Inappropriate Nutrition Research Articles

Welfare implications for dairy bull calves

Abstract Dairy bull calves may experience compromised welfare as a result of production practices and management techniques implemented on farm. This includes high disease incidence due to poor ventilation, pain experienced as a by-product of processing procedures, social isolation, and hunger from inappropriate nutrition. Although dairy heifer calves may experience similar issues, these conditions are often exacerbated for dairy bull calves due to the low economic value of the individual animal. In addition, given the bull calf will likely not remain on the farm, this group of animals are more likely to receive less adequate care in the first weeks of life. Welfare issues such as increased rates of dystocia, failure of passive transport, dehorning, castration, and long transportation distances are all critical and will be discussed in this review. Therefore, the objectives of this article are to (1) evaluate current welfare concerns specific to dairy bull calves, (2) identify areas for improvement to mitigate poor welfare outcomes, and (3) review proper euthanasia techniques and protocols specific for calves. Ultimately there is still much to learn about specific areas for improvement relating to the welfare of dairy bull calves and future studies are needed. However, the industry should properly manage the welfare challenges of bull calves, identify opportunities within the industry to increase their value, and uphold our ethical responsibility to these animals.

The Importance of Food Composition Data for Estimating Micronutrient Intake: What Do We Know Now and into the Future?

Food composition tables and databases (FCT/FCDB) centralize data on the energy and nutrient content of foods of a certain country or region. They are essential for many activities related to nutrition. The main factors that can affect the quality of FCT/FCDB are the sources of the data, coverage of foods and components, food description, and component identification. Around 100 countries have published at least one FCT/FCDB, although many of them are outdated and vary considerably in terms of data quality, documentation, and accessibility. A great number of those FCT/FCDB contain very few up-to-date analytical data obtained for food composition purposes, resulting in many data being estimated or copied from publicly available FCT/FCDB from other countries. In addition, many other natural factors that can affect the composition of foods are often not reflected in FCT/FCDB, including biodiversity, maturation degree, soil, and harvest season. Therefore, the use of low-quality FCT/FCDB to convert food consumption data into energy and nutrient intakes may introduce errors resulting in under- or overestimated intake for a certain component. These wrong conclusions may lead to inappropriate or inefficient nutrition and health-related policies, especially to improve micronutrient status in populations and individuals.

Nutritional behavior in pregnancy.

The aim of the study was to characterize nutritional behavior in pregnancy. The survey study included 250 pregnant women. The survey concerned dietary behavior refferedto the type of diet, the number of meals per day, snacking between meals, consumption of meat, fish, dairy products,bread, fruits and vegetables. 88.8% of the respondents were not on a special diet. The most of the women ate more than three times a day.The women usually ate fruits and vegetables, yogurt and sweets as snacks between meals. The majority of respondentsconsumed meat and sliced meats twice or once a day with the preference of poultry. Only 17.6% of them ate fish with therecommended frequency and as much as 21.2% chose not-recommended species. Almost 29.6% of patients consumed3 to 4 servings of milk or milk products a day and 16.8% of them excluded milk. Half of the respondents declared eatingwheat bread and 24% of them chose wheat roll during pregnancy. Despite the large number of women who consumedwheat baking, a considerable amount of women chose wholemeal bread and wholemeal rolls. Nutritional behaviors werecorrelated with on education level and weight gain during pregnancy. The frequency of meals was adequate for the most of pregnant women as well as recommended consumptionof meat with poultry preference. However, the inappropriate nutrition was also observed in a low consumption of fishand dairy products, a high consumption of wheat breadstuff and sweets, as well as in a small intake of milk. Education leveland weight gain during pregnancy were associated with nutritional behaviors.

Nutritrauma: A Key Concept for Minimising the Harmful Effects of the Administration of Medical Nutrition Therapy.

