Incidence Of Accidents Research Articles

Epidemiology and Characteristics of Ankle and Foot Injuries in Electric Scooter-Related Accidents.

The use of electric scooters (e-scooters) continues to increase as a simple, inexpensive means of transport, resulting in a sharp increase in the incidence of scooter-related accidents. No study to date has closely examined the injury extent to the lower leg, joints, and extremities from e-scooter-related accidents. Here, we investigated the epidemiology and injury patterns of such accidents, focusing on injuries to the ankle and foot. Based on data from a single tertiary hospital's database, the demographics of 563 patients with scooter-associated injuries were analyzed retrospectively. Among the patients, 229 patients who were injured by e-scooter riding were further investigated. Based on the data, the general demographics of whole scooter-associated injuries and the injury characteristics and fracture cases of the lower leg, ankle, and foot were analyzed. During the 4-year study period, the number of patients injured by e-scooters increased every year. Lower extremities were the most common injury site (67.2%) among riders, whereas injuries to the head and neck (64.3%) were more common in riders of non-electric scooters. Among the lower leg, ankle, and foot injuries of riders (52 cases), the ankle joint (53.8%) was the most commonly injured site, followed by the foot (40.4%) and lower leg (21.2%). The fracture group scored significantly higher on the Abbreviated Injury Scale than the non-fracture group (p < 0.001). Among the fracture group (20 cases), ankle fractures (9 cases) were most common, including pronation external rotation type 4 injuries (4 cases) and pilon fractures (2 cases). Five patients (25%) had open fractures, and 12 patients (60%) underwent surgical treatment. The ankle and foot are the most common injury sites in e-scooter-related accidents. Given the high frequency and severity of e-scooter-related ankle and foot injuries, we suggest that more attention be paid to preventing these types of injuries with greater public awareness of the dangers of using e-scooters.

Occupational Health Assessment and Risks in Automotive and Wood Manufacturing Industries: A Retrospective Study

Objective: This study examines workers' health status and occupational risks in the automotive manufacturing and wood manufacturing sectors based on medical examinations conducted between January 2019 and January 2020. Materials and Methods: It involves 27 individuals with an average age of 36.26. Younger workers, especially those aged 20 to 35, show a higher propensity for workplace accidents due to their engagement in hazardous tasks and limited experience. The research emphasizes prevalent health issues such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases among these workers, influenced by sedentary work routines and inadequate physical activity. Workers employed for 1-10 years exhibit the highest incidence of workplace accidents, warranting careful monitoring in this demographic. Key factors observed include tobacco consumption, blood cell counts, hemoglobin, glucose, liver function indicators, and exposure to hazardous substances. The study highlights prevalent hearing impairment and lung abnormalities in these workers, aligning with global trends in occupational health. Results: It recommends regular health screenings, lung film examinations during initial employment, and periodic check-ups for early detection and treatment. While acknowledging limitations, such as study specificity and resource constraints, it underscores the role of such studies in shaping policies, guiding preventive measures, and enhancing worker health and safety in high-risk industries. Conclusion: This study underscores the need for proactive health monitoring and regular screenings to safeguard workers' health, even in industries where symptoms might not be evident.

Prehospital Emergency Care: A Cross-Sectional Survey of First-Aid Preparedness Among Layperson First Responders in Northern Uganda.

Uganda has a high incidence of road traffic accidents and high mortality rates, yet lacks a mature prehospital emergency care system. Our study addresses this gap by assessing the experiences, training, and confidence in providing first aid (FA) among diverse layperson first responders in Northern Uganda, expanding beyond previous research, which was limited to Central Uganda and specific occupational groups. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among layperson first responders of various occupations in Gulu City, Acholi sub-region, Uganda. Data on socio-demographics, training, experiences, knowledge, and confidence in FA were collected. We included 396 participants, of whom 81.6% (n=323) were male, 47.0.6% (n=186) were aged 21-30 years, 59.3% (n=235) had obtained a secondary level of education, 23.7% (n=94) were commercial motorcyclists, and 45.7% (n=181) had work experience of >5 years. The majority (85.4%, n=338) had witnessed acute illness/trauma. Accidents/bleeding were the most commonly witnessed cases (68.6%, n=232), followed by burn injuries (10.1%, n=34). Most participants (52.3%, n=207) had attended FA training. Only 20.5% (n=81) had obtained an above-average score (≥70%). The majority (67.9%, n=269) were confident in providing FA. Lack of knowledge and skills (61.4%, n=78), fear of taking health risks (18.9%, n=24), and legal implications (7.1%, n=9) were the major reasons for not being willing to confidently give FA. Factors associated with above-average knowledge were tertiary education and being confident in providing FA, while training in FA and prior experience in giving FA were associated with confidence in giving FA. In this study, laypeople in Northern Uganda exhibited a high level of FA training. However, low confidence in providing FA is attributed to inadequate knowledge, fear of health risks, and legal concerns. Therefore, future efforts should focus on assessing FA practices in diverse regions and promoting formal FA training.

