Inches Of Water Research Articles

The Effect of Debris Accumulation On and Filter Resistance to Airflow for Four Commercially Available Vacuum Cleaners

Mortar removal with right-angle grinders can cause excessive exposure to respirable crystalline silica. To control this dust exposure, vacuum cleaners need to exhaust 2.3 m3/min (80 cubic feet per minute) from the grinder's exhaust hood. Maintaining this airflow while collecting as much as 15.9 kg (35 lb) of debris in the vacuum cleaner has been problematic. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate how mortar debris affects vacuum cleaner airflow and filter pressure loss. Four vacuum cleaners were tested. Two of the vacuum cleaners used vacuum cleaner bags as a prefilter; the other two vacuum cleaners used cyclones to reduce the amount of debris that reaches the filter. Test debris was collected by a masonry restoration contractor during actual mortar removal using a grinder fitted with a hood. The hood is attached to a vacuum cleaner with cyclonic pre-separation. The vacuum cleaner fan curves were obtained experimentally to learn how pressure loss affects vacuum cleaner airflows. Then, 15.9 kg (35 lb) of mortar removal debris was sucked into the vacuum cleaner in 2.27-kg (5-lb) increments. Before and after adding each 2.27-kg (5-lb) increment of debris, vacuum cleaner airflows were measured with a venturi meter, and vacuum cleaner static pressures were measured at the inlet to the vacuum cleaner motor, and before and after each filter. The vacuum cleaners equipped with cyclonic pre-separation were unaffected by the mass of debris collected in the vacuum cleaner and were able to maintain airflows in excess of 1.98 m3/min (70 cfm) throughout the testing program. As debris accumulated in the vacuum cleaners that used bags, airflow decreased from 2.3 m3/min (80 cfm) to as little as 0.85 m3/min (30 cfm). This airflow loss is caused by the increased airflow resistance of the bags that increased from less 0.03 kPa/m3/min (0.1 inches of water per cfm) to 16.7 kPa/m3/min (1.9 inches of water/cfm). Apparently, vacuum cleaners using bags should be used in applications where adequate dust control can be achieved at airflows less than 0.85 m3/min (30 cfm). Vacuum cleaners with cyclonic pre-separators provided superior and cost-effective dust control compared with vacuums with bags when dust loading was high and when more than 30 cfm of airflow is needed for dust control.

N-Acyl-α -triphenylphosphonio-α -amino Acids: Synthesis and Decarboxylation to α -(N-Acylamino)alkyltriphenylphosphonium Salts

4-Phosphoranylidene-5(4H)-oxazolones 1 undergo hydrolysis in THF in the presence of HBF 4 at room temperature to give N-acyl-α -triphenyphosphonioglycines 3 (R 2 = H) in very good yields. 4-Alkyl-4-triphenylphosphonio-5(4H)-oxazolones 2 react with water in CH 2 Cl 2 /THF solution without any acidic catalyst at 0–5°C in a few days yielding N-acyl-α -triphenylphosphonio-α -amino acids 3 (R 2 = Me) or α -(N-acylamino)alkyltriphenylphosphonium salts 4 (R 2 = alkyl, other then Me). α -Triphenylphosphonio-α -amino acids 3 upon heating to 105–115°C under reduced pressure (5 mm Hg) or upon treatment with a Hünig base in CH 2 Cl 2 at 20°C undergo decarboxylation to give the corresponding α -(N-acylamino)-alkyltriphenylphosphonium salts 4 , usually in very good yields.

New technology to increase irrigation efficiency

C alifornia's El Dorado Irrigation District (EID) has used a neutron probe for nearly 30 years to assist commercial growers with irrigation scheduling. The EID Irrigation Management Services (IMS) program monitors 312 sites for 100 growers on a weekly basis with a neutron probe and provides suggested irrigation dates and run times. Irrigation scheduling information is emailed to the grower the same day the depletion information is gathered. EID received USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Conservation Innovation Grant funding to place four Watermark sensors, one thermistor, and one AM400 data logger at 50 monitoring sites representing a number of soil types and elevations to test the range of conditions found in the district. The neutron probe is being used to generate site-specific calibration curves so that the sensor readings can be correlated, if possible, to inches of water depleted. This will allow the current crop coefficient models to be retained to provide irrigation scheduling predictions. The ultimate goal is to replace the neutron probe with permanently placed soil moisture sensors and access this information remotely. This will allow EID to greatly expand the IMS program and reduce resource demands at the same time. There are two Striking features seen in the …

