Incidence Of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Research Articles

ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ СИТУАЦИЯ И ВЫЯВЛЯЕМОСТЬ ВИЧ-ИНФЕКЦИИ В АРХАНГЕЛЬСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ ЗА 2012-2021 ГГ.

Introduction. JHistory of the emergence, spread and control of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) worldwide dates back over four decades. At the same time, the problem of AIDS morbidity is still relevant. It is determined by the inability to perform specific prophylaxis. Therefore, one of the leading methods of preventing the spread of this infection is to identify its source as early as possible. Aim of this study was to assess the ten- year changes in the detectability of the immunodeficiency virus in those infected in Arkhangelsk Oblast and perform its comparative analysis with other territories, i.e., Northwestern Federal District and throughout Russia. Materials and Methods. The analysis was performed based on informational materials from medical institutions responsible for controlling the immunodeficiency virus. We studied the core morbidity indicators and the frequency of detecting positive samples both in general and in the population groups most vulnerable to infection over the past 10 years. Results. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome incidence is lower in Arkhangelsk Oblast than in most other regions of Russia. The situation with detectability, especially in high-risk groups, has improved significantly over the recent years. A conclusion is made about the role of special measures taken by regional executive authorities to prevent the occurrence and spread of the disease. The importance of community outreach was particularly emphasized regarding the issues of sanitary and hygienic epidemiological awareness, as well as control over persons in risk groups.

Community stigma and discrimination against the incidence of HIV and AIDS.

The problem of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) /acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is increasingly complex, including not only health-related concerns problems but also rampant stigma and discrimination, further exacerbating the health and social conditions of the affected individuals. This study aimed to examine the triggers of stigma and discrimination among individuals with HIV/AIDS in Wakatobi, Southeast Sulawesi. We employed a quasi-qualitative design with a case study approach involving data reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. Triggers of stigma and discrimination experienced by individuals living with HIV/AIDS encompassed a range of factors. Stigma was rooted in various causes, including fear, perceptions of unattractiveness, anxiety, associations with the disease, and lack of confidentiality. Discrimination, on the other hand, was caused by disappointment, feelings of insecurity, diminished self-esteem, and factors like competition and exploitation. The forms of stigma for people living with HIV/AIDS were public stigma, self-stigma, verbal discrimination, and avoidance. Meanwhile, the impact of stigma and discrimination on individuals living with HIV and AIDS is substantial. They encounter difficulties in finding help, restoring their lives, and discrimination. Stigmatizing attitudes and discriminatory acts of people living with HIV/AIDS worsen the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS, which can potentially cause new infections. Therefore, the government should undertake extensive educational initiatives regarding HIV and AIDS. By enhancing public knowledge and awareness, society can work towards eradicating stigma and discrimination from social interactions.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of syphilis in pregnant women and congenital syphilis in the state of S\xe3o Paulo, Brazil

We aimed to estimate the occurrence of syphilis in pregnant women (SPW) and congenital syphilis (CS) in the municipalities of the state of São Paulo (SP) and evaluate their relationship with socioeconomic, demographic, and health care variables. We developed an ecological study based on secondary data of SPW and CS with spatiotemporal components from 645 municipalities in SP including data from 2007 to 2018. We modeled the data in a Bayesian context, considered spatial and temporal random effects, and used binomial negative probability distributions. We found a continuous increase in the relative temporal risk of SPW, from 2007 to 2018, and CS, from 2007 to 2017, when their incidences increased by 8.6 and 6.6 times, respectively. This increase occurred en bloc in practically all municipalities of SP. The increase in SPW was associated with teenage pregnancy, municipalities with a large number of inhabitants, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) incidence. The increase in CS was associated with municipalities with a large number of inhabitants, incomplete antenatal care, and AIDS incidence. Although actions to control these diseases are required in all municipalities of SP, the identification of high-risk areas points to priority regions for development.

The Effect of Health Promotion Through Audio Visual Media About HIV AIDS On Housewives Knowledge

Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome is a virus that attacks the human immune system, while Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is an immune syndrome caused by HIV infection. Housewives are more susceptible to exposure to the HIV virus due to sexual behavior of their partners. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of health promotion through audio-visual media, about HIV / AIDS on housewives' knowledge. This research is a pre experiment. The population in this study was all housewives. The sample size of 16 respondents was taken based on purposive sampling. Statistical test using Wilcoxon. Based on the Wilcoxon test, the p-value was 0,000, so that there was an effect of providing health promotion about HIV AIDS using audio-visual media on housewives' knowledge about HIV AIDS. It is hoped that housewives can increase their knowledge in preventing HIV AIDS so that the incidence of HIV AIDS can be prevented early

Changes in the incidence and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the South African medical schemes environment: 2005-2015.