Critically ill patients often require life support measures such as mechanical ventilation or haemodialysis. Despite the essential role of nutrition in patients’ recovery, the inappropriate use of medical nutrition therapy can have deleterious effects, as is the case with the use of respiratory, circulatory, or renal support. To increase awareness and to monitor the effects of inappropriate medical nutrition therapy, we propose to introduce the concept of nutritrauma in clinical practice, defined as metabolic adverse events related to the inappropriate administration of medical nutrition therapy or inadequate nutritional monitoring.

Turkish Neonatal Society guideline on parenteral nutrition in preterm infants.

Postnatal growth failure due to inappropriate and insufficient nutrition is a risk for preterm infants, especially for very-low-birth-weight or extremely-low-birth-weight infants. This extrauterine growth failure causes negative effects on long-term neurodevelopment. Early initiation of intensive parenteral nutrition with appropriate protein and energy supply is a nutritional emergency when enteral feeding cannot be achieved. This approach prevents protein catabolism and helps achievement of positive protein balance and postnatal growth. Protein, lipid, and glucose initiation with appropriate doses that reach timely goals constitute the major elements of parenteral nutrition. The transition to enteral nutrition with the mother’s milk at the earliest convenience must be targeted in parenteral nutrition.

Cross Sectional Study Regarding the Association Between Sweetened Beverages Intake, Fast-food Products, Body Mass Index, Fasting Blood Glucose and Blood Pressure in the Young Adults from North-western Romania

The study investigated the association between the frequency of sweetened beverages intake and body mass index, diet choices, hypertension, and glycaemia in 1158 individuals from north western Romania, aged between 20 and 39 years. We found a high prevalence (87.48%) of soda consumption. There was a linear correlation between the number of sweetened beverages servings/week and unhealthy lifestyle expressed as frequency of fast-food consumption. A significant statistical association was found between soda consumption and prevalence of high blood pressure and impaired fasting glycaemia. Individuals who did not consumed sweetened beverages, had a prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and hypertension of 6% and respectively 13%; those who consumed more than 8 servings/week had a prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and hypertension of 19%. Inappropriate nutrition (lack of fruits and vegetables in food, consumption of fats and processed sugars or added sugars beverages) have increased the incidence of chronic diseases. We consider that public health policies regarding soda consumption are required.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF STAFF AND LECTURERS OF SOFIA UNIVERSITY "ST. KLIMENT OHRIDKSI“

Bulgaria continues to be with one of the highest mortality indicators in EU and with the lowest natural nation growth. The range of risk factors to human health are determined by the economic development of the country and by the life conditions which form risk behavioral habits such as smoking, inappropriate nutrition, alcoholism and most of all low physical activity. The low level of the physical activity has a significant contribution for the deterioration of our nation’s health status. A number of studies show that the immobilized lifestyle is widespread among all age groups in Bulgaria. This report presents data from a study on the lifestyle and the level of the physical activity of staff and lecturers of Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridksi”. The results show that the majority of them lead a sedentary lifestyle. The author recommends measures, which the Authorities of the University can take to improve the health status of the employees.

Effect of Peer Education on Physical Activity and Nutrition among Iranian Adolescents

Introduction: Due to the high prevalence of sedentary lifestyle and inappropriate nutrition among adolescents, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of peer-based education on physical activity and nutrition among adolescents. Methods: In a randomized field trial with control group, a total of 223 students with a mean age of 16.52 (0.9) years participated in the study. Students were randomly selected from four high schools of Tehran's 17th district, Iran, using the multistage clustered sampling method. Two females and two males high schools were randomly assigned as an intervention or a control group. After selecting peer educators, they were educated about nutrition and physical activity at two 90-min sessions. Then, peer educators were asked to educate their classmates. Data were collected using demographic, nutrition, and physical activity subscales of Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II before and 3 months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance in SPSS version 24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York). Results: Peer-based education improved girl's physical activity mean scores (16.19 ± 4.07–19.74 ± 4.25, P > 0.001), but no statistically significant effect on their nutrition. No statistically significant effect was observed after intervention on the nutritional status and physical activity of the male students. Conclusion: Peer education seemed to be a good method to improve physical activity among female students, but not their nutrition. In addition, physical activity and nutrition of male students were not improved by the peer education. Therefore, the future research using multidisciplinary approach which targets family involvement, and changes in physical activity and school nutrition policies are needed.

