Incessant Increase Research Articles

Analysis of Trends in Housing Construction Cost in Nigeria from 2000 - 2009

The upward trends in housing construction costs have been a major issue in the economy as a whole. The research uses typical 3 - bedroom bungalow in Lagos to analyze the trends in housing construction cost from 2000 to 2009. The basic question for this research is whether the inflation in housing construction costs between 2000 and 2009 is statistically significant. The index number and one sample t test were used to analyze the data. The findings show that costs maintained upward trends throughout the study period. The analysis shows that between 2000 and 2009, the average annual inflation in costs and inflation were significant at 11.27% and 268.88% respectively. The incessant increase in the cost of housing construction has contributed to shortage in housing supply leading to high cost of urban housing accommodation, construction estimates losing usefulness within short periods, difficulty in forecasting and planning and frequent contract price variations, which can lead to abandonment of projects. The recommendation is that government should execute policies to lower the inflation rates so that prices in the cost of housing materials would come down. Government should also provide public housing and appropriate infrastructure for the masses.

Forage yield and survival of native range species under supplementary irrigation in Central Saudi Arabia

The increase of livestock production in Saudi Arabia has resulted in a parallel increase in demand for forage production and hence greater exploitation of ground water for irrigation. The current trend of water conservation policies necessitates finding alternate sources of forages that consume less water than the traditional forage crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage yield and survival of some range species under certain levels of supplementary irrigation. The evaluated species were Atriplex halimus , Atriplex leucoclada, Farsetia aegyptia, Salsola villosa and Artemisia sieberi. The supplementary irrigation treatments were: yearlong irrigation with an amount of 480 mm water, summer and fall irrigation (240 mm), summer irrigation (120 mm) and no supplementary irrigation. Results showed that supplementary irrigation of native range species during summer season increased yield by more than 3-fold over the rain-fed stand. This increase was associated by improvement in the plant survival. Of the five species evaluated, the two saltbushes A. halimus and A. leucoclada produced exceptionally high yield. This study suggested that there is a great potential for the use of native range species as efficient alternatives for the high water demanding traditional forages in arid regions. Key words: Forage yield, range plants, supplementary irrigation. INTRODUCTION It is estimated that about 216,000 ha of agricultural lands in Saudi Arabia are currently cultivated with forage crops, producing nearly 326,000 tons per year (Ministry of Agriculture and Water, 2002). The main forage crops are alfalfa and rhodesgrass. The most important limitation to forage crop production is their high demand for the already scarce water resources. With incessant increase in demand for red meat, the demand for forage production will continue to increase. It is estimated that average national demand from alfalfa and rhodesgrass is over 2 million tons/ year (Alabdulkader et al., 2012). It is estimated that alfalfa requires 30,000 to 37,000 m

Synthesis of one-dimensional β-Ni(OH)2 nanostructure and their application as nonenzymatic glucose sensors

One-dimensional (1D) β-Ni(OH)2 nanostructure with high surface area have been successfully synthesized via the crystallization–dissolution–recrystallization growth mechanism. The reason why the 1D beta-Ni(OH)2 nanowires can be obtained is that the intermediates α-Ni(OH)2 crystals is internal unstable state and the reaction system switched from alkalescence to acidity with increasing of reaction time. The switch from alkalescence to acidity of reaction system attribute to the hydrolysis of CF3COONa which is the strong base–weak acid salt. In the initial stage, the hydrolysis of CF3COONa provides controlled quantities of OH− ions for the formation of α-Ni(OH)2 crystals. While the OH− supplies to the precipitation of Ni(OH)2, the CF3COOH of the system increases continually. Following the incessant increase of the concentration of CF3COOH, the reaction system switched from alkalescence to acidity. The unstable state of α-Ni(OH)2 crystals derived from that CF3COO−, H2O, and NO3− were intercalated into the interlayer space of α-Ni(OH)2 crystals. The unstable state of α-Ni(OH)2 crystals make these crystals easy to redissolute into the solution and recrystallizate. The unique morphology and large BET surface areas give β-Ni(OH)2 nanowires an advantage over the β-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets in the application for nonenzymatic glucose sensor. The nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on one-dimensional β-Ni(OH)2 nanostructure exhibits an enhanced electrocatalytic property, high sensitivity, and fast amperometric sensing toward oxidation of glucose.

