milk in the city of Monteria. Three samplings were three samples were taken in a dairy company in the city of Monteria at two-month intervals. Pasteurised milk samples were taken from six trademarks. All milk samples were tested for acidity by alcoholometry; the presence of antiseptic H2O2 was determined by using 35 % KI and 1 % V2O5 diluted in H2SO4. The incidence of antibiotics (Total antibiotic Bio K 331 (Diagnostic Jemelle dioxide, Belgique) was then determined. The test's sensitivity limit was determined by using 0.004 UI/ml penicillin, 0.100 mg/ml oxytetracycline and 5,000 mg/ml chloramphenicol as positive controls in two-fold serial dilutions. Aliquots of milk were used as positive and negative controls for each sample. The first sampling evaluated 212 samples of milk, the second 167 and the third 66, for a total of 445 samples. All samples were negative for alcoholometry acidity. Antibiotics were detected in 111 (25 %) samples of raw milk; however, no antibiotics were detected in the pasteurised milk. The test's sensitivity revealed that penicillin was detectable in a maximum 0.002UI/ml dilution, oxytetracycline in 0.005ìg/ml and chloramphenicol in 1.25 mg/ml. Traces of antibiotics being found in 25 % of milk samples revealed a lack of public health controls, as well as evidence of the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the livestock industry and a risk to public health.

Central testing in England and Wales and its impact on milk quality

With the introduction of central testing in England and Wales, more frequent testing for chemical composition and antibiotics content has been possible, and total bacterial counts have taken the place of resazurin tests. The associated bonus and penalty payments have led to a steady reduction in the incidence of antibiotics in milk, a sharp drop in the mean somatic cell count and a vast improvement in hygienic quality.

Inhibitory Substances in the Milk Supply of Southern Ontario

Pasteurized fluid dairy products (998 samples) and raw milk samples from approximately 1200 producers in Southern Ontario (5574 samples) were examined by the disc assay method, having a sensitivity of 0.0125 unit of penicillin per milliliter of milk, for the presence of inhibitory substances during the period April–August, 1975. One pasteurized milk (0.1%) and 50 raw milk samples (0.9%) contained penicillin. No other antibiotics were detected. Results represent a significant decrease in the incidence of antibiotics in milk compared to reports during the 1950's.

The Incidence of Antibiotics, Sulfa Drugs and Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in the Fluid Milk Supply of New York State

Summary An analysis of 1,794 samples of fresh blended pasteurized milks obtained throughout New York State during the early spring and late summer months indicated the presence of about 7 per cent inhibitory milks of varying degree of intensity. Approximately 1 per cent were strongly inhibitory toward commercial lactic starter. Antibiotics in these milks were indicated in relatively few cases and, where present, the amounts generally were between 0.05 and 0.1 unit per milliliter of milk. It was apparent from the results at the time this study was made that the incidence of inhibitory milks or antibiotics milks was not high enough to create any grave general problem for the New York dairy industry insofar as fermented dairy products are concerned. However, the few instances where antibiotics were found in significant quantities would create a serious individual problem for the manufacturer of fermented dairy products. No sulfa drugs were found in 922 samples of milk tested specifically for this chemical. Quaternary ammonium compounds were indicated in about 4 per cent of 832 milks analyzed and in most of these positive cases they existed from a trace to 3 ppm. Milks containing this compound apparently did not show on the average any greater inhibitory properties. Milks obtained during the hot summer months showed a significantly smaller incidence of inhibitory samples than milks obtained during the early spring months.