Evaluation of the efficacy of hysterosalpingography test for the removal of fallopian tube obstruction and infertility treatment in women in Sistan and Baluchestan province

Introduction: Infertility has increased in Iran due to age, inappropriate nutrition and marriage. One of the causes of infertility is the blockage of the uterine tubes. Hysterosalpingography(HSG) is a non-invasive method used to examine the uterus of the uterus. In this method, by inserting the contrast agent through the vagina into the uterus, there is a possibility of partial occlusion opening in the tubes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of HSG on the prevention of uterine tube obstruction and infertility treatment. Materials and Methods: Analysis of 25 patients from 60 patients with minor tube obstruction showed that their fertility was related to HSG. 9 of the women who had severe tubal obstruction did not have any effect on these procedures, but 16 others had been blocked by their HSG method after 4 months. Results: The effect of age, weight, nutrition and culture level on tube obstruction was investigated. Inappropriate nutrition and aging, the most important causes of increased tube obstruction in women studied in this study. The level of culture and weight had an indirect effect on tubular obstruction. Also, the effect of the HSG method on the removal of mild tubal obstruction and treatment of infertility was significant, with 16 of 25 patients being ingested. Conclusion: The tube obstruction was meaningful in women with age and inappropriate nutrition. As the age increases, the bonding probability of the tubes increases. These findings suggest that the HSG method plays an important role in the treatment of infertility And it can be suggested to women with infertility with minor tubular obstruction.

Efficacy and tolerability of the dietary supplement “Altsinara” in subjects with hypercholesterolemia: a laboratory component of the clinical study

The importance of dyslipidemia as one of the main risk factors of cardiovascular disease is currently undoubted. Medicines of plant origin with the anti-atherogenic potential are of particular relevance for prevention of the dyslipidemia development of borderline states.Aim. To study the laboratory component of the efficacy and tolerability of the dietary supplement “Altsinara”, produced by PJSC SIC “Borshchahivskiy CPP” compared to placebo in subjects with hypercholesterolemia in the framework of the clinical study “Randomized, simple blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and tolerability of dietary supplement “Altsinara” produced by PJSC SIC “Borshchahivskiy CPP” with the participation of volunteers with hypercholesterolemia”.Materials and methods. The study was conducted with the participation of 60 volunteers with hypercholesterolemia, whose average age was 48.83 ± 1.17 years. To assess the laboratory component of the effectiveness and tolerability of the dietary supplement “Altsinara” the indicators of the clinical and biochemical blood test were used for 1 (screening), 3 (day 45) and 4 (final day 90) visit.Results. The prevailing efficacy and good tolerability of long-term use (within 90 days) of a dietary supplement “Altsinara”, tablets produced by PJSC SIC “Borshchahivskiy CPP”, Ukraine, have been proven. Based on the results of the test a dietary supplement “Altsinara”, tablets produced by PJSC SIC “Borshchahivskiy CPP”, Ukraine, can be recommended as a special food product for long-term use in persons with hypercholesterolemia and/or persons with a tendency to hypercholesterolemia (aggravated family history, overweight, inappropriate nutrition, etc.).Conclusions. Based on the results of a randomized, simple blind, placebo-controlled study on the effectiveness and tolerability of the dietary supplement “Altsinara” produced by PJSC SIC “Borshchahivskiy CPP” with the participation of volunteers with hypercholesterolemia its prevailing efficacy and good tolerability in long-term use (within 90 days) have been proven.

Infant Feeding Guidelines for the Asia Pacific Region.

