Provision Of Incentives Research Articles

Modeling the Determinants of Out-of-School Children in Pakistan

ABSTRACT It is well known that different socioeconomic, household sizes, school levels, and cultural factors are highly related to the problem of out-of-school children. The main objective of this study is to quantify the determinants of out-of-school children in Pakistan. For this study, the data are used from the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) survey, collected for the year 2015–16. The children aged 6–16 years who are in or out of school are considered as a unit of the analysis. Unlike the previous studies that generally provide a theoretical framework or empirical investigation based on simple econometric models, this work used fixed and random effect models capable of accounting for the hierarchical structure present in the data. To assess the results’ reliability, the models’ predictive ability has also been tested and found satisfactory. The results reveal many important aspects of the current problem regarding disparities between gender, provinces, regions, and other variables used in the analysis. For example, parental education is highly significant and has a negative impact on out-of-school children at the province and region level for both boys and girls. In addition, income levels, child labor, household size, and residency are highly influential on the problem of out-of-school children. Therefore, the government should prioritize female education, especially in rural areas. The provision of monetary incentives and enforcement of a strict ban on child labor can reduce the problem under study.

The impact of contract types on carbon-capped food supply chains: options versus wholesale

Given the rising awareness of environmental issues and the growing demand for eco-friendly food products, stakeholders within the food supply chain are investing more in green technologies to reduce carbon emissions. However, the efficacy of carbon caps in achieving emission reductions is challenged by unpredictable consumer demand, complicating both emission control and supply chain efficiency. This study investigates a scenario involving a food supply chain with an environmentally responsible supplier and a retailer facing demand fluctuations. We explore the incentives for suppliers to adopt option contracts and evaluates their impact on carbon emissions through a Stackelberg game model with strict carbon emission caps. Our analysis reveals that while higher green investment generally enhances supplier profitability, it may not always benefit retailers. Although option contracts can improve supply chain efficiency, they might also lead to increased carbon emissions and food waste. Notably, when green investments are decision-based, option contracts tend to encourage greater investments than wholesale contracts, helping to mitigate the financial burdens of high costs. This trend persists even in competitive markets. Our research suggests that option contracts can effectively balance the dual objectives of maintaining supply chain performance and complying with carbon emission limits.

Green Mobility Implementation Strategy: A SWOT Analysis Approach

Green mobility is one of the main solutions to reduce the environmental impact of transportation, as well as to support sustainable urban development. This study aims to identify strategies for implementing green mobility in urban areas using the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) and STP (Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning) analysis approaches. This study uses a qualitative method based on literature studies that examine various sources related to policies, infrastructure, and green mobility practices in various cities. The results of the SWOT analysis show that the main strength of green mobility implementation lies in green mobility being an environmentally friendly transportation with low operational costs and can reduce congestion, although there are weaknesses in terms of inadequate infrastructure and resistance to behavioral change. Opportunities that can be utilized include support from government policies and global trends towards smart cities and increased investment in the environmentally friendly transportation sector, while threats faced by resistance from the conventional vehicle industry include high dependence on private motor vehicles. In the STP analysis, market segmentation is carried out based on geographic, demographic, and psychographic characteristics, targeting urban workers who are more open to environmentally friendly transportation solutions. Green mobility is positioned as an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly transportation option. Based on the analysis results, it is suggested that transportation policies that support green mobility focus on developing better infrastructure, educational campaigns, and policy support from the government. Thus, the implementation strategy obtained is green mobility education to the community, development of supporting infrastructure, provision of incentives and subsidies, and government policies that support the implementation of green mobility.

Regional governance for greenways in China: A control rights perspective

ABSTRACT The effectiveness of regional governance hinges upon its governance structure. However, this consideration is often absent from studies of the establishment and maintenance of regional greenways, a globally popular regional project for sustainability. Specifically, little research has been done to understand the influence of centralized governance structures on greenway development at the regional level. In this study, we examine three greenway schemes in Guangdong Province, China, to elaborate on the government practices within a centralized institutional framework and the related challenges in governance. We apply the control rights theory to analyze the different allocations of control rights in goal setting, policy evaluation, and incentive provision, as well as their effects on the behaviors of and relations between governments at multiple levels. We reveal that all three greenway schemes of Guangdong feature top-down institutional arrangements, but with different governance structures and government practices. The provincial government has been proactively and pragmatically refining its regional policies to address issues in early institutional arrangements. However, the development of regional greenways is still challenged by insufficient participation of non-state actors, unstable governance structures, and the financial burden on local governments.