BackgroundThe South African (SA) private medical schemes environment has over the past two decades respond to the evolving needs of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).ObjectiveTo determine changes in the incidence and prevalence rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or AIDS in the SA private medical schemes environment from 2005 to 2015.MethodIn this observational study, a single, pharmaceutical benefit management (PBM) company’s medicine-claims database of members with HIV or AIDS has been retrospectively analysed from January 2005 to December 2015. The cohort includes all patients identified by the HIV or AIDS-related diagnostic ICD-10 codes, B20-B24, who also claimed antiretroviral medication during that period.ResultsFrom 2005 to 2015, the proportion of HIV or AIDS patients enrolled in the PBM-company increased from 0.63% to 2.10%, and the incidence rate of new cases among the beneficiaries increased 2.3 times. The highest HIV or AIDS prevalence and incidence rates were found in the age group ≥ 40 and < 60 years, followed by the age group ≥ 60 and < 70 years. The highest prevalence rates in 2015 were recorded in Gauteng, namely, 422.4/1000 beneficiaries, followed by Western Cape (149.4/1000), and KwaZulu-Natal (118.4/1000).ConclusionThere has been an increase in the number of SA-PLWH accessing treatment in the medical scheme environment. The high prevalence of HIV infection among older members should signal concern that HIV-related comorbid conditions are likely to become a growing component of care required by PLWH utilizing the SA private healthcare sector.

Knowledge Risk Attitude Assessment Related To HIV/AIDS among BDS Students in Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Background: Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) awareness is comparatively low in densely populated countries like India. India stands as the third largest country with HIV positive patients, with Tamil Nadu in the 6th position state wise. In this study a survey was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and risk related to AIDS among the undergraduate dental students in Chennai city, intended to create awareness among the youth thereby preventing the incidence of AIDS. Method: A dichotomous self-administered questionnaire consisting of 16 questions was approved by Institutional Human Ethical Committee and it was distributed to 432 dental students in Chennai, the filled forms were later evaluated. Result: This study reveals that the overall knowledge on AIDS among the study population was satisfactory. The knowledge on basics of AIDS is 84.12%, cause of AIDS is 88.3%, source of information about AIDS is 66.62% and knowledge on people at risk of developing AIDS is 79.72%, while knowledge on prevention and management of AIDS is 88.12%. Conclusion: This study infers that overall knowledge about AIDS is better among the boys than the girls. Health education must be made mandatory at schools, colleges, community level to defend from the globally endangering disease.

Epidemiološka situacija HIV/AIDS-a među muškarcima i ženama u Srbiji za period 2007-2017. godine - joinpoint regresiona analiza

Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a global major health problem. According to the data for 2018, there were 37.9 million people living with HIV/AIDS in the world, and the number of deaths related to AIDS was about 770,000. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the trend of newly diagnosed HIV-infected people, AIDS patients and AIDS-related deaths among men and women in Serbia, for the period 2007-2017. Materials and methods: Data on newly diagnosed HIV-infected people, AIDS patients and AIDS-related deaths were taken from the Report on Infectious Diseases in the Republic of Serbia. Age-specific and standardized mortality and incidence rates (standardized according to the world population) were calculated based on the data obtained. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to examine the trend. Results: The average standardized rates of newly diagnosed HIV-infected people (per 100,000) in Serbia, for the period 2007-2017, were 3.4 for men and 0.8 for women. There was a significant annual increase in standardized rates of newly diagnosed HIV-infected people; 7.0% for men and 21.1% for women. The average standardized rates (per 100,000) of AIDS incidence were 0.9 for men and 0.2 for women. There was a significant annual increase of 4.9% in the standardized incidence rate of AIDS in men, and a significant decrease of -12.2% in women. The average standardized mortality rates from AIDS (per 100,000) were 0.4 for men and 0.1 for women. During the observation period, there were no significant changes in the standardized mortality rates from AIDS in men, while in women there was a significant decline of -13.9% per year. The most common route of HIV transmission in men was sexual intercourse with men (69.0%), and in women it was heterosexual intercourse (75.7%). Conclusion: Further work is needed, primarily in advancing preventive measures, particularly by educating young people about transmission pathways and risks, but also in the early detection of HIV-infected persons and timely treatment.