917 Incidence of umbilical cord accidents as a cause of fetal death and associated histologic characteristics

917 Incidence of umbilical cord accidents as a cause of fetal death and associated histologic characteristics

Magnitude of dural tear and its associated factors among patients with depressed skull fracture.

Trauma is a huge problem seen in developed countries as well as developing countries. Head injury is a major factor responsible for mortality in young populations. Up to 6% of all head injuries and 11% of severe head traumas might result in a depressed skull fracture (DSF), a catastrophic injury. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dural tear and to identify its predictors. A retrospective review of medical records of all patients operated on for DSFs at the University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from 1 January 2021 to 1 January 2023 G.C. (Gregorian calendar) was conducted. A total of 163 patients were included in the study. A total of 163 patients [136 men (83.4%) and 27 women (16.6%)] had a mean age of 23.9 with a standard deviation of 14.8 (range from 3 to 65). Patients with penetrating injuries (missiles, axes) were excluded. The majority, 153 (93.9%) of the patients, were younger than 50 years of age. Physical assault accounted for 102 (62.5%) of the cases. Of the assaulted cases, 62 (38%) were assaulted by stone, 32 (19.6%) by stick, and 8 (5%) by other objects (beer bottle and shovel). Bleeding from the trauma site in 124 (76.1%), headache in 76 (46.6%), loss of consciousness in 75 (46%), and vomiting in 72 (44.2%) were the most common presentations. Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 123 (75%) patients had mild head injuries. Based on the site of fracture, frontal depressions are the most common (61, 37.4%), followed by parietal depressions (53, 32.5%). With regard to the associated injuries, brain contusion was seen in 52 (32%), epidural hematoma (EDH) in 26 (16%), subdural hematoma in 3 (1.8%), and intraventricular hemorrhage/subarachnoid hemorrhage (IVH/SAH) in 3 (1.8%). The median duration of presentation was 15h, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 8-24 (1-96h). From the multivariable logistic regression, brain contusion and EDH were significantly associated with dural tear. The rules of our culture are reflected in the higher incidence of accidents and fractures among men. Physical assault, particularly with stones, was the most common cause of DSFs. Frontal depressions were the most common site of fracture, followed by parietal fractures. Brain contusion and EDH were significantly associated with dural tears. School-aged children are more vulnerable to injuries from horse or donkey kicks and falls.

“A CASE STUDY ON AGNIKARMA W.S.R. QUADRICEPS TENDON”

The knee joint is one of the most heavily stressed joints in the human body, exhibiting a unique combination of stability and mobility. Its stability primarily relies on the quadriceps femoris and collateral ligaments. Unfortunately, due to the rising incidents of accidents and sports-related injuries, knee tendon injuries are becoming increasingly prevalent, with quadriceps tendon injuries being particularly common. Surgical reconstruction, often pursued for such injuries, does not always ensure a full return to previous levels of activity. The quadriceps tendon, composed of tendinous portions from the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis muscles, plays a crucial role in knee function. These muscle fibers blend with the tendinous portion approximately 3 cm proximal to the superior border of the patella. In this single case study, an attempt was made to address a knee tendon injury using Ayurvedic treatment methods. A 38-year-old female suffering from a quadriceps tendon injury received treatment involving Agni Karma (therapeutic cauterization) and internal medicine. The treatment spanned over a period of 15 days, during which significant relief from pain was achieved, accompanied by noticeable improvement in knee joint mobility

