Types Of Incentives Research Articles

Navigating the body’s double nature in a sedentary environment: Swedish primary school children’s use of physical activity during the school day

ABSTRACT The structuring of time and space in schools influences when children’s bodies should be active and when they should be still. The growing interest in physical activity interventions in schools today highlights a pattern where schools act as sites meant to regulate and educate children’s bodies according to adult-centric interests. Drawing on existential phenomenology, particularly the dual nature of the body as both object and subject, this article examines how children themselves use physical activity in school. Sixty-three children aged 8 – 13 in Sweden participated in semi-structured focus groups where they discussed the significance of movement for them in the school environment. Reflexive thematic analysis in an ‘experiential mode’ was used to understand how the children related to their bodies in terms of objectivity and subjectivity, creating different types of incentives for movement. This is illustrated through two themes: ‘Physical activity for a healthy body (The body as object)’, which shows how children use physical activity based on instrumental motives, and ‘The sentient body (The body as subject)’, where the feeling body is presented in two states: both as trapped and as liberated. The children used movement as a way to balance the structuring of time and place imposed by their school environment, which generated various subjective corporeal states. Thus, the analysis shows that the school environment produces subjective bodies that children understand in objective terms influenced by contemporary health discourses, which in turn shapes their use of movement.

What Type of Incentives Can be Used to Motivate Generations Z and Y to Prefer More Sustainable Delivery Options?

Given the environmental harm caused by factors such as carbon emissions and traffic congestion from the rise of online shopping, it is increasingly important to adopt sustainable delivery methods to lessen its impact on the planet and communities. This study was conducted to explore how various incentives can influence the delivery preferences of members of Generations (Gen) Z and Y. This study involves 384 Turkish Gen Z and Gen Y e-commerce users who had bought clothes online in the past 6 months. The research data were collected using a choice experiment survey and hypotheses were tested using the McNemar test. The study results show that different types of incentive significantly affect the delivery preferences of Gen Z and Gen Y. Younger consumers are more willing to choose sustainable delivery for their clothes shopping after receiving incentives such as information on CO2 emissions, traffic congestion, the number of acquaintances, as well as coupons and discounts. Additionally, they become more willing to pay more and wait longer for more sustainable delivery. Furthermore, the study shows that offering coupons and discounts to consumers has a greater impact on encouraging participants to choose a more sustainable delivery compared with providing information about CO2 emissions, traffic congestion, and the number of acquaintances.

The Impact of Economic Incentives on the Purchase Behavior of Recycled Fashion and Footwear

This study investigates the impact of economic incentives on the purchase behavior of recycled fashion and footwear in Vietnam, addressing a critical gap in sustainable consumption research within emerging markets. Employing a mixed-methods approach, including a large-scale survey (n=1,023) and field experiments across 120 stores, we examine the effectiveness of various incentive types: discounts, loyalty programs, and government subsidies. Our findings reveal that while price discounts drive immediate sales increases (28.3% volume increase), loyalty programs foster superior long-term engagement (23.5% increase in repeat purchases) and higher average order values (31.7% increase). Government subsidies, particularly when combined with educational initiatives, also prove effective (27.3% sales volume increase). The study identifies key moderating factors, including environmental consciousness, age, and urban-rural location, which significantly influence the impact of these incentives. By providing empirical evidence on the nuanced effectiveness of economic incentives in promoting sustainable fashion choices, this research offers valuable insights for retailers, policymakers, and sustainability advocates. The findings contribute to bridging the intention-action gap in sustainable consumption and provide a foundation for developing targeted strategies to promote recycled fashion in emerging markets.