The Political Economy of Priority Setting and Resource Allocation in European Oral Health Policy.

Pressing oral health care challenges pose prioritization dilemmas for governments. This study aimed to identify key determinants of prioritization in oral health policy in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, as part of a series of the DELIVER project. A literature review based on a search of PubMed and Google Scholar articles related to these countries from January 1, 2000, to October 17, 2023, and key informant interviews with policy makers were conducted to identify key trends in oral health policy choices and determinants of priority setting and resource allocation processes. A total of 249 articles were included, and 6 key informants were interviewed. The overarching focus identified was the accessibility of dental care, primarily characterized by incremental and localized programs for vulnerable groups. Supply-side arrangements consisted of adaptations to population needs, including financial incentives for providers and adjusted service delivery models such as task shifting. Several interventions of quality management were found, particularly in Germany. A funnel was produced to illustrate 3 stages driving oral health policy choices. These were political accountability to address population demand, stakeholder influence through negotiations and lobbying, and bureaucratic justification of policy innovations. While findings highlighted political attention on oral health care through public outcry, complex negotiations and limited data formed bottlenecks of prioritization. Prioritization in oral health policy seems to be dominated by fragmented investments in incremental services of delivery rather than synergized reforms such as granular package designs. While some contexts showed political traction for oral health policy, complex negotiations strained by interests of private professionals and challenges of limited evidence result in difficulties in constraining oral health care within public spending targets. This has placed oral health policy in a state of inertia, where insufficient public resources meet the force of content exerted by the private sector. This study can inform policy makers and researchers to understand the various stakeholder roles in maintaining the status quo of oral health policy and the processes creating the bottlenecks preventing progression in improving oral health care systems. This understanding could lead to novel approaches to oral health policy making and the appropriate data acquisition and analysis to aid oral health policy.

“You get the money after waiting for long and you get less than you anticipated”: Experiences of persons with disabilities in accessing the district special grant in Uganda

In 2010, Uganda scrapped an ambitious tax incentive provision in the Persons with Disabilities Act, 2006 that had allowed employers to claim up to 15% tax reduction in annual income provided that they hired at least 10 persons with disabilities at any job level. As though it were a trade-off, the 15% tax incentive was replaced with the special grant, a grant intended for persons with disabilities organized in small groups to generate income. The special grant started off as a pilot in 48 districts before it was rolled out nationally. Since 2019, the responsible ministry has been implementing two models of the special grant: the district special grant and the national special grant. This study focused on the district special grant, and primarily explored the experiences of persons with disabilities in accessing and utilizing the district special grant, and the difference the grant is making. The study adopted a qualitative research approach using interviews and focus group discussions to collect data from 10 beneficiary groups drawn from 6 districts. Focus group discussions were conducted with special grant beneficiary groups while district officials responsible for the special grant and disability union representatives were individually interviewed. Data were analyzed using template coding and thematic analysis. Study findings revealed limited access to the district grant, dismal grant amounts, significant deviations from implementation guidelines, operational dilemmas and overlooking disability related expenses like the costs for moving with a personal assistant. Nonetheless, participants commended the special grant for enabling them to build social networks, gain self-confidence and start small income generating activities. The small grant amount disbursed to big group size groups that lack business start-up skills did not support impactful business initiatives. The study revealed a strong evidence from individual grants as opposed to a group grants for starting income generating activities. The ministry of gender should consider remodeling the special grant into a social protection scheme that awards small grants to individual income generating activities.

Exploring barriers and facilitators to blood donation in secondary schools in Malawi.