IMPLICAÇÕES DOS ESPORÕES DE PEIXES NA SAÚDE DOS PESCADORES INDUSTRIAIS DE PIRAMUTABA NO ESTADO DO PARÁ, BRASIL

Industrial fishing for piramutaba (Brachyplatystoma vaillantii) at the mouth of the Amazon River, encompassing the coastal zone of northern Brazil, is an activity characterized by the intense presence of industrial fishing fleets and notable aquatic biodiversity. However, this activity faces significant challenges in the realm of occupational health and safety. The aim of this study was to identify the species of venomous fish present in piramutaba fishing and to assess the impact of these species on the health-disease processes of the fishermen. Through questionnaires, a high incidence of accidents related to fish spines was evidenced. The prominent presence of potentially dangerous species in the region's ichthyological diversity directly influences the frequency and severity of accidents. The educational profile of the fishermen, mostly with incomplete Acta of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Oliveira et al. (2024): ActaPesca 12(2): 110-120 DOI 10.46732/Actafish.2024.12.2.110-120 111 elementary education, highlights the urgent need for training programs adapted to the local reality. The need for the implementation of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is evident, complemented by educational strategies aimed at accident prevention and understanding the risks associated with interaction with venomous fish. The research also underscores the importance of future studies that can evaluate the effectiveness of different training and awareness strategies for fishermen, aiming for a more comprehensive approach to occupational safety in fishing activities.

Traffic Transformer: Transformer-based framework for temporal traffic accident prediction

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reliable prediction of traffic accidents is crucial for the identification of potential hazards in advance, formulation of effective preventative measures, and reduction of accident incidence. Existing neural network-based models generally suffer from a limited field of perception and poor long-term dependency capturing abilities, which severely restrict their performance. To address the inherent shortcomings of current traffic prediction models, we propose the Traffic Transformer for multidimensional, multi-step traffic accident prediction. Initially, raw datasets chronicling sporadic traffic accidents are transformed into multivariate, regularly sampled sequences that are amenable to sequential modeling through a temporal discretization process. Subsequently, Traffic Transformer captures and learns the hidden relationships between any elements of the input sequence, constructing accurate prediction for multiple forthcoming intervals of traffic accidents. Our proposed Traffic Transformer employs the sophisticated multi-head attention mechanism in lieu of the widely used recurrent architecture. This significant shift enhances the model's ability to capture long-range dependencies within time series data. Moreover, it facilitates a more flexible and comprehensive learning of diverse hidden patterns within the sequences. It also offers the versatility of convenient extension and transference to other diverse time series forecasting tasks, demonstrating robust potential for further development in this field. Extensive comparative experiments conducted on a real-world dataset from Qatar demonstrate that our proposed Traffic Transformer model significantly outperforms existing mainstream time series forecasting models across all evaluation metrics and forecast horizons. Notably, its Mean Absolute Percentage Error reaches a minimal value of only 4.43%, which is substantially lower than the error rates observed in other models. This remarkable performance underscores the Traffic Transformer's state-of-the-art level of in predictive accuracy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;

An Assessment of Occupational Accidents and Diseases Among Female Healthcare Personnel in Human Health Services

This study was designed as a cross-sectional descriptive investigation with the objective of referencing previous research by disclosing the incidence of occupational accidents and occupational diseases among female personnel employed in human health services in Turkey. The study analyzed data from the Social Security Institution of the Republic of Turkey spanning the years 2013 to 2020. The research findings indicate that female healthcare workers experience a greater incidence of occupational accidents and illnesses compared to their male counterparts. Nevertheless, male healthcare workers exhibit a higher mortality rate resulting from work-related accidents. In contemporary times, there has been a decline in work-related accidents and fatalities, as well as occupational illnesses, among women employed in various industries. However, there has been a notable rise in work-related accidents and fatalities, as well as occupational illnesses, among female healthcare professionals.

Hubungan Beban Kerja Mental dan Kelelahan Kerja dengan Unsafe Action pada Pengemudi Batik Solo Trans (BST) Koridor 1

Batik Solo Trans bus corridor 1 is a corridor that serves the longest route with a distance of ±54 km and 121 stops. Secondary data shows an increase in the incidence of BST accidents by 8 cases (18%) in 2022 with 43 cases. The type of accident was dominated by unsafe action as many as 26 cases (60%) and 8 cases (30%) of which occurred in corridor 1. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between mental workload and work fatigue with unsafe action in BST corridor 1 drivers. Respondents were taken from BST corridor 1 drivers with a population and sample of 64 people. The sampling technique uses total sampling. The study used questionnaires to measure mental workload, fatigue, and unsafe action. Data analysis techniques in this study are pearson product-moment test for bivariate analysis and the multiple linear regression test for multivariate analysis. The correlation test results obtained p = 0.000 and r = 0.661, meaning that there is a meaningful and significant relationship between mental workload and unsafe action. The correlation test of the work fatigue variable with unsafe action also showed an important relationship between the two with p = 0.000 and r = 0.640 values. Based on multiple linear regression tests, a significance value of 0.000 was obtained, which means that mental workload and work fatigue together affect unsafe action with a contribution of 53% and fatigue is the most influential variable on unsafe action in BST corridor 1 drivers.