Financial incentives to increase engagement across the hepatitis C care cascade among people at risk of or diagnosed with hepatitis C: A systematic review

BackgroundReversing declining rates of people initiating and completing hepatitis C (HCV) treatment, observed in many countries, is needed to achieve global HCV elimination goals. Providing financial incentives to increase HCV testing and treatment uptake among people at-risk of or living with HCV infection could be an effective intervention. We conducted a systematic review to assess evidence regarding the effectiveness of financial incentives to improve engagement and progression through the HCV care cascade. MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE for studies published from January 2013 to January 2023 that evaluated financial incentives offered to people living with and at-risk of HCV to increase HCV antibody and or RNA testing, linkage to care, treatment initiation, treatment adherence, treatment completion, and sustained viral load (SVR) testing. Open-label randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled non-randomised studies, cohort or observation studies and mixed-methods studies were included, whereas literature reviews, case series and studies which did not report data were excluded. ResultsWe identified 1,278 studies, with 21 included after full-text screening (14,913 participants); three randomised controlled trials and 18 non-randomised studies. Studies evaluated incentives aimed at improving test uptake (n = 11), engagement in care (n = 13), treatment initiation (n = 8), adherence (n = 3), completion (n = 3) and attainment of SVR (n = 5). Findings provided inconclusive evidence for the effectiveness of incentives in improving engagement in the HCV cascade of care. Determining incentive effectiveness to improve care cascade engagement was limited by low quality study designs, heterogeneity in type (cash or voucher), value (US$5 to $600) and cascade stage being incentivised. No randomised controlled trials assessed the effectiveness of incentives to promote HCV testing, and none showed an impact on treatment uptake. In non-randomised studies (observational comparative), some evidence suggested that incentives promoted HCV testing, but evidence of their role in promoting linkage to care, HCV treatment adherence and treatment completion were mixed. ConclusionCurrently, there lacks high-quality evidence evaluating whether financial incentives improve HCV testing and treatment outcomes. Future research should seek to standardise methodologies, compare incentive types and values to enhance engagement in HCV care, and determine factors that support incentives effectiveness.

Effective Patient Scheduling For Public Health Events Based On Deep Reinforcement Learning

Amidst the current worldwide pandemic of the novel coronavirus, there are still issues about the efficient allocation of emergency supplies and shortcomings in recovery protocols. To enhance individuals' health and overall welfare, it is imperative to enhance and refine the emergency patient scheduling framework for health emergencies while upholding the idea of a society with an inherent future for humanity. The paper proposed an Efficient Patient Scheduling for Public Health Emergencies (EPS-PHE) using Multiagent Reinforcement Learning (MRL). Originally intended to solve the PHE and improve EPS, the technology was conceived as a distributed multiagent system. MRL has proposed a decentralized incentive system evaluation technique for the EPS-PHE input. An incentive type called a Direct Incentive (DI) is used to show the relationships between individuals or details about two closely connected events. The quality of data transmission in EPS-PHE or the efficacy of the emergency network is measured using a Collective Incentive (CI). Simulation research has shown the value of the Deep Learning (DL) - MRL approach in EPS-PHE framework optimization.

Differential effects of social versus monetary incentives on inhibitory control under acute inflammation

While the impact of chronic, low-grade inflammation on cognitive functioning is documented in the context of neurodegenerative disease, less is known about the association between acute increases in inflammation and cognitive functioning in daily life. This study investigated how changes in interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were associated with performance on an inhibitory control task, the go/no-go task. We further examined whether the opportunity to earn different incentive types (social or monetary) and magnitudes (high or low) was associated with differential performance on the task, depending on IL-6 levels. Using a within-participant design, individuals completed an incentivized go/no-go task before and after receiving the annual influenza vaccine. Multilevel logistic regressions were performed on the trial-level data (Nobs = 30,528). For no-go trials, we did not find significant associations between IL and 6 reactivity between the sessions and changes in trial accuracy. For go trials, we found significant differences in the associations between IL and 6 reactivity and changes in accuracy from session 1 to session 2 as a function of the incentive condition. Notably, greater IL-6 reactivity was consistently associated with fewer omission errors (i.e., greater accuracy on go trials) on high-magnitude social incentives (i.e., viewing a picture of a close-other picture) when compared to both low-magnitude social and high-magnitude monetary incentives. Together, these results suggest that mild fluctuations in inflammation might alter the valuation of an incentive, and possibly a shift toward devoting greater attentional resources when a large social incentive is on the line. Overall, this study sheds light on how everyday, low-grade fluctuations in inflammation may influence cognitive abilities essential for daily life and effective inhibitory control.