Despite the Malawi Blood Transfusion Service (MBTS) increasing the amount of blood collected since its inception in 2004, Malawi remains with a 27% deficit in required blood supplies nationally. We sought to understand the facilitators and barriers to blood donation among secondary school students in Malawi. We utilised a qualitative exploratory design, with a sample of 135 participants purposefully selected from 16 secondary schools across Malawi. Data collection methods included in-depth interviews with 20 participants (inclusive of first-time and repeat donors, lapsed and non-donors), 20 key informant interviews (including community leaders, policy-level stakeholders and MBTS staff), and 16 focus group discussions involving 95 participants (community stakeholders and all donor categories). We used the consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR) to assess barriers and facilitators of blood donation, focusing only on four CFIR domains: internal and external factors; the implementation process and individual characteristics influencing blood donation. Blood donation among students are facilitated by altruism, incentives including milestone awards, knowledge, motivation, transport, peer pressure and individual health status. Common barriers cited included: negative experiences with the blood donation process, fear, unsupported environment, poor incentives, privacy issues and the donation activities starting late than scheduled. While there have been efforts to motivate students to donate blood, significant barriers to blood donation still exist. Intensifying education and awareness campaigns may help dispel misconceptions and fears surrounding donation experiences and blood usage. Also, continuing with the provision of appropriate incentives including milestone awards may also encourage students.

Implementation of Regent Regulation Number 19 of 2023 Against Early Marriage Rates in Bojonegoro Regency (Case Study of Bojonegoro Religious Affairs Office)

Abstract Introduction to the Problem: The impact of early marriage on children is also seen in the risk of a large psychological condition because mentally almost all of them are not ready to assume great responsibility in fostering family relationships so that it can lead to divorce, even from a health perspective a woman who marries under the age of 20 is at risk of cervical cancer because she is a teenager. Bojonegoro Regency is one of the districts in the spotlight related to the high rate of early marriage in East Java, Bojonegoro Regency is included in the top 10 high marriage rates in East Java. Purpose/Study Objectives: This study aims to find out about how the implementation of marriage incentives at the Bojonegoro Regency Religious Affairs Office based on the Regent's Regulation and to find out how the impact analysis of Regent's Regulation Number 19 of 2023 on the level of early marriage in Bojonegoro Regency. Design/Methodology/Approach: The method used in this research is empirical juridical which is focused on examining phenomena that occur in the field and making it the main source of data, such as the results of interviews and also the results of field studies. Which uses a qualitative approach and field study data analysis. Findings: The results showed that the implementation of the provision of Marriage Capability Incentives is in accordance with Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage, and Regent Regulation Number 19 of 2023 concerning the provision of marriage capability incentives, but even so it is not enough to reduce the high rate of early marriage in Bojonegoro Regency. Paper Type: Research Article

The Influence of Incentives Providing to Turnover Intention of Sales Force in Property Company

Human resources are the driving force of a company that determines performance in achieving company goals. Each employee certainly has a different performance from one employee to another, for example within one month salesperson A can reach the target, while salesperson B does not reach the target. Companies can stimulate employee performance through the provision of incentives which are interpreted as a form of appreciation for achieving a target or exceeding it. Incentive programs need to be designed in an attractive way to generate, increase, and maintain work motivation, so that performance meets targets. If the incentive program is deemed unattractive, employees may feel unappreciated and bored with the work situation, resulting in a desire to leave the company (turnover intention). This research was conducted at a property company located in Jakarta, PT. X has a sales force of 35 people and all of them are used as research respondents. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of providing incentives on the level of turnover intention of PT. X with descriptive analysis techniques, normality test, linearity test, simple linear regression test, coefficient of determination test, correlation test, and t test. The results showed that the incentive variable had a significant negative effect on the turnover intention variable by 11.9%.

Engaging Research for Innovative Governance: A Study of the Delta State Civil Service, 1991 – 2022

Globally, the place of research in achieving innovation to build critical institutional capacities for good governance and development is widely acknowledged. Yet Delta State is today bedevilled with several developmental challenges. Drawing from the perspectives of two theoretical models, rational choice and organizational development, this study interrogated the utilization of research by the state civil service since its inception. Empirical data obtained through questionnaires, interviews and published materials reveal that contrary to widespread beliefs, the bane is the civil service system, not its political leadership. This provided an interesting challenge for civil service management, even as the study found the majority to have a high degree and positive level of perception of research in service delivery. It recommended periodic impact assessment studies and a review of relevant extant rules with in-built provisions for rewards and incentives to stimulate independent research efforts.