(308) The Mesa County Colorado Irrigation Audit Program

Seven and one-half square miles, or 4864 acres, of the Grand Valley in Western Colorado consists of high water-using landscapes. Overirrigation of Grand Valley soils flushes 580,000 tons of salt into the Colorado River each year. These salts negatively impact plant and animal health throughout the Colorado River basin. Proper watering of lawns can significantly reduce this problem. Correcting problems with a sprinkler irrigation system can reduce water use by an average of 40%. If water use on all 4864 acres was reduced by 40%, a savings of 11,187 acre feet, or over 3.6 billion gallons, of water would result. The annual historical evapotranspiration (ET) rate for the Grand Valley of Western is ≈61 inches; the ET rate during the irrigation season (April through October) is ≈49 inches. Since a typical sprinkler system is ≈70% efficient, in order to apply 49 inches of water to the soil, ≈70 inches of water is required. Irrigation system problems such as improperly spaced heads, sunken heads and heads not adjusted are typically responsible for 40% more water being applied than necessary. In Western Colorado, this equates to an over-application of 28 inches (2.3 acre feet) of water being applied each year. The 2005 Western Colorado irrigation audit problem covering 18.7 acres of turf. Assuming the problems noted were all corrected, a water savings of 43 acre feet, or 14,013,797 gallons, of water resulted. The 2006 audit program will continue this educational and water-saving effort. A grant from the Department of the Interior-Bureau of Reclamation will help fund the 2006 Irrigation Audit project.

EFFECT OF VIF ON METAM, CHLOROPICRIN, AND 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE, ALONE AND IN COMBINATION ON NUTSEDGE POPULATIONS

Previous research has demonstrated stimulation of purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentus) with chloropicrin when applied at rates ranging from 100 to 150 lbs/acre (112 to 168 kg·ha–1) under low or high density polyethylene film mulch. This stimulatory effect has been exploited in research by developing a program of metam application 5 days after application of chloropicrin, thus placing metam in the soil once the tubers have begun to sprout and are most vulnerable. This project was expanded in 2004–05 to include the commercial emulsifiable concentrate formulation of 65% 1,3-dichloropropene and 35% chloropicrin (1,3-D + Pic) and virtually impermeable film mulch as well as high density polyethylene film. The test site was a commercial tomato farm in west central Florida with a heavy infestation of purple nutsedge. Chloropicrin was applied into raised beds through three gas knives, while 1,3-D + Pic and metam potassium were applied in 1 acre inch of water through 2 drip irrigation tubes spaced 10 inches apart and 5 inches from the bed center. Metam was applied 5 days after application of chloropicrin and 1,3-D + Pic. Treatments were applied under both standard high density polyethylene film (Hilex and Bromostop) VIF. Stimulation of nutsedge sprouting and emergence was about the same with either chloropicrin alone or combined with 1,3-D; however, there was some enhancement when applied under VIF. There was a slight improvement in efficacy of metam potassium when applied alone under VIF, contrary to previous results. Application of metam 5 days after application of chloropicrin or 1,3-D + Pic greatly improved nutsedge control over that observed without the subsequent application of metam and VIF improved results to some degree. Producers of drip irrigated crops in Florida can achieve acceptable to excellent nutsedge control using this sequential application technique combined with VIF; however, the addition of a second drip tube on the bed top increases expense by about $125/acre and is not compatible with crops grown with more than a single row on the bed.