Factors Related to the Activeness of Posyandu Cadres in the Working Area of the Yamo Health Center, Puncak Jaya Regency

This study aims to assess the factors associated with the activeness of posyandu cadres in the working area of the Yamo Health Center, Puncak Jaya Regency. The type of research used is quantitative with cross sectional method. The number of respondents was 38 people from 13 Posyandu. The results showed that there was a relationship between age and the activeness of posyandu cadres at the Yamo Health Center (p<0.001). There is no relationship between gender and the liveliness of posyandu cadres at the Yamo Health Center (p>0.46). There is a relationship between education and cadre activeness at the Yamo Health Center (p<0.000). There is no relationship between marital status and cadre activeness at the Yamo Health Center (p>0.147). There is no association between training and cadre activeness at the Yamo Health Center (p>0.200). There is a relationship between incentives and cadre activeness at the Yamo Health Center (p<0.000). There is a relationship between knowledge and cadre activeness at the Yamo Health Center (p<0.001). There is no relationship between attitude and cadre activeness at the Yamo Health Center (p>0.061). As a recommendation, it is necessary to adjust incentives to better suit the expectations and needs of cadres, both in terms of the amount and type of incentives provided.

The Association between Financial and Non-Financial Incentives and Performance of Posyandu Cadres

Penajam Paser Utara was the first district to provide cash incentives to Posyandu cadres for infants and toddlers and was the district with the largest incentive in 2010 at IDR 200,000 per month. However, the provision of incentives is still uneven. There are still differences in the amount of cash incentives received by cadres. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between incentives and the performance of Posyandu cadres in Penajam Paser Utara District. This type of research is quantitative using correlational analysis method and cross sectional approach with a sample size of 303 respondents. The research was conducted in the Posyandu working area in Penajam Paser Utara Regency in November - December 2023. Data collection was done online using a Google form link given to respondents via WhatsApp. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. The results found that 251 cadres (82.8%) performed well. There were three types of non-cash incentives associated with performance, namely health benefits, uniforms and neighborhood support (p value <0.05). The conclusion of this study is that there is a positive relationship between cash and non-cash incentives on cadre performance in Penajam Paser Utara Region.

Effect analysis of government intervention on scale-heterogeneous farmers' behavior of groundwater exploitation.

Government intervention has become an important measure to restrain groundwater overexploitation. This paper analyzes the effect of three types of government intervention measures, namely, guidance, incentive and constraint, on farmers' groundwater utilization behavior, from the perspective of scale-heterogeneity, using general quantile regression model, by survey data of 1122 households in well irrigation area of north China. The results showed that: (1) the incentive and guiding measures have negative effects on farmers' groundwater usage, while the effect of restrictive measures is not obvious. The guided policy is superior to the incentive measure as to governance effect. (2) With the increase of farmers' land scale, the influence of incentive measures shows a trend of weakening, and the effect of guided measures on groundwater demand reduction of farmers is stronger. When it comes to the different point of water consumption, when at the point level of 0.25, the incentive measures have the most obvious inhibitory effect. With the increase of water consumption of farmers, the guided measures begin to play a core role. The effect of restrictive measures is not obvious with the increase of water consumption. (3) In addition, farmers' irrigation water consumption also is affected by gender, cognition of water resources shortage, ecological cognitive level, acquisition ability of disaster information, village rain conditions, the degree of water rights market development, feelings of water fee increase, irrigated disputes in the village, collective economic level of village. The selection of policy tools is flexible according to the farmers' land scale for groundwater over-extraction control.

Evaluating the effects of safety incentives on worker safety behavior control through image-based activity classification.

Construction worker safety remains a major concern even as task automation increases. Although safety incentives have been introduced to encourage safety compliance, it is still difficult to accurately measure the effectiveness of these measures. A simple count of accident rates and lower numbers do not necessarily mean that workers are properly complying with safety regulations. To address this problem, this study proposes an image-based approach to monitor moment-by-moment worker safety behavior and evaluate the effects of different safety incentive scenarios. By capturing workers' safety behaviors using a model integrated with OpenPose and spatiotemporal graph convolutional network, this study evaluated the effects of safety-incentive scenarios on workers' compliance with rules while on the job. The safety incentive scenarios in this study were designed as 1) varying the type (i.e., providing rewards and penalties) of incentives and 2) varying the frequency of feedback about ones' own compliance status during tasks. The effects of the scenarios were compared to the average compliance rates of three safety regulations (i.e., personal protective equipment self-monitoring hazard avoidance, and arranging the safety hook) for each scenario. The results show that 1) rewarding a good-compliance is more effective when there is no feedback on compliance status, and 2) penalizing non-compliance is more effective when there are three feedbacks during the tasks. This study provides a more accurate assessment of safety incentives and their effectiveness by focusing on safe behaviors to promote safety compliance among construction workers.