Pengaruh Insentif Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Kantor Samsat Medan Utara

This study aims to analyze and measure the impact of incentives on employee performance at Kantor Samsat Medan Utara. Using a descriptive quantitative approach and questionnaire methods, the study applies Product Moment Correlation to identify the relationship between incentives and performance, a Determination Test to measure the effect size, and linear regression to predict outcomes. Based on the results of data analysis, the level of incentive provision for North Medan UPT Samsat Office employees is included in the high category, namely 47.9%. The performance level of North Medan UPT Samsat Office employees is included in the high category, namely 40.6%. Next, we obtained the results of the relationship between providing incentives and employee performance. Based on the research results, a value of 0.369 was also obtained, thus the calculated rxy value was greater than the r value of the product moment table, namely 0.369>0.198. Apart from that, from the results of the calculation above, it can be seen that the coefficient of determination is 0.136, so that the influence of providing incentives on employee performance is 13.6%, while the remaining 86.4% is caused by other factors, as for the linear regression equation in this study is Y = 19.355 + 1.380

Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad for not Fulfilling Incentives for the Protection of Sustainable Food Agriculture Land

The regulation of sustainable food agricultural land, especially regarding incentives as an effort to prevent high conversion of functions, the government has the authority to provide incentives as a form of determination from government officials regarding restrictions on agricultural land owned by the community. In practice, the provision of incentives by the government is often not fulfilled, resulting in injustice for the community, even though the regulations explicitly regulate the provision of incentives. this article aims to, How is legal protection for the community regarding incentives for the protection of Sustainable Food Agriculture Land? what is the model of lawsuit against government officials if compensation is not fulfilled in the protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land? The type of research used is legal research with statute approach, conceptual approach. This research is prescriptive in nature which aims to provide arguments for the results of the research that has been conducted. The results of this study indicate that legal protection for farmers if their incentives are not fulfilled has not been concretely regulated in Law Number 41 of 2009 concerning the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land, besides that farmers in accessing justice experience difficulties due to the unregulated and also complicated arrangements regarding the provision of incentives. Also, when farmers experience losses from the non-fulfillment of incentives, they file a lawsuit for compensation, due to provisions that are not fulfilled by government officials as a result of the LP2B policy. Therefore, in law enforcement it is important to reconceptualize so that access to justice for people whose incentives are not fulfilled by the government can make claims against actions taken by the government. Keywords : Law Enforcement, Justice, Incentives

Game Evolution Research on the Choice of Training Strategies between Clinical Departments and Doctors under the Background of Hospital-Provided Training

Objective: This study aims to explore the dynamic game process of training participation strategies among hospitals, clinical departments, and newly recruited doctors, as well as the impact of hospital intervention on this process. By applying game evolution theory, a comprehensive model is constructed to analyze the decision-making logic of training participation and propose new training strategies to promote the professional growth of newly recruited doctors and improve hospital service quality. Methods: The stability of dynamic game equilibrium points was analyzed by constructing Jacobian matrices, considering nine different game scenarios with and without hospital intervention. An empirical study from a hospital was introduced to verify the theoretical model's predictions. Results: The study found that without hospital intervention, clinical departments and newly recruited doctors tend to choose not to participate in training. After hospital intervention, through the provision of resources and incentives, the participation and effectiveness of training significantly improved. Conclusion: The study reveals the crucial role of hospital intervention in promoting the participation of newly recruited doctors in training and proposes a training strategy that combines theory and practice. This strategy not only helps new doctors quickly adapt to the hospital environment but also improves the quality of medical services, providing talent support for the hospital's continuous development. It offers theory-based decision support for hospital managers and provides new ideas for the improvement of future medical education and practice.