Acidentes de Trabalho em Hospital Central: uma visão holística

Introduction All over the world, workers are exposed to hazards in the workplace, which can result in accidents. Hospitals are environments rich in dangers and, therefore, Work accidents are more likely to occur with subsequent musculoskeletal injuries, or risk of transmission of biological agents. Objectives To know the characteristics of accidents in the work context that occur in a Central Hospital. By describing and analyzing them, it is possible to make an adequate risk assessment, allowing in the future to adopt preventive measures that reduce or eliminate the existing dangers in the hospital environment. Materials and methods Observational, cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study. As a data collection instrument, a database belonging to the Occupational Health Service of a Central Hospital, with information on injured Health Professionals, was used. Only mechanical accidents or those with exposure to biological fluids were selected. The normality of the distributions was tested and the Chi-Square, Fisher or Mann-Whitney tests were applied, considering the significance level for rejection of the null hypothesis of 5%. Results A total of 265 Work Accidents were analyzed, 36.2% mechanical and the remaining with exposure to biological fluids. The groups with the highest number of victims were the nurses (49.4%) and aged between 21 and 30 years (36.2%). Between January and March 2021 there was a peak in the number of accidents (n=51) and the median time from admission to the occurrence of the accident was lower in those who had exposure to biological fluids compared to mechanical ones. The attribution of Absolute Temporary Disability to the victims was 84.5%, highlighting that there were no associations between independent variables and the attribution of temporary disability (absolute or partial). Discussion and conclusions The characteristics of the population that suffered Work Accidents at the Central Hospital under analysis is identical to those of other studies. During the peak of hospitalizations in the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of accidents in the Hospital increased, suggesting that the pandemic and the associated high workload may be a possible cause. The high incidence of accidents with exposure to biological fluids, in professionals with less experience, may be related to the lack of dexterity in the handling of materials and equipment and the high attribution of Absolute Temporary Incapacity can be attributed to the low notification of less serious accidents. In this way, the Occupational Health Service should intercede with the Health Professionals to promote the notification of accidents, particularly the less serious ones that are often devalued, allowing to take measures to minimize these events. It will be important to strengthen preventive measures, which, considering the characteristics of accidents, may be the use of equipment or materials for the mobilization of loads, use of appropriate footwear, improvement of the Hospital’s infrastructures, awareness of existing risks and, especially in accidents with exposure to biological fluids, training to improve the technical skills of professionals in the handling of materials and equipment. No predictors were identified for the existence of temporary disability after a Work Accident, studies with a larger target population, an increase in time span and, eventually, longitudinal studies to identify possible associations are recommended. KEY WORDS: Musculoskeletal Injuries, Biological Agents, Work Accidents, Risk Assessment, COVID-19.

Pemodelan Kondisi Geometrik Jalan Terhadap Potensi Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas

Road infrastructure has an impact on the occurrence of road traffic accidents. The geometry of a road is a variable that influences the occurrence of road traffic accidents. Interpreting the observed crashes into an equation that can describe the crashes is one of the most difficult problems faced by scientists and engineers in any research. The traffic accident research conducted is still limited to analyzing the causes of accidents and jumping to handling strategies that do not reveal how much geometric influence on accidents at the location. This research was developed using a comprehensive modeling approach to illustrate how highway geometric design, in this case the alignment, influences crash rates. This study aims to analyze the influence of road geometrics on the incidence of accidents. The method used is multiple liner regression measurement model using R-Studio. The variables to be studied include road geometry planning parameters, especially horizontal alignments which include stopping sight distance (X1), radius of horizontal curve (X2), shoulder width X3, and transition curve length (X4). The results of the study obtained a relationship in the mathematical equation Y = 99.55508-0.02634X1+1.17647X2-0.06999X3-0.03906X4 with the most significant correlation value produced is the transition curve length and radius of horizontal curve. Based on the multiple R-squareed value of 0.8775 this model has a very strong correlation category. Where the ability of X1 to X4 is able to explain Y by 80%.