Zero Geometry, Zero Space Time, The Seeds of The Final Theory

Zero Geometry, Zero Space Time, The Seeds of The Final Theory

Students Access to Housing: A Case of Lagos State University Students – Nigeria

This study looks at access to housing among the students of Lagos State University. The study employed three methods of data collection: structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and some case studies. The analysis of data was done by simple percentage and frequency distribution. The information gathered reveals that the past rigid frame of house-owners of denying single-girls accommodation had softened. Female students now have access to accommodation in housing market. Furthermore, information gathered indicates that most students suffer one form of discrimination or the other which include: incessant increase in house rent, domestic violence and neighours disturbances. Late arrival for lectures and non-conducive atmosphere were some of the challenges faced by students of the University. All these factors may influence negatively on students academic studies. However, it is important that the university get involved in sourcing and solving students’ accommodation problem and mediating between the students and the house-owners within the communities.

Zirconia implant abutments: A review

An increasing aesthetic demand within developed populations conducted to the fabrication of metal-free restorations and to a wide use of ceramic materials, due to its excellent characteristics of biocompatibility and aesthetics. With the incessant increase of commercial labels involved in this technological advance, a review is imposed on ceramic abutments, specifically on zirconia. We made a search of articles of peer-reviewed Journals in PubMed/Medline, crossing the terms "Dental Abutments", "Dental Porcelain" and "Zirconia". The review was divided by subtopics: zirconia physical and mechanical properties, precision fit in the implant-abutment interface, zirconia abutments strength and, finally, bacterial adherence and tissues response. Several studies demonstrate that zirconia abutments offer good results at all the levels but relevant issues need further studies and evaluation. One of the most important is the clinical long term success of zirconia abutments on implants, given that in the literature there are no sufficient in vivo studies that prove it.

The Bohm criterion for the dusty plasma sheath

The hydrodynamic-fluid model and the self-consistent dust charging model are used to investigate the Bohm criterion for the dusty plasma sheath. The variation of the ion critical Mach number and the dust Mach number with dust density are presented, and the relation between the dust surface potential and the dust density at the sheath edge is discussed. It is shown that the ion velocity entering the sheath would exceed the ion sound velocity due to the existence of dust particles. The ion critical Mach number began declining after a maximum with the incessant increase of the dust density. The numerical results satisfy the qualitative analysis of the Sagdeev potential.

Producción de arrabio en los países de la Unión Europea

The incessant increase of the competitivity of the metallurgical industry implies the necessity of the optimization of the resources and raw materials used. This affects in the same way the ironmaking in blast furnace and its principal fuel, metallurgical coke. It is from here the importance of the development of the techniques which facilitate improvements in the operation parameters in the blast furnace. This article is dedicated to the latest developments applicated on blast furnace process in the countries of European Community.

Aislamiento, bienestar y ahorro de energía

The continuous appearance of new materials, the general tendency towards lighter structural loads, the increased personal welfare levels, the extended use of mechanical equipments for environmental conditioning in most of the housings presently being constructed, and the incessant and considerable increase of the organic fuel costs have given rise to a new study, both in scope and precision, of the physical and construction basis of the fundamental problems of living spaces. A comparative study is here carried out of the existing national and foreign Norms on the hygrothermal requirements that the members, and the spaces they form, have to comply with, so as to obtain comfort within the budget limits of an effective economy. As already mentioned, this is the last one of three articles published in consecutive issues of INFORMES DE LA CONSTRUCCION.

The evaluation of anti-wear additives in hydraulic fluids

Anti-wear additives in hydraulic fluids contribute greatly to the service life and reliability of fluid power machinery. The use of such additives has been spurred by the incessant increase of system pressure and temperature. Just how effective the various additive packages on the market today are remains a matter of opinion. Unfortunately, a rigorous means for evaluating the anti-wear characteristics of hydraulic fluids has failed to gain industrywide acceptance. This paper reviews the various methods which have been applied to assess anti-wear additives and reveals the inherent weaknesses of such methods. A new philosophy for anti-wear additive appraisement is discussed which utilizes the results of a major effort by a research group in Japan. It is hoped that this paper will encourage constructive action throughout the industry and foster the development of an internationally acceptable antiwear additive assessment method.