Toxoplasmic Encephalitis in Patient with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.

Toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) is an opportunistic infection found in immunocompromised patients and TE related cerebral mass lesion is often reported in acquired immunodeficiency acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. However, incidence of TE related AIDS in Korea is still rare and is unfamiliar to neurosurgeons. Differential diagnosis is needed to rule out other brain lesions. A 39-year-old man visited the emergency room with rapid progressive left hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a ring-enhanced mass lesion in his right frontal lobe. Human immunodeficiency virus and Toxoplasma gondii immunoglobulin G were tested positive by a serologic test. We report here a rare case of patient with TE related AIDS.

Characteristics relating to the interiorization of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Brazil: a cross-sectional study.

BackgroundIn recent years there has been changes in the social and geographic profile of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the internalization of AIDS in the state of Rondônia, Brazil.FindingsIn Rondônia, 1473 AIDS cases were reported, with an average annual incidence of 15.8/100,000 persons (42.7 % women). The most common mode of viral transmission was sexual (96.5 %), and the majority of the individuals had not completed their primary education (64.8 %). There was heterogeneity in relation to case distribution, involving almost all of the municipalities in the state. The average annual mortality rate was 2.5/100,000 persons.ConclusionRondônia has a higher incidence of AIDS than the national average and the northern region. Efforts to provide access to treatment and follow-up of these individuals should be implemented, prioritizing areas where the incidence is higher and decentralizing the treatment of patients with AIDS in the state.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-015-0060-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a spatio-temporal analysis of cases reported in the period 2001-2010.

Despite increased funding for research on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), neither vaccine nor cure is yet in sight. Surveillance and prevention are essential for disease intervention, and it is recognised that spatio-temporal analysis of AIDS cases can assist the decision-making process for control of the disease. This study investigated the dynamic, spatial distribution of notified AIDS cases in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 2001 and 2010, based on the annual incidence in each municipality. Sequential choropleth maps were developed and used to analyse the incidence distribution and Moran's I spatial autocorrelation statistics was applied for characterisation of the spatio-temporal distribution pattern. A significant, positive spatial autocorrelation of AIDS incidence was observed indicating that municipalities with high incidence are likely to be close to other municipalities with similarly high incidence and, conversely, municipalities with low incidence are likely to be surrounded by municipalities with low incidence. Two clusters were identified; one hotspot related to the State Capital and the other with low to intermediate AIDS incidence comprising municipalities in the north-eastern region of the State of Rio de Janeiro.

AIDS Morbidity and Mortality in Brazilian Children Before and After Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment Implementation

The objective of this study was to analyze regional trends over time of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases and deaths in Brazilian children, before and after implementation of free access to highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). We performed a nation-wide study with an ecologic design and a time-series analysis of AIDS incidence and mortality rates in children (0-12 years of age), using polynomial regression models. Data were obtained from official national databases on age group, residence region, and year of AIDS diagnosis and death (1984-2008). Between 1984 and 2008, 14,314 (2.7%) AIDS cases and 5041 deaths (2.3% of all AIDS-related deaths) were reported in Brazilian children. Incidence after 1996 was reduced by 23%, as compared with the pre-HAART era. The mortality rate observed in the HAART era was reduced by 63.6%. There was a significant reduction in the incidence in the Southeast and Central-West regions (P < 0.001), but the less industrialized North region showed an increase in the pre-HAART era (P < 0.001), and the Northeast region showed a stabilization trend (P < 0.001). In the South region, the incidence of AIDS increased in the 0 to 4 years subgroup. A reduction of AIDS mortality in the Southeast (P < 0.001), South, and Central-West regions (P < 0.001) was seen, but the Northeast and North regions maintained an increasing mortality trend (P < 0.001). Despite the overall reduction in AIDS-related cases and deaths among children in Brazil since HAART, marked regional differences continue to exist. These reflect structural factors, different transmission dynamics, and operational issues. There is a need for improving the health service network with special emphasis on the less developed regions.