Sistem Informasi Kelayakan Berlayar dan Kecelakaan Kapal Berbasis Website

Abstracts - Sea transportation does not only function to connect regions in Indonesia, in this case shipping is actually one of the main veins of the economy and its strategy is to connect the gaps between regions, in this case the software development approach used in making this website is a linear flow and sequential, involving needs analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The background explanation above illustrates the need for rapid data collection regarding the seaworthiness of company ships and the causes of ship accidents and the losses they cause. To meet these needs, the idea of making a website-based application is proposed. The computer was chosen as a device that supports the application of the plan, so that the application can facilitate the exchange of information when a ship accident occurs. A linear and sequential software development approach is used, with sequential development phases, including requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Various tools, such as XAMPP, Sublime Text Editor 3, PHP, Bootstrap, and MySQL PHPMyadmin, were used in the creation of a seaworthiness information system and shipwreck data. Through this website, related parties, including the Directorate General of the Ministry of Sea Transportation and the National Transportation Safety Commission, can provide information to the public in an efficient and up-to-date manner regarding ship accident incidents.

Analysis Of Occupational Safety And Health Risk Using The Hazard And Operational Study (Hazops) Method For Repairman

Knowledge of occupational safety and health is very important for every job, but in practice there are still violations of OHS committed by Repairman such as not using personal protective equipment which is a mandatory requirement to carry out when doing work. By not implementing the OHS program in the workshop, it will have a negative impact in the form of increased incidence of work accidents and occupational diseases. Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOPS) is an attempt to identify the hazards of a process if it deviates from what it should be, hazops is a very systematic, thorough, and complete technique. Based on the results of preliminary studies that have been carried out, it is found that Griya Motor 168 City Market South Tangerang has 6 workers, all workers do not use personal protective equipment, for this reason researchers are interested in examining risks using the HAZOPS method . The general purpose of this research is to analyze occupational safety and health risks using the Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOPS) method at the Griya Motor 168 Pondok Cabe Workshop in South Tangerang. This research is a qualitative research. The techniques used in data collection are field observations and interviews. Data analysis begins with identifying Occupational Safety and Health risks by determining study points (nodes), deviations, causes, consequences and actions. Based on the results of the study, 8 potential hazards were obtained with 2 high categories, 4 medium categories, and 2 low categories. With this research, it is hoped that the company will improve safety for workers to reduce the risk of work accidents, for PPE, it should be emphasized and controlled because there are still workers who are negligent in using PPE

A study on the application of Prepar3D-based Aviation’s Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance Approach procedures in the teaching of simulated flight training courses

Firstly, the advantages of flight simulators and the three types of flight simulation software widely used by current flight students are briefly described, focusing on the analysis of instrument landing knowledge, how to read the instrument approach procedure charts, and how to use the flight simulation software to implement various instrument landing systems, so as to make the correct operation according to the approach procedure charts. Based on Prepar3D flight simulation software, Cessna C172R G1000 system was used to demonstrate two different types of precision approaches, so that the trainees could be more clearly and intuitively familiarized with the relevant operation procedures of precision approaches. From the results of the demonstration, it can be seen that flight simulation has the advantages of improving training efficiency, saving training funds, ensuring flight safety, and reducing environmental pollution, etc. The advantages of flight simulation software can fundamentally improve the flight skills of the trainees, increase flight experience, and thus reduce the incidence of major safety accidents.

Accident event detection from Facebook posts written in Bengali and Banglish languages

SummaryAccident events refer to abrupt or unpredictable incidents, which often cause a temporary or permanent bruise. Sometimes, the damage is so severe that it permanently ruins an individual's whole life and family. Detection of these unwanted accident events is the prerequisite for preventing and lowering the rate of casualty. Most people are habituated to posting their seeings, thoughts, and beliefs on social media and often post about accident incidents. This work detects accident incidents from real‐time Facebook data and the text‐mentioned probable time and location. Previous research works in this domain have been conducted in English, mainly with Twitter data. In this work, Bengali and Banglish Facebook posts have been used to aid the emergency response team in rapidly rescuing injured personnel. For this purpose, real‐time Facebook data have been crawled and pre‐processed. After that, several layers of feature extraction including individual keyword feature and paired keyword feature have been conducted and then sentiment analysis of the posts have taken place. Individual keyword feature is further divided into common event keyword and accident‐specific event keyword. Finally, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is used to classify accident and non‐accident events. Two more classifiers, Naive Bayes (NB) and Decision Tree (DT), are used for comparison. For NB, the Bernoulli, Gaussian, and Multinomial NB are applied. The SVM method achieves slightly better accuracy in the Bengali dataset than the Banglish dataset. The SVM, Bernoulli NB, Multinomial NB, Gaussian NB, and DT classifier achieved accuracy of 80%, 81%, 74%, 80%, and 79.5% for the Bengali dataset and 78%, 77.5%, 73%, 78%, and 78.5% for the Banglish dataset, respectively.