Good nutrition for infants, during the first 1000 days from conception, is one of the most important determinants of a healthy long life. Breastfeeding is the most important component of infant nutrition and reduces morbidity and mortality. With the changes to the climate currently occurring, issues of nutrition and food supply are only going to increase in importance. The Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, place nutrition at the forefront of world development and a sustainable planet. The vision of Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health (APACPH) is to "achieve the highest possible level of health of all the people of the nations of the Asia-Pacific region." Much of the burden of disease, early deaths, and disability in the Asia Pacific region could be reduced with public health efforts to address the major risk factors, including nutrition-related causes and smoking. The United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition 2016-2025 has recently been launched with the aim of reducing the global burden of inappropriate nutrition. The goals include increasing rates of exclusive breastfeeding to 6 months, reducing wasting and stunting, and reducing the rates of low birthweight. This is the position endorsed in these guidelines along with the principles of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. These guidelines expand the information on infants that was included in the 2016 APACPH Dietary Guidelines. APACPH covers many different environments, geographical areas, cultures, and socioeconomic groups. These guidelines are generally applicable to all infants in our region, specific local advice may sometimes be needed.

Deformities in reared cobia, Rachycentron canadum L. and grouper, Epinephelus marginatus, in São Paulo state coast, Brazil: case report

ABSTRACT Skeletal deformities are frequent problems in cultured fish populations due mainly to unfavorable abiotic conditions, inappropriate nutrition, and genetic factors. These may cause erratic swimming, decrease of conversion rate, growth, and market value. The aim of this case report was to present the occurrence of deformities in juvenile cobia and groupers from an offshore marine farm in Ilhabela, São Paulo, Brazil. Nine cobias and seven juvenile groupers, that presented deformities, were euthanized and fixed in 10% formaldehyde. They were tagged, processed, and stained with "Alcian Blue" (AB) and "Alizarin Red-S" (ARS) for visualization of cartilage and bone tissue, respectively. After evisceration, radiographic examination was performed. The deformities observed in cobia were atrophy of the operculum, disorganization of the gill lamellae, deformity of the lower jaw, kyphosis, and scoliosis. Groupers presented lower jaw deformity and saddleback syndrome. The farm studied in this case report had poor management standards, fed commercial feed for freshwater herbivorous fish and cooked sardines, high inbreeding and absence of adequately trained professionals to manage these species. The sum of these factors must have directly influenced the appearance of these deformities. It is necessary to control this situation to minimize the incidence of malformations that have economic impacts to farmers.

Фактори патології органів зору в студентів та їх профілактика

Актуальність статті зумовлена значною кількістю студентської молоді з порушенням зору, що викликає тривогу як у медиків, так і в педагогів, адже зір – один із найголовніших аналізаторів організму, який забезпечує отримання повної динамічної інформації про колір, форму, віддаль, навколишній світ тощо. Мета роботи – узагальнення причин патології органів зору та способи його збереження. Методологія дослідження – аналіз науково-методичної літератури, опитування студентів щодо користування комп’ютерними й мобільними пристроями. Результати. Узагальнено фактори патології зору, які можуть бути спадковими, вродженими та набутими. Спадкові передаються від батьків або через покоління. До вродженої патології можуть призвести негативні впливи на плід у період вагітності. Причиною набутих є захворювання внутрішніх систем й органів, передусім хвороби ЛОР-органів та серцево-судинні патології, шкідливі звички, нераціональне харчування, екологічні умови, а також робота з дисплеями. Багатогодинне читання з монітора провокує зоровий синдром і загалом погіршує зір. Студентська молодь надто захоплюється комп’ютерними й мобільними технологіями, незважаючи на їх негативний вплив. Тому науковці наголошують на необхідності дотримання правил користування комп’ютерами й мобільними пристроями, наводять спеціальні вправи для профілактики та корекції зору, завдяки яким підвищуються рівень й інтенсивність обмінних процесів в організмі, посилюється кровообіг. Регулярне їх виконання позитивно впливає як на роботу м’язів ока, так і на гостроту зору. Висновки. Керуючись як загальними, так і спеціальними рекомендаціями, такими як належна організація роботи з дисплеями, регулярні перерви, використання вправ для розслаблення та лікувальної гімнастики, можна запобігти патології зору.