Father Vien Nguyen

Father Vien Nguyen with Charles Henry Rowell ROWELL: When the Hurricane Katrina was approaching New Orleans, what position did you and your parishioners take? NGUYEN: At first, when the hurricane came upon us, it was a surprise, because early Friday morning it was still heading toward the Florida panhandle. We weren't even in the zone of possibility. So by Friday evening, we were almost oblivious to it, because we held a wake for a major figure in the community at the church, and close to a thousand people prepared for that and attended it. The next day we held her funeral at 10:00 a.m. So we were gearing up for all of that. It was after we buried her, when I was waiting for a ferry to cross the Mississippi River to attend a conference, that I discovered that the people in St. Bernard and Jefferson parishes were evacuating. It was only by listening further to the radio that I found out that Katrina was heading toward us. And it came as a total surprise at least for me. After the conference, I continued to listen to the radio, and I found out that Hurricane Katrina was heading toward our direction. We held Mass that evening, and that's when I told the people, "Just pack up and leave." Basically, that was our position at that point. I also told the people that I know that some of them can't leave for one reason or another and that I would, therefore, open up the school building because we have a CCD school, where there are two floors. It's a newer building in comparison to most people's houses. My thought was that it being more of a commercial building, a new building, that it could take the wind much better than the other buildings in the community, and in the event that it flooded, then if need be, the people could go up to the second floor. The same message was sent out the next day, Sunday, at all of the Masses. We cut short the homily—we skipped it all together—and told the people just to get out. So that's where we were. ROWELL: How many of the people remained? NGUYEN: We have altogether 6,300 parishioners, and at the end there were only five hundred left. ROWELL: And what did they do? Did they gather at the school? [End Page 1071] NGUYEN: Some of them did. We had more than a hundred who took shelter in the school. The rest stayed in their homes or businesses. ROWELL: Then what happened? NGUYEN: When the storm came, they were here. The wind was really whipping up high at about 10:00 Sunday night. Then at 2:00 a.m. Monday, the speed was even higher and more ferocious. At about 4:05 a.m., the power went out and the storm raged on until about 2:30 Monday afternoon. Then at about that point, the wind subsided, and there were only periodic gusts that were further and further in between. That's when people began to return to their homes. ROWELL: Was there much water in the streets at that time? NGUYEN: At that point, in the streets themselves, right next to the church, there were about three inches of water at 2:30 p.m. I drove out there just to survey the damage. The damage was fairly extensive. A lot of oak trees were down, and there was a lot of debris on the streets. But there was really no flooding per se. There was nothing unusual in comparison to a big rain. Three hours later—about 5:30 p. m.—I drove the van around again to survey and to see the activity around the community. At that point, as I was driving over the two bridges that span the lagoon surrounding the community, and I thought to myself, "Seems that the water is a little bit higher." So I went back...

Étude nivométrique sur le bassin de la rivière Sainte-Anne de Beaupré

During the winter 1959-60, the authors have studied various characteristics of the snow cover in the basin of the river Ste. Anne de Beaupré. They observed that the density of snow always varied between 2.0 and 2.5. The classical method of converting 10 inches of snow to one inch of water then appears a debatable question. The graphs of snow precipitations established over a period of ten years suggest that the basin of the Ste. Anne de Beaupré is typical of a regime with two maximums which occur sometimes between December and March.

Onion Response to Drip Irrigation Intensity and Emitter Flow Rate

Although an irrigation onset criterion for drip-irrigated onion (Allium cepa) has been determined, the optimal irrigation intensity has not been examined. Some authors have argued that very high irrigation frequencies with low amounts of water are needed to maximize crop responses. Long-day, sweet Spanish onions were grown on 44-inch beds with two double rows spaced 1.8 ft apart and a drip tape buried 4 inches deep in the bed center. Onions were submitted to eight treatments as a combination of four irrigation intensities (1/16, 1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 inch of water per irrigation) and two drip tape emitter flow rates (0.5 and 0.25 L·h–1) on silt loam in 2002 and 2003. The 1/16-, 1/8-, 1/4-, and 1/2-inch irrigation intensities had irrigations scheduled up to eight times, four times, twice, or once per day, respectively, to replenish soil water potential to –20 cbar as needed. Each plot was independently and automatically irrigated if the soil water potential at 8-inch depth was equal to or lower than –20 cbar. This resulted in an average of 564, 269, 121, and 60 irrigations over 107 days for the 1/16-, 1/8-, 1/4-, and 1/2-inch irrigation intensities, respectively. Onions were harvested, stored, and evaluated for yield and grade after 75 days of storage. Averaged over irrigation intensities, the drip tape with 0.5 L·h–1 emitters had significantly higher total yield, marketable yield, and colossal onion yield than the tape with 0.25 L·h–1 emitters. Averaged over emitter type, the 1/2-inch irrigation intensity had higher total and marketable onion yields than the 1/16- and 1/8-inch intensities. Averaged over emitter type, the 1/2-inch irrigation intensity resulted in the highest super colossal and colossal onion yield. Onions grown with an irrigation intensity of 1/2 inch and drip tape with emitter flow rate of 0.5 L·h–1 produced total yields of 50.0 ton/acre, marketable yields of 48.8 ton/acre, super colossal yield of 1.05 ton/acre, and colossal yield of 13.9 ton/acre. Interactions between irrigation intensities and emitter flow rates were nonsignificant for the number of irrigations, water applied, average soil water potential, or onion yield and grade. There was no significant difference in average soil water potential between treatments. There was no significant difference in total water applied plus precipitation between treatments, with, on average, 32.3 and 31.1 inches applied in 2002 and 2003, respectively. Onion evapotranspiration from emergence to onion lifting totaled 34.6 and 37.3 inches in 2002 and 2003, respectively.