Elevated serum thyrotropin [TSH] levels in critically ill patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

To determine thyrotropin (TSH) reserve in critically ill patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Prospective longitudinal. Six hundred (600) bed municipal hospital serving a poor neighborhood in New York City with a high incidence of AIDS mainly from intravenous drug abuse. Twelve (12) patients with AIDS, who were in the Intensive Care Unit or critically ill on medical wards, were evaluated consecutively with baseline thyroid function tests and serum thyrotropin (TSH) response to thyroid releasing hormone testing. 66.7% of patients had elevated TSH levels. All patients had low triiodothyronine (T3), six patients had low thyroxine (T4) levels. (cont'd). Six patients met the criteria for hypothyroidism. Two patients met the criteria for subclinical hypothyroidism. Elevated TSH levels and hypothyroidism are common in our critically ill population with AIDS.

Coping with the HIV epidemic 1982–2007: 25‐year outcomes of the Hershey Haemophilia Cohort

Coping with the HIV epidemic 1982–2007: 25‐year outcomes of the Hershey Haemophilia Cohort

Associations of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor (IGF)–I and IGF‐Binding Protein–3 with HIV Disease Progression in Women

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis has been hypothesized to influence the rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. This premise is based largely on laboratory models showing that IGF-I stimulates thymic growth and increases lymphocyte numbers and that IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 has an opposing effect, inhibiting hematopoietic stem cell development. We studied 1422 HIV-infected women enrolled in a large cohort that entailed semiannual follow-up (initiated in 1994). Baseline serum samples were tested for IGF-I and IGFBP-3 to determine their associations with incident clinical acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and CD4+ T cell count decline prior to April 1996 (before the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART]). Low IGF-I levels (Ptrend= .02) and high IGFBP-3 levels (Ptrend= .02) were associated with rapid CD4+ T cell count decline. Only IGFBP-3, however, was significantly associated with AIDS incidence (hazard ratio for highest vs. lowest quartile, 2.65 [95% confidence interval, 1.30-5.42]; Ptrend= .02) in multivariable models. These findings suggest that serum levels of IGFBP-3 (and possibly IGF-I) are associated with the rate of HIV disease progression in women and, more broadly, that interindividual heterogeneity in the IGF axis may influence HIV pathogenesis. If correct, the IGF axis could be a target for interventions to slow HIV disease progression and extend the time before use of HAART becomes necessary.

Imaging features of cns involvement in aids: pictorial essay from a tertiary-care center in turkey

Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are the subjects of a large part of routine neuroradiological work in the Western world currently. The World Health Organization announced that Turkish authorities had reported a cumulative total of 2544 HIV cases from 1985 to 2006, of whom 623 had developed AIDS and 140 had died. It is estimated that approximately one-third of AIDS patients develop neurological complications. The spectrum of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) in AIDS patients comprises predominantly opportunistic infections and primary CNS lymphoma. Although to a lesser degree when compared with Western countries, the incidence of AIDS and related neurological diseases are on the rise also in Turkey. Therefore radiologists should recognize HIV-associated problems and their imaging features. In this review, we focus on imaging features of more common CNS diseases in HIV-seropositive patients. This essay has been prepared using radiological studies of the patients who had been managed in our hospital which is a tertiary care center with a highly motivated medical team for this peculiar disease in the years between 2002 and 2008.

This Place Is Killing Me: A Comparison of Counties Where the Incidence Rates of AIDS Increased the Most and the Least

The objective of this study was to identify the socioeconomic and health characteristics of communities with the largest proportional increases in incidence rates of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Reported AIDS cases (1981-1990 and 1995-1999) were used for a comparison between 20 US counties with the largest proportional increases in incidence rates of AIDS and 20 US counties with the smallest increases. Data were obtained from Community Health Status Indicators Reports of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) and from the US Census Bureau. Counties with the largest increases in the incidence of AIDS had lower levels of income, education, and literacy; higher incidence rates of syphilis, age-adjusted mortality (all causes), and infant mortality; more low-birth-weight infants; and higher levels on all 9 specific mortality measures in the HRSA reports. The incidence of AIDS increased the most in areas where many other health problems occurred. Research is needed to identify and address the root causes of ill health.

Epidemiology of Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in São Paulo, Brazil.