Predicting the intention to install solar photovoltaic panels in emerging market: The role of consumer innovativeness, knowledge, and support for government incentives

Promoting the installation of solar photovoltaic panels at the residential level in Vietnam may effectively mitigate the electricity overload on the national grid and support the country’s sustainable objectives. However, the installation rates of this system in urban areas in Vietnam remains low despite the favorable atmosphere and the provision of several incentives. Based on the Diffusion of Innovation and Theory of Planned Behavior, this study explores the role of consumer innovativeness, knowledge, and support for government incentives on the diffusion and social acceptance of solar photovoltaic panels. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data for analysis. With a sample of 339 citizens in Vietnam, the partial least squares structural equation modeling approach was employed to evaluate the results. The findings revealed that consumer innovativeness was linked to social norms and knowledge. Furthermore, it was discovered that the knowledge of consumers can significantly enhance the support for government incentives and the intention to install solar photovoltaic panels. Additionally, social norms significantly influenced attitudes, ultimately resulting in an increase in the intention to install. The findings of this study could aid the nation's policymakers and institutions in formulating strategies to grow the solar energy sector, therefore facilitating the achievement of sustainable energy goals.

Untying the Knot: How Child Support and Alimony Affect Couples’ Dynamic Decisions and Welfare

Abstract In many countries, divorce law mandates post-marital maintenance payments (child support and alimony) to insure the lower earner in married couples against financial losses upon divorce. This paper studies how maintenance payments affect couples’ intertemporal decisions and welfare. I develop a dynamic model of family labor supply, home production, savings, and divorce and estimate it using Danish register and survey data. The model captures the policy tradeoff between providing insurance to the lower earner and enabling couples to specialize efficiently, on the one hand, and maintaining labor supply incentives for divorcees, on the other hand. I use the estimated model to study various counterfactual policy scenarios. I find that alimony comes with more substantial labor supply disincentives compared to child support payments and is less efficient in providing consumption insurance. The welfare maximizing policy, within the status quo policy space, involves increasing child support and reducing alimony payments. My results show that Pareto improvements beyond this welfare maximizing policy are feasible, highlighting limitations of how child support and alimony policies are commonly implemented.

Financial Statement Audits and Data Breaches

Financial statement audits for public companies require auditors to test the internal controls over the client’s information systems that are material to the financial reporting process. Given the increasingly integrated nature of corporate data and control systems, a standard audit may have a positive effect on client firms’ other information systems, such as those that help prevent data breaches. In this paper, I provide evidence on whether and how auditors help prevent data breaches. Using plausibly exogenous improvements in auditing due to regulatory inspections and auditors’ cross-client learning, I find a decreased likelihood of data breaches among these auditors’ clients. Institutional insights gathered from interviews with accounting firm partners and industry professionals suggest two mechanisms for the role of auditors in preventing data breaches: the provision of relevant information and incentives for internal controls. Collectively, the findings provide evidence that improving accounting information systems can have a positive impact on nonaccounting systems. This paper was accepted by Ranjani Krishnan, accounting. Funding: I gratefully acknowledge financial support from Columbia Business School, the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, the Deloitte Foundation, and the Bradley Fellowship awarded by the Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State. Supplemental Material: The data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.01357 .

Examining Stakeholders’ Prospects on the Implementation of Equity-Based Strategies in Public Secondary Schools in Tanzania

The desire to address equity issues in the education sector is a shared philosophy by a number of countries, including Tanzania. As a result, Tanzania as a country is striving to address the issue of equity in its education system through the implementation of various equity strategies. This paper therefore sought to examine stakeholders’ prospects on the implementation of equity-based strategies in public secondary schools in Tanzania. Precisely, the interest of the researchers was to explore what was being done in the selected public secondary schools to implement equity-based strategies. A mixed-methods research approach combining both qualitative and quantitative analysis approaches was employed. The study also used a multiple case study design, which allowed the selection of two case study areas i.e. Dodoma City representing the urban setting, and Kondoa district representing the rural setting. A total of One Hundred Forty-Four (144) participants from seven (7) public secondary schools were involved in the study. Data were collected through interviews and questionnaires. Quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive analysis and presented in numerical and graphical form while qualitative data were analyzed through inductive content analysis and presented in thematic form and narratives. Study findings revealed that the selected study schools were indeed implementing a number of activities towards the realization of equity and thus the prospects for implementing equity based strategies in these schools was found to be positive. For instance, activities such as the use of common and understandable language i.e., English and Kiswahili; ensuring that schools have qualified teaching staff, ensuring a supportive learning environment as well as strengthening and supporting school leadership were being implemented. Nevertheless, the study also noted that the implementation of some key factors critical for realization of equity in the schools such as incentive provision to teachers, use of appropriate technology and use of different learning styles was still weak and thus needed improvement.