Freshmen: Incentive to Participate in Research Activities in Laboratories at The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of UFPA

Objective: This work aims to analyze the impacts of the participation of freshmen of the Mechanical Engineering course of the Federal University of Pará in research projects and in the preparation of scientific articles. This approach seeks to encourage the insertion of these students in laboratory activities, promoting their academic and scientific development since the beginning of the course. Theoretical Framework: Entry to university brings many challenges. Therefore, the practice of activities that inhibit academic evasion are beneficial for the scientific environment and labor market, by acting in the development of new professionals. Method: Freshmen of the Mechanical Engineering course were invited to experimental activities in order to encourage them to research and inclusion in academia, acting in the production of scientific articles for the Brazilian Symposium for the Progress of Science (SBPC)for its 75th Annual Meeting of 2023. Results and Discussion: Initially 22 students participated in the project, however only 5 remained until the end, resulting in 5 work submissions. In addition, it was verified the insertion of a portion of the students who gave up the project in other laboratories of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. Research Implications: Affirmative actions that promote student integration are beneficial, providing opportunities for teamwork, knowledge sharing and appreciation of inclusion in the academic environment. Originality/Value: This type of incentive has a significant impact on the academic and professional life of the students involved, favoring curricular complementation for those who wish to follow postgraduate courses, or in the engineering job market.

An experimental test of gaming incentives

In recent years, many organizations have undertaken efforts to introduce gaming incentives in order to enhance employee effort and user engagement. However, these incentives are not well understood, and subsequently there is a dearth of systematically controlled empirical evidence on their effects, as well as their interaction with other forms of motivation. We present the first comprehensive test of gaming incentives using a real effort lab experiment with a standard lab task adapted to allow the inclusion of gaming incentives. We test the effect of these incentives under two types of extrinsic incentives, an unconditional wage, and a piece rate. In addition, we also measure subject task motivation and explore interaction with intrinsic (task based) incentives. We report three main findings: first, gaming incentives increase effort when extrinsic incentives to exert effort are weak. When extrinsic incentives are strong, gaming incentives have no additional impact on effort, showcasing diminishing returns to multiple forms of incentives. Finally, some forms of gaming incentives are successful in increasing effort among the least task motivated, a property that is similar to extrinsic incentives. Implications for organizations seeking to implement gaming incentives are discussed.

Environmental regulation, innovation choices, and agricultural green total factor productivity under a multi-regulatory perspective.

As environmental challenges escalate, green development is crucial for sustainability. This study analyzes China's county-level agricultural green total factor productivity using SBM and ML index, introducing a comprehensive index to quantify the impact of different types of environmental regulations on productivity. The findings reveal the following: baseline analysis reveals that comprehensive environmental regulation notably boosts agricultural green total factor productivity (AGTFP), with regulatory intensity positively linked to productivity growth. Other factors like policy intervention, industrial structure, savings levels, and per capita GDP also favorably impact productivity. All three types of regulations, command, incentive, and voluntary type, substantially enhance AGTFP. The mediating effect test results show that all three types of regulations directly and positively impact AGTFP. Indirect effects vary: command-type regulation's mediating effect through independent R&D is significant, accounting for 39% of the impact. For incentive type, both industry structure upgrading (23.79%) and independent R&D (3.1%) mediate the effect. For voluntary type, technological advancement via independent R&D mediates about 13.0% of the impact. Heterogeneity analysis reveals distinct impacts of different environmental regulations on AGTFP across regions. Command-type regulation is most effective in the west, while in the central region, both command- and incentive-type regulations have similar promotional effects. In the east, incentive- and voluntary-type regulations show stronger impacts. Robustness tests, including endogeneity testing, dependent variable substitution, sample winsorizing, and model substitution, consistently confirm the baseline finding that environmental regulation significantly boosts AGTFP.