Groundwater Irrigation in the Development of the Grand Prairie Rice Industry, 1896-1950

ARKANSAS PRODUCES MORE RICE than any other state in the U.S., being responsible for slightly less than half of the total number of acres harvested nationwide.1 Much of the state's rice is grown in the Grand Prairie of east-central Arkansas, where the crop serves as the centerpiece of the region's economy. An extremely water-intensive crop, rice in Arkansas requires approximately thirty-three inches of water in a growing season, but the Grand Prairie receives an average of only eleven inches of rain. The remainder must be secured from other sources. As a result, rice production in the Grand Prairie has always been dependent upon irrigation, primarily from groundwater. The necessity of raising groundwater has shaped the development of the industry in the Grand Prairie from its inception and has taken a toll on the region's water resources. Groundwater depletion has been a concern since as early as the 1920s. This essay hopes to elucidate some of the ways in which groundwater and groundwater irrigation have affected the Grand Prairie's rice industry over time and conversely how the development of the industry has altered the region's groundwater conditions. It will thus concentrate on aspects of the industry's history that have often been overlooked in favor of rice cultivation's social dimensions and consider hydrological systems not just as resources awaiting exploitation or as simple constraints on production but as variables whose roles and effects can change over time. The primary source of irrigation water in the Grand Prairie is the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer, a part of the Gulf Coastal Plain Aquifer System. The aquifer underlies portions of seven states (Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana) and has a total area of about 32,000 square miles. It consists of water-bearing sands and gravels, mainly from the Pleistocene, that were deposited by the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers and their tributaries. The aquifer has an average thickness of around 100 feet, gradually changing from fine grained at the top to mainly coarse-grained material at the bottom. Above the aquifer is the Mississippi River Valley confining unit, a layer of clay, silt, and fine sand that is much less permeable to water. This layer, commonly referred to as the clay cap, is thickest in the Grand Prairie, where it is consistently greater than fifty feet. This sub-soil clay layer inhibits irrigation water from draining out of the flooded rice fields, a condition that is advantageous for rice production (though it complicates the task of draining rice fields after the growing season). Before extensive pumping began, the Alluvial Aquifer exhibited artesian conditions in all or most of the Grand Prairie, which means water levels observed in wells were several feet higher than the aquifer itself. In this region, groundwater discharged from the aquifer chiefly to rivers, particularly the White, Arkansas, Little Red, and Bayou Meto. Recharge sufficient to offset the losses was supplied by rainfall and, to a lesser extent, through interaction with the underlying rock. Because of the location of the major rivers to the south and east, the general direction of groundwater flow was towards the southeast, mirroring the general slope of the land surface. Rice cultivation in the Grand Prairie is usually traced to W. H. Fuller, who in 1895 had moved from Nebraska to the vicinity of Carlisle, Lonoke County.3 He was one of a large number of northern and midwestern farmers attracted to the sparsely populated Grand Prairie by low land prices and an accessibility newly afforded by railroad lines. In August 1896, Fuller and a companion, Hewit Puryear, traveled via horse and wagon to Louisiana for a hunting trip. Along the way, the pair encountered rice fields near the town of Crowley in southern Louisiana. Fuller recalled in 1909 that he paused there for several hours to observe the rice fields and pumping plant, the first he had ever seen. …

Use of a portable forced air system to convert existing hospital space into a mass casualty isolation area