АНАЛІЗ СТОМАТОЛОГІЧНОГО СТАТУСУ ШКОЛЯРІВ МІСТА СТРИЯ ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД РЕЖИМУ ТА РАЦІОНУ ХАРЧУВАННЯ

The analysis of the stomatological status of schoolchildren in the city of Stryi shows the influence of the regime and diet, physical activity of students in conjunction with other factors, to metabolic disorders that are trigger in the development of generalsomatic diseases and diseases of hard tissues of teeth.The aim of the study – to analyze the results of the questionnaire and dental examination, on the effect of diet on the stomatological status of schoolchildren in the city of Stryi.Materials and Methods. 96 children aged 14–16 participated in the studies. Among the schoolchildren in the city of Stryi, Lviv oblast, a sociological survey on diet and motor activity was conducted by questionnaire on the poll developed by us. The obtained data were compared with the results of the dental examination, which included the determination of the intensity of caries of the teeth according to the CPI index. The examination of oral hygiene was carried out using the Green-Vermillion (OH I-S) Hygiene Index. The results were summarized into a common table to facilitate statistical processing of information.Results and Discussion. As a result of our research, we have established a clear link between the diet and the diet of schoolchildren on their dental health. So, we found that in the diet of schoolchildren decreased the consumption of dairy products, fish and meat, and on the contrary increased the use of "fast foods", sweets, sweet beverages. Our definition of dental status has shown that the prevalence of caries is 93.69 % for schoolchildren who do not adhere to the regime and diet, and only 6.31 % of the surveyed have intact dental rows.Conclusions. The according to the results of our research, it can be concluded that inappropriate nutrition, violation of its mode and structure, sedentary lifestyle, lack of oral hygiene, in our opinion, together with other factors, lead to metabolic disorders that are trigger in the development of general-somatic diseases, and diseases of hard tissues of teeth.

ПІДГОТОВКА МАЙБУТНЬОГО ВЧИТЕЛЯ ПОЧАТКОВОЇ ШКОЛИ ДО ВИКЛАДАННЯ ПРЕДМЕТА “ОСНОВИ ЗДОРОВ’Я”

This article considers the actual aspects of the training of students of pedagogical universities for teaching “Health basics” subject in elementary school, upbringing the pupils’ valuable attitude to their own lives and conscious striving for healthy lifestyle. The role of the discipline “Methodology of study valeology, fundamentals of safety in elementary school” in the person-professional formation of future teachers, capable of forming health-saving competence in an efficient way regarding primary school pupils. Students should realize that the educational integrated discipline “Health basics” has an applied nature and complex structural organization, which includes informational, operational and motivational components. The emphasis is on the need for the students’ability of effective use of interactive technologies at the lessons of the health basics and in extracurricular work. The peculiarities of teaching the “Health basics” subject in primary school are analyzed, the information, provided concerning the experience of using the innovative approaches during the training of future teachers and the results of the questionnaire for students on the direction of training “Primary education” regarding their lifestyle. Among the negative aspects of the students’ lifestyle were the following: hypodynamia, inappropriate nutrition, violation of sanitary and hygiene requirements regarding work and rest regime. It is shown that a teacher is the very person who can succeed in forming the health culture of primary school pupils and for whom the principles of healthy lifestyle became their own life principles.