Assessing the potential of different economic incentives for stimulating temperate agroforestry. A study in Flanders, Belgium

Many studies point to the social and environmental benefits of agroforestry, also in temperate regions such as Flanders. Nevertheless, farmers do not yet see agroforestry as an equally valuable option alongside other farming systems because of the uncertain economic profitability and the current incompatibility of this system with existing market conditions. This paper has the aim to identify and evaluate – existing and hypothetical- economic incentives for agroforestry in Flanders. Data was collected over the period 2015—2021 through focus groups at conferences and in thematic living labs in Flanders with a broad range of stakeholders (e.g. farmers, processors, policy makers, researchers, etc.). The results were analysed qualitatively in Nvivo12 to make a classification of incentives and instruments in a first phase. In a second phase they were evaluated based on an adjusted SAF (Suitability, Acceptability and Feasibility) framework. Four types of incentives were identified: (1) government based; (2) payment for agroforestry products; (3) payment for ecosystem services; and (4) community based incentives. Currently, the highest potential is expected from payment for ecosystem services and the least potential from payment for products and community-based incentives due to a lack of consumer demand for agroforestry products specifically and the unfamiliarity of agroforestry to a broader public. At the end of the data collection period, a positive evolution was already observed in the development of these instruments. To accelerate this evolution, initiatives supporting awareness among a broader public and more insights into the preferences of a wide range of stakeholders is needed.

About a “Certain-uncertain” Inconsistency within the Generally Accepted Experimental Procedures of Behavioral Economics

Old problems of the mathematical description of the economic behavior of a man are briefly reviewed. They are the comparison of choices of a man between uncertain and sure games and the radically different behavior of a man in different domains. The proposed solution of the problems consists of purely mathematical methods and models. They are briefly reviewed in the Appendix. In the present article, the main attention is paid to the analysis of the experimental support of this possible solution. The generally accepted random incentive experimental procedures are discussed. A “certain-uncertain” inconsistency between the certain type of choices and the uncertain type of incentives is revealed and analyzed.

The role of organizational culture in material and non-material incentives for employees

Aim. To identify the role played by organizational culture in material and non-material stimulation of employees.Objectives. To describe and structure the key components of organizational culture; to disclose the concept of organizational climate and identify its relationship with organizational culture; to characterize the influence of the type of corporate culture on the prevailing type of incentives.Methods. The conducted research is based on the descriptive method, analysis and comparative method. Innovative, systemic and scientific approaches were applied as basic ones.Results. In today's highly turbulent global economic space, the survival of a company serves as an essential element of its strategy. Within the framework of counteraction to destructive forces from the external environment it is the organizational culture that today acts as a staple that allows to maintain the company at the proper level. In the context of understanding the essence of organizational culture, the authors adhere to this approach. The author's definition of the concept under study is given in the article. The approach based on the position that organizational climate is a part of organizational culture is presented. The influence of the type of corporate culture on the prevailing type of incentives is estimated.Conclusions. The study of organizational culture as a process reflects the understanding that each type of it has its own peculiarity. Practically there is no strictly defined type, especially since each company creates an individual organizational culture. The article traces the understanding that in the formation of organizational culture should pay close attention to the role played by one or another of its type in the material and non-material stimulation of employees.

Show Me the Money! Supply and Demand Misalignment for Tangible Rewards in Business*

ABSTRACTIn incentive contracts, supervisors often set targets for employee performance, while employees decide the effort they are willing to exert to meet the target and earn the incentive. Both supervisors and employees make judgments about the value of incentives in terms of effort required or expended. Recent research on incentive types investigates employee effort in response to tangible and cash rewards under the premise that they may be valued differently by employees. We extend this research by investigating whether supervisors and employees make different effort‐related decisions in response to tangible and cash rewards. Specifically, relying on construal‐level theory, we predict that supervisors will favor tangible rewards relative to cash more than employees will. We conduct a lab experiment where we ask participants to take the role of either supervisor or employee. We manipulate the reward type (tangible or cash) and measure how much work supervisors demand and employees are willing to provide to obtain the reward. As predicted, we find that the tangible rewards, relative to cash, increase supervisors' target setting significantly more than employee effort levels. Our results offer implications for real‐world incentive compensation design.