Prototype of Riding Accident Detection System Using R3 SMD Microcontroller Based on GPS and IoT

The incidence of road accidents is quite high. This is due to driver negligence. Based on these problems, a driving accident detection system was created. The system uses vibration sensors, tilt sensors, and pressure sensors as inputs to detect driving accidents. The system is supported by an Arduino uno kit with an R3 SMD microcontroller as the brain to process data from vibration, tilt, and pressure sensors, and is equipped with GPS and ESP32. Then, the output to ESP32 will send notification information to Telegram by detecting GPS, so that it will automatically send notification of driving accident coordinates. From the making of this system, it can be concluded that, if a driving accident occurs, it will automatically send information directly to the victim's family quickly. The system will work if the sensor is detected and will send data to the phone number stored in the database. So that victims can be handled more quickly to avoid casualties.

Relationship between Safety Climate and Safety Behavior in Company X in Indonesia

Throughout 2019–2021, there was a considerable rise in total work accident cases in Indonesia, increasing from 210,789 to 234,370. According to the location of the incident, accident cases in the workplace also escalated from 139,999 to 144,929. The purpose of this study was to measure the maturity level of the safety climate at Company X in Indonesia and analyze its relationship with safety behavior. This was a quantitative study on a total of 200 respondents using a questionnaire as the data collection method. A structured questionnaire was used to capture the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, the safety climate, and safety behavior. Respondents participated in this study by responding to the items in the questionnaire distributed. The findings of this study indicated that the maturity level of the safety climate at Company X was at the adequate level with a very strong relationship between the sub-dimensional variables and safety climate. The relationship between safety climate and safety behavior was quite strong. This study emphasized that an increase in the level of safety climate could improve safety behavior. Therefore, increasing safety climate level is effective to reduce the incidence of occupational accidents.

Road Accident and Safety Issue in Bangladesh: A Critical Review

Road accidents are a major public health concern in Bangladesh, causing significant harm to individuals and society as a whole. Despite various initiatives taken by the government, the number of road accidents continues to increase, highlighting the need for a legal approach to address this issue. This study aims to analyze the current legal framework in Bangladesh with regards to road safety and identify potential areas for improvement. The study found that the current legal framework in Bangladesh contains several provisions aimed at promoting road safety, including the Bangladesh Road Transport Act, the Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation Act, and the Bangladesh Road Transport Authority Act. However, these laws lack effective enforcement mechanisms, and there is limited accountability for those who violate traffic rules. This has led to widespread flouting of traffic regulations and a high incidence of road accidents. The study recommends the introduction of stricter penalties for those who violate traffic rules, including fines and imprisonment. It also suggests the establishment of an independent road safety commission to monitor compliance with traffic rules and to ensure effective implementation of road safety measures. The commission should have the authority to investigate road accidents and to take appropriate actions against those found responsible persons. Additionally, the study recommends the introduction of mandatory training programs for all drivers and the provision of better infrastructure and technology to support road safety. This may include the installation of traffic lights and speed cameras, as well as the use of innovative technologies such as GPS-based monitoring systems. In conclusion, a legal approach is crucial in addressing the problem of road accidents in Bangladesh. By introducing stricter penalties, establishing an independent road safety commission, and investing in road safety infrastructure and technology, the government can help to reduce the number of road accidents and save lives. Further research is needed to understand the impact of these measures and to identify additional ways to promote road safety in Bangladesh.

Ecotourism Hazard Mapping in Torean Trail, Mount Rinjani National Park, North Lombok District

Mount Rinjani is a mountain located in Mount Rinjani National Park and is popular as a hiking tourist destination. The Torean Trail is one of 6 hiking trails on Mount Rinjani that has potential ecotourism hazards, namely physical hazards, biological hazards, and human activity hazards. The purpose of the study was to identify and assess potential hazards in hiking activities on the Torean trail based on physical, biological and human activity aspects. The type of data collected is data on potential physical, biological and human activity hazards that may pose a risk, the incidence of accidents, and the location where the hazards are found. Data were collected through literature study, field observations, and interviews. There are 3 kinds of hazards found in the Toreab Trail, namely physical hazards, biological hazards, and human hazards. These hazards can threaten tourists when hiking through the Torean Trail.