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most frequent neoplasm in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although many studies on KS epidemiology have been performed in other countries, few have been carried out in Brazil despite the high incidence of AIDS. One hundred and seven KS patients seen in São Paulo, Brazil, between August 1995 and November 1998 were studied. The patients were followed for 1 year with assessment of the immunologic status, improvement of the lesions, treatment, and causes of death at the end of this period. KS occurred mainly in men (94.4%) with a mean age of 37 years, and 25.2% of these patients were found to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive through KS. HIV was acquired mainly through homosexual contact. The patients presented an average of 15.9 KS lesions at the first visit and the mean duration of KS lesions before the first visit was 15.5 months. The clinical presentation was predominantly papules and plaques, and 33.6% presented with mucosal and/or visceral disease. KS affected mainly the lower limbs. The mean time since the diagnosis of HIV infection was 42.4 months. The CD4+ cell count was lower than 200 cell/mm(3) in 60.8% of patients, but patients with a complete response showed an improvement in immune status after 1 year. Patients who did not show progression received a protease inhibitor as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Patients treated exclusively with HAART presented a complete response (61.6%), partial response (23%) or progression (15.4%) of KS. An improvement in immune status and the use of HAART were the most important prognostic features.

HIV Diagnoses Among Injection-Drug Users in States With HIV Surveillance--25 States, 1994-2000

Injection-drug use is a risk factor for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Of the 765,559 cumulative AIDS cases diagnosed as of December 2000, a total of 193,527 (25%) occurred among injection-drug users (IDUs). IDUs become infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through sharing injection-drug equipment with HIV-infected persons or by engaging in other risk behaviors such as having unprotected sex. Since 1995, AIDS incidence among IDUs has declined. This report presents data on initial HIV diagnoses among IDUs aged >/=13 years, with and without AIDS at the time of HIV diagnosis, by year, during 1994--2000. The findings indicate that HIV diagnoses among IDUs have leveled in the majority of demographic groups during this period in the 25 states for which HIV surveillance data are available. Because IDUs and their sex partners represent approximately one third of persons infected in the HIV epidemic and continue to be at risk for transmitting HIV, prevention efforts targeting IDUs and their sex partners should be enhanced.

Extending backcalculation to analyse BSE data.

We review the origins of backcalculation (or back projection) methods developed for the analysis of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) incidence data. These techniques have been used extensively for >15 years to deconvolute clinical case incidence, given knowledge of the incubation period distribution, to obtain estimates of past HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection incidence and short-term predictions of future AIDS incidence. Adaptations required for the analysis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) incidence included: stratification of BSE incidence by age as well as birth cohort; allowance for incomplete survival between infection and the onset of clinical signs of disease; and decomposition of the age- and time-related infection incidence into a time-dependent feed risk component and an age-dependent exposure/susceptibility function. The most recent methodological developments focus on the incorporation of data from clinically unaffected cattle screened using recently developed tests for preclinical BSE infection. Backcalculation-based predictions of future BSE incidence obtained since 1996 are examined. Finally, future directions of epidemiological analysis of BSE epidemics are discussed taking into account ongoing developments in the science of BSE and possible changes in BSE-related policies.

Survival after AIDS diagnosis in adolescents and adults during the treatment era, United States, 1984-1997.

Declines in the number of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) deaths were first observed in 1996, attributed to improvements in antiretroviral therapy and an increase in the proportion of persons receiving therapy. To examine national trends in survival time among persons diagnosed as having AIDS in 1984-1997. Retrospective cohort study using data from a population-based registry of AIDS cases and deaths reported in the United States. Months of survival after AIDS diagnosis through December 31, 1998, compared by year of diagnosis. Among 394 705 persons with an AIDS-defining opportunistic illness (OI) diagnosed in 1984-1997, median survival time improved from 11 months for 1984 diagnoses to 46 months for 1995 diagnoses. Among persons with an OI diagnosed in 1996 and 1997, 67% were alive at least 36 months after diagnosis and 77% were alive at least 24 months after diagnosis, respectively. Among 296 621 AIDS cases diagnosed during 1993-1997, 65% were based on immunologic criteria and 35% on OI criteria; 80% were among men; and 42% were among non-Hispanic blacks, 40% among non-Hispanic whites, 17% among Hispanics, 1% among Asians/Pacific islanders, and less than 1% among American Indians/Alaska natives. The probability of surviving at least 24 months increased from 67% for those with immunologic diagnoses in 1993 to 90% in 1997 and from 49% for those with OI diagnoses in 1993 to 80% in 1997. Survival time increased with each year of diagnosis from 1984 to 1997 for blacks, whites, and Hispanics. The greatest annual survival gains occurred among persons receiving an AIDS diagnosis in 1995 and 1996. Survival time after AIDS diagnosis improved from 1984 to 1997. While AIDS incidence is declining, improved survival times present a growing public health challenge as the number of persons living with chronic human immunodeficiency virus disease/AIDS increases.