Study objectivePatients with communicable diseases may require respiratory isolation to reduce the chance of transmission to health care workers and the public. This project was conducted to determine whether negative-pressure isolation for multiple patients can be achieved quickly and effectively using general hospital space not previously dedicated to respiratory isolation.MethodsThe physical therapy gymnasium was the area designated to test the ability to create a negative-pressure isolation environment in a large space. The conversion was planned in advance of an unscheduled drill to convert the space. Four high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtered forced air machines were used to generate negative pressure. The units were vented to the outside air by a 25-foot length of 10-inch-diameter reusable duct. We evaluated the time needed for equipment setup and room conversion and noted any subjective difficulty with either setup or operation of the equipment. We measured the ability of the equipment to generate a negative air pressure relative to adjacent areas and determined the noise levels created during the use of different combinations of machines at various power settings.ResultsAfter drill activation and the request for equipment setup, 1 hour was required to convert the physical therapy gymnasium into an operational negative-pressure environment. The room pressure readings “high” power ranged from −1.5 to −13 Pa (−0.006 to −0.052 inches of water), and noise levels ranged from 70 to 76 dB. Calculated air changes per hour using 1, 2, 3, or 4 units running simultaneously at “high” power were 4.1, 8.2, 12.3, and 16.4, respectively. Using 4 units at once running at “low” power setting yielded 8.2 air changes per hour and generated a room pressure reading of −8.0 Pa, or −0.032 inches of water.ConclusionPortable HEPA filtered forced air units are an effective means of creating large patient care areas with the negative-pressure environment required for respiratory isolation. This design results in a significantly lower-cost alternative compared with construction of individual rooms or units with similar capability and can be retrofitted to existing space. This type of unit would allow treatment of many more patients than current hospital capability would permit and would be an important asset in meeting the needs created by bioterrorism or a naturally occurring epidemic.

Effects of Various Irrigation Regimes on Tree Growth, Water Use, and Mineral Nutrients of `Fuji' and `Gala' Apples

Effects of seven different irrigation systems for `Fuji' and two irrigation systems for `Gala' on five rootstocks on tree growth, water use, and mineral nutrients were studied. All forms of drip system used significanly less water than sprinkler systems. Patial root drying sprinkler system used 50% less water than full sprinkler. Application of partial root drying drip at 50% rate of full drip was not sufficient and trees had to receive 75% of full drip to survive. Trees under full sprinkler used about 28 inches of water while those with drip used less than 8 inches of water during the 2003 growing season. Leaf minerals, particularly N and K were affected by irrigation systems. Trees with buried drip required less water than those with above-ground drip system. Calculation of water requirement on a tree-use basis provided an excellent guide for irrigation.

A New Tailpipe Design for GE Frame-Type Gas Turbines to Substantially Lower Pressure Losses

Many GE frame gas turbines have a unique 90-deg tailpipe exhaust system that contains struts, diffusers, and turning vanes. As confirmed in a recent report by GE and other authors, it is known in the industry that this tailpipe design has large pressure losses. In this recent report a pressure loss as high as 60 in. of water (0.15 kgs/sqcm) was cited. Due to the flow separations they create, the report indicates that the struts can cause very high-pressure losses in the turbine. The report also states that these pressure losses can vary with different turbine load conditions. Cheng Fluid Systems and Cheng Power Systems have conducted a study aimed at substantially reducing these pressure losses. Flow control technology introduced to the refinery industry, i.e., the Cheng Rotation Vane (CRV) and the Large Angle Diffuser (LAD) can be used to mitigate the flow separation and turbulence that occurs in turns, bends, and large sudden expansions. Specifically the CRV addresses the flow separations in pipe turns, and the LAD addresses the flow problems that occur with large sudden expansion areas. The paper will introduce the past experience of the CRV and LAD, and will then use computer simulations to show the flow characteristics around a new design. First, the study meticulously goes through the entire GE exhaust system, starting with the redesign of the airfoil shape surrounding the struts. This new design has a larger angle of attack and minimizes the flow separations over a much wider operating range. Second, the pros and cons of the concentric turning vanes are studied and it is shown that they are more flow restrictive, rather than flow enhancing. Third, it is shown that the highly turbulent rectangular box-type exhaust ducting design, substantially contributes to high noise levels and pressure losses. In this paper a completed design will be shown that incorporates a new airfoil shape for the struts, and by using CRV flow technology in combination with the LAD flow technology, the pressure recovery can be enhanced. If the pressure losses could be reduced by 40 inches of water (0.10 kgs/sqcm), the turbine efficiency could be increased by 5%, and the power output could be increased by 6%.