Role of supplier engagement to reduce Scope 3 emissions in circular supply chains

AbstractPurchasing firms/buyers committed to driving environmental change in their supply chains must address emissions from all three scopes, particularly Scope 3 emissions. Hence, supplier engagement has emerged as a critical strategy for achieving net‐zero emissions. However, studies about how purchasing firms engage with suppliers and how such engagement mitigates Scope 3 emissions are relatively scant. This study fills this important gap in supply chain management literature. The study employs a multiple‐case study approach. Overall, 42 semi‐structured interviews with senior managers from four purchasing and four supplying firms are undertaken. The results unveil six of the best strategies that purchasing firms have deployed to effectively engage suppliers and bring them on track to reduce Scope 3 emissions. These include effective communication, building trust, providing support and guidance, using suppliers' data effectively, refining engagement programs through consistent feedback, and developing supplier incentive programs. The study offers both theoretical insights and practical implications. For instance, it suggests that effective engagement with suppliers will help suppliers mitigate Scope 3 emissions, and buyers can also overcome conflicting targets to reduce Scope 3 emission targets in procurement. The paper concludes with a discussion of limitations and suggestions for future research.

The Impact of Organizational Commitment, Incentive, and Risk Reporting through Social Media on Whistleblowing Intention

Purposes: This study explores the impact of organizational commitment, incentives, and risks associated with reporting through social media on whistleblowing intentions. Methods: A quantitative survey approach was adopted to collect data from accounting, finance, and tax employees in 40 profit-oriented companies. The garnered data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis through SPSS version 26. Findings: Research results indicate that organizational commitment has a positive and significant influence on whistleblowing intentions, while incentives have been observed to have no significant effect. The risk variable for reporting via social media does not show a negative influence that can reduce whistleblowing motivation. Whistleblowing intentions continue to occur because of the high loyalty of respondents, which overrides the provision of incentives and the risk of threats. This research contributes to organizations by providing guidance on creating whistleblowing policies that promote positive reporting to reveal fraud and collar crime. Novelty: The study focuses on the increasing number of fraud cases, particularly corruption, in Indonesia and the importance of whistleblowing on social media to expose organizational violations. Employee perceptions regarding combining financial and non-financial incentives, and whistleblowing risks in social media are rarely discussed so it is explained in this study.

Private provider practices and incentives for hypertension management in rural and peri-urban Telangana, India– a qualitative study

Hypertension poses a critical threat to health in India, being the predominant risk factor for mortality and disability. With over 70% of outpatient care being provided by the private sector, our study investigated the practices and incentives of private health providers in screening, diagnosing, treating, monitoring, and counseling hypertension patients in rural and peri-urban India. Conducted from April 2020 to February 2021, the qualitative study involved 46 participants, including various healthcare professionals and patients in three Telangana state districts. Analysis revealed a lack of recognition of hypertension’s gravity among private providers in these areas, leading to inconsistent screening practices and varied diagnostic thresholds, particularly among rural medical practitioners. Both formal and informal providers lacked standardized protocols and follow-up mechanisms, with limited technical knowledge about hypertension observed, especially among rural practitioners who were often the first point of contact. Drug effectiveness, and incentives from pharmaceutical sales representatives influenced prescribing practices. Diagnostic labs also offered financial incentives for patient referrals. Thus, aligning providers’ objectives with patient preferences and public health goals is crucial. To encourage evidence-based hypertension care, the government and NGOs could implement strategies such as tailored incentives, financial rewards, tax benefits, accreditation, and recognition for private healthcare providers. Professional bodies in the private sector should establish programs emphasizing quality assurance and certifications. Future research should focus on designing and testing new models for private sector hypertension service delivery, coupled with targeted interventions to enhance care in rural and peri-urban settings.