Financial and prosocial incentives promote pro-environmental behavior in a consequential laboratory task

Incentives are a popular tool for fostering pro-environmental behavior. However, it is still largely unknown which types of incentives are most effective during incentive implementation and beyond incentive discontinuation. One likely reason for this is that incentives are often tested in noisy field settings where controlled comparisons and longitudinal assessments are difficult. In this study, we address this limitation by studying incentive effects on consequential pro-environmental behavior in the laboratory. In a preregistered experiment, N = 238 participants were repeatedly given the choice to save actual energy at a real waiting-time cost in the Pro-Environmental Behavior Task (PEBT). Incentivizing the energy-saving option with a 5-cent bonus payment led to a significant increase in pro-environmental behavior compared to a no-incentive control group (d = 0.68). Incentivizing the energy-saving option with a 5-cent donation to charity had a smaller, but still significant effect (d = 0.28). The difference between the incentive conditions was also significant (d = 0.41). Group differences disappeared in a follow-up experimental session that was completed without incentives. These data illustrate the (temporally limited) effectiveness of financial and prosocial incentives and the possibility of studying incentive effects on actual pro-environmental behavior in the laboratory.

Stimulating positive reviews by combining financial and compassionate incentives

PurposeThe objective of this study is to investigate the interaction effect between incentive type (financial and compassionate incentives) and the ethicality of merchant strategy on consumer willingness to post positive reviews, while also examining potential variations in consumer responses based on consumption experience, shopping frequency and social class.Design/methodology/approachBuilding upon construal level theory, we hypothesized the moderating influence of the ethicality of merchant strategy and examined the three-way interaction among consumers’ demographic characteristics (i.e. consumption experience, shopping frequency and social class), incentive type and the ethicality of merchant strategy. To empirically test our hypotheses, we conducted four experiments and employed ANOVA for data analysis.FindingsThe ethicality of merchant strategies moderates the association between incentive type and consumer willingness to post positive reviews, with compassionate incentives eliciting more pronounced moral judgments toward merchant strategies compared to financial incentives. The moderating effect of the ethicality of merchant strategy on the relationship between incentive type and consumer willingness to post positive reviews is particularly strong among consumers who have favorable consumption experiences, engage in frequent shopping and belong to lower social classes.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the existing literature on online reviews by examining the impact of compassionate incentives on consumer review behaviors, analyzing the ethicality of merchant strategies within the realm of online reviews and investigating variations in consumer responses to merchant strategies regarding consumption experience, shopping frequency and social class.

Examining economic incentives and youth engagement in cultural heritage conservation for tourism and sustainable development: A case study of cultural provinces in Vietnam

This study examines the relationship between economic incentives and young people's involvement in conserving cultural heritage within Vietnam's cultural provinces. Using multivariable linear regression analysis on data from 200 randomly chosen participants, the main goal is to find out how different types of economic incentives can get more young people involved in preserving cultural heritage, which will help reach goals for sustainable development. The findings indicate a significant positive impact of job creation initiatives on youth engagement, underscoring the pivotal role of employment opportunities in aligning conservation efforts with sustainable development goals. Additionally, entrepreneurial support emerges as a critical factor, suggesting the necessity of nuanced strategies to optimize its efficacy. Furthermore, we identify skill development and educational support as vital for sustaining youth involvement in cultural heritage conservation, noting positive associations with grant opportunities, recognition, and awards. These results underscore the intricate interplay of various incentives in nurturing youth engagement. The study's implications are far-reaching for policymakers, accentuating the importance of a comprehensive approach integrating economic incentives with educational support to foster youth participation in cultural heritage conservation. By providing insights into effective incentivization mechanisms, this research facilitates the formulation of targeted interventions and policy measures tailored to the distinctive context of Vietnam's cultural provinces. Despite inherent limitations, this study significantly enhances our understanding of mobilizing youth for cultural heritage conservation in a manner that advances sustainable development objectives.