Adhered Supported Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (NTs) in excess of 200 μm long are grown by catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbon vapors. The nanotubes grow continuously without the typical extinction due to catalyst encapsulation. A woven metal mesh supports the nanotubes creating a metal supported nanotube (MSNT) structure. The 140 μm wide mesh openings are completely filled by 70 nm diameter multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs). The MWNTs are straight, uniform and highly crystalline. Their wall thickness is about 10 nm (30 graphite layers). The adherent NTs are not removed from the support in a Scotch tape pull test. A 12.5 cm2 capacitor made from two MSNT structures immersed in 1 M KCl has a capacitance of 0.35 F and an equivalent series resistance of 0.18 Ω. Water flows through the MSNT at a flow velocity of 1 cm/min with a pressure drop of 15 inches of water. With the support removed, the MWNTs naturally form a carbon nanocomposite (CNC) paper with a specific area of 80 m2/gm, a bulk density of 0.21 g/cm3, an open pore fraction of 0.81, and a resistivity of 0.16 Ω-cm.

Microwave Immunohistochemistry on Mohs Cryostat Sections

Abstract With the advent of Mohs surgery in the dermatology clinics, making sure the margins are clear of any cancer is of the utmost importance to both patient and dermatopathologist. While the patient is still in the surgery suite, immunohistochemstry staining can be done in the laboratory microwave (Pelco microwave with water load cooler, wattage controller and temperature probe). The immunohistochemistry procedure takes only 25-30 minutes as compared to the more conventional methods that take 2 hours or more. The microwave needs to be checked for hot spots using the Pelco #36140 microwave bulb array. Make sure the area in which you are going to put your slides has no hot spots, indicated by no illuminating bulbs. Using a Sigma Diagnostics #H6644 Humid Chamber, place a paper towel in the bottom of the chamber and fill with 1/4 inch of water. This is in addition to the water loads used to eliminate hot spots.

Microwave Immunohistochemistry On Mohs Cryostat Sections

Abstract With the advent of Mohs surgery in the dermatology clinics, making sure the margins are clear of any cancer is of the utmost importance to both patient and dermatopathologist. While the patient is stiil in the surgery suite, immunohistochemistry staining can be done in the laboratory microwave (Pelco microwave with waiter load cooler wattage controller arid temperature probe). The immunohistochemistry procedure takes only 25-30 minutes as compared to the more conventional methods that take 2 hours or more. The microwave needs to be checked for hot spots using the Pelco #36140 microwave bulb array. Make sure the area in which you are going to put your slides has no hot spots, indicated by no illuminating bulbs. Using a Sigma Diagnostics #H6644 Humid Chamber; place a paper towel in the bottom of the chamber and fill with 1/4 inch of water.

Near-drowning.

Near-drowning.

COMPARISON OF SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE APPLICATION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL INSECTICIDE FOR THE CONTROL OF MOLE CRICKET NYMPHS IN TURF, 1998

COMPARISON OF SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE APPLICATION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL INSECTICIDE FOR THE CONTROL OF MOLE CRICKET NYMPHS IN TURF, 1998: A field efficacy trial was performed to evaluate rate and application placement of an experimental insecticide (CGA-293343) for the control of mole cricket nymphs. Plots 16 ft x 85 ft were established on a heavily infested bermudagrass driving range at Oyster Bay Golf Links near Sunset Beach in Brunswick Co., NC. Treatments were replicated four times and randomly assigned to the plots. The timing of application was targeted to coincide with peak hatch for the control of small nymphs. Two of the treatments (Dursban Pro 2E, subsurface appliedand surface-applied Merit 75 WP) were applied on 25 Jun. All subsurface treatments were applied using a tractor-drawn ToroR Subsurface Liquid Injector delivering a volume of 150 gpa of liquid insecticide mixture at 150 psi. All broadcast applications were applied using a John Deere Turf Gator-mounted research sprayer delivering 23 gpa. The fairway irrigation system was used to apply 0.25 inch of water to the entire test site immediately after application. All other treatments (CGA-293343 25WG) were applied on 28 Jun. Soapy water flush sampling of the test site indicated that the population was approximately 79% MC and 21% TMC. The first evaluation of the plots on 14 Jul involved flushing three separate one m2 previously damaged areas of each plot with soapy water and counting the number of nymphs that came to the surface. The average number of nymphs found in each plot is reported in the Table. Plots were evaluated for fresh damage on 21 Jul, and 5, 20 Aug using a 1 m2 grid. The grid, divided into nine subsections, was placed randomly in each plot and a damage rating (0-9) was given depending on the number of subsections in which fresh damage was observed (with 0 = no damage and 9 = severe damage). Ten damage ratings were taken in each plot on each sampling date. Actual damage means are presented in the Table. All data were transformed (check)X + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and Tukey's Studentized Range Test (HSD).

Comparison of Three Alternative Oilseed Crops for the Central Great Plains

Diversification of the traditional dryland cropping system in the central Great Plains (winter wheat [Triticum aestivum L.]-fallow) could lead to a more sustainable production system. Selection of suitable crops to rotate with winter wheat requires knowledge of productivity under a widely varying precipitation regime. The objectives of this study were to determine water use/yield relationships and likely average production levels for spring canola (Brassica napus L.), crambe (Crambe abyssinicia Hochst), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and to determine differences in oil concentration and soil water extraction patterns among these three crops. Canola, crambe, and sunflower were grown under a line-source, gradient irrigation (GI) system to determine seed yield and oil concentration under a range of water use. Sunflower was also grown in several dryland rotations following a variety of crops, which resulted in a range of starting soil water conditions. Soil water extraction was monitored with a neutron probe and time-domain reflectometry. All three crops exhibited linear responses of yield to water use. Sunflower was less responsive than canola and crambe, which had nearly identical water use/yield functions. Oil concentrations showed a trend for increasing oil content with increasing water use. Sunflower extracted water from lower soil depths than canola and crambe, which were similar in soil water extraction. Median yield levels predicted from long-term precipitation records at Akron, CO, were 1130, 1180, and 1520 Iblacre for canola, crambe, and sunflower, respectively. All three crops are agronomically feasible oilseed crops for dryland rotations with winter wheat in the central Great Plains.

Management of Scarab White Grubs with Imidacloprid and Halofenozide in a Low Maintenance Turf-Grass Area, 1997

Abstract The turfgrass area in Lewistown, PA, consisted primarily of fine fescue (80%) and weeds (20%). Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB block design and replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker, and top dressing sand was added to facilitate product distribution. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzle mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 726 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. At the 1st treatment time (19 May) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 72° F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 71° F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 68° F; RH, 70%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 28.8; % silt, 56.4; % clay, 14.8; organic matter, 3.7%; percent water content (percent of weight), 19.9; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.0; application time, late morning; and skies cloudy. Immediately after application each treatment was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. At the 2nd treatment time (11 Jun) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 75° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 74° F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 69° F; RH, 80.0%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 22.4; % silt, 62.6; % clay, 15.0; organic matter, 4.3%; percent water content (percent by weight), 20.7; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.9; application time, mid-morning; and skies sunny. Immediately after application each treatment was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. At the 3rd treatment time (14 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 98° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 91° F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 87° F; RH, 76%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 28.9; % silt, 56.2; % clay, 14.9; organic matter, 6.2%; percent water content (percent by weight), 13.5; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.7; application time, mid-morning; and skies sunny. Immediately after application each treatment was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. At the 4th treatment time (21 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 71° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 70° F; soil temperature at 2 inch. 68° F; RH, 74%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 26.3% silt, 60.4; % clay, 13.3; organic matter, 4.2%; percent water content (percent by weight), 20.8; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.1; application time, mid-morning; and skies sunny. Immediately after application, each treatment was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Post-treatment counts were made on 18 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of scarab white grubs/ft2 was recorded.

Timing Study to Evaluate Product Performance of RH-0345 and Imidacloprid to Suppress Green June Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1996

Abstract The fairway located in Lancaster County, PA, consisted primarily of perennial ryegrass (80%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 7 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. At the 1st treatment time (4 Jun), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 68° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 64° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 62° F; RH, 67%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 30.7% sand, 61.9% silt, 7.4% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 28.3%; organic matter, 5.6%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.1; time of treatment, mid-morning; and overcast skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water 3 fir after treatment. At the 2nd treatment time (15 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 74° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 75° F; RH, 75%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inch; soil type; silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 30.7% sand, 61.9% silt, 7.4% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 37.7%; organic matter, 7.2%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.9; time of treatment, mid-morning; and cloudy skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water immediately after product dried. A the 3rd treatment time (12 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 65° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 69° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 69° F; RH, 90%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 30.7% sand, 61.9% silt, 7.4% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 40.0%; organic matter, 5.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.5; time of treatment, early morning; and cloudy skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water immediately after product dried. Post-treatment counts were made on 29 Aug. The total number of green of June beetle larvae flushed to the surface following an application of Sevin SL over a 24-hr observation interval was recorded from each replicate.