FEATURES OF ACTUAL NUTRITION OF PREGNANT WOMEN - DISPLACED PERSONS

One of the factors that determines the physiology of pregnancy is the nutrition of a woman. The aim of the study - to study the features of actual nutrition in pregnant women - displaced persons.Materials and methods. In order to fulfill the research task, a pre-completed questionnaire was conducted on 85 pregnant women-displaced persons (main group) during gestation period 22 - 38 weeks and 31 pregnant woman - a local resident (control group).Results of the research and their discussion. By calculating the energy value of the daily diet of pregnant study groups, we concluded that the average energy value of the diet in the main group reached 2913.1 ± 282.5 kcal (in the control group 2222.3 ± 193.3 kcal, p <0.05) , which is 12.67% higher than the physiological norm of the energy value of the daily diet of pregnant women in the second half of pregnancy. For pregnant women – displaced persons inherent unbalanced and inappropriate nutrition in its individual constituents due to the increased number of fats and carbohydrates, deficiency of proteins with imbalance of plastic and energy reserves, essential amino acids, excessive consumption of fats with predominance of fats of animal origin.Conclusions. The revealed changes require a correction of the diet, both quantitative and qualitative, in order to ensure uncomplicated pregnancy and fetal development.

Comparative characteristics of the composition of microbial associations of the gastrointestinal tract in humans in the norm and during dysbiosis

The causes of the imbalance of the microbiota of the human body, in particular the intestines, are diverse: they include changes in environmental conditions, inappropriate nutrition and the use of harmful products, acute intestinal infections, chronic diseases and dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, the widespread use of antibiotics, reduced immunological reactivity of the organism, etc. Dysbiosis is accompanied by an increase of the detection frequency and quantity of opportunistic microorganisms. Such changes are characterized by negative consequences that can provoke the development of a number of complications of the functioning of various systems and organs of the human body. If significant deviations of the composition of the microflora compared to the state of the norm take place, it is absolutely necessary to correct it, which is possible with the use of preparations based on microbial cultures – probiotics. However, the mechanisms of antagonistic relationships between representatives of opportunistic microflora and normal non-pathogenic flora from different ecotopes of the macroorganism have not been completely studied. At the same time, it is known that the development of various forms of infectious processes, both acute and chronic, depends on the manifestation of pathogenicity and the persistence of a potential pathogen. Important for the correction of dysbiotic states is knowledge of the microbiota composition characteristics, including the formation of associations by individual of microorganisms in the associations, which in each case requires the development of individual approaches to therapy. In view of this, the aim of our research was to analyze the frequency of detection of opportunistic microorganisms and their associations in people with dysbiosis of gastrointestinal tract. As a result of our studies on the composition of the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, in the contingent of the surveyed persons dysbiosis was confirmed for 56 (77.8%) individuals. It was determined that during normobiosis the formation of the following associations was typical: triple and five-membered 25.0%, six-membered – 18.8%, and most numerous-four membered associations – 31.3%. Of these, bacterial associations were determined in 87.5% of cases, bacterial-fungi associations – in 12.5%. During dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal tract, the following groups of microorganisms were isolated: Staphylococcus – 87.5%, Citrobacter – 64.3%, Klebsiella – 51.8%, Streptococcus – 50.0%, Serratia – 25%, Candida – 21.4%, and Hafnia – 5.4%, which were the part of the associations: six members – 37.5%, four members constituted – 25.0%, five members – 21.4%,three members – 14.3%, and a double association – 1.8%. Bacterial associations were determined in 78.6% of cases, bacterial-fungi associations – in 21.4%.

Selected nutritional behaviors and physical activity among elementary school children

Introduction: Proper nutrition and physical activity are very important elements in the proper functioning and development of children. The lack of daily, systematic physical effort in younger and younger age groups is a public health problem. Purpose: To evaluate the nutrition and physical activity of children attending primary school. Materials and methods: The study was conducted among 707 pupils form randomly selected elementary schools using the authors’ own questionnaire in the school year 2013/2014. The questionnaire included questions on selected dietary habits and physical activity as well as the socio-economic conditions of the families. Results: Among the studied children, 88.6% consumed 4 or 5 meals a day. There was a statistically significant relationship between the number of meals consumed and the age of the children. Breakfast was consumed by 86.4% of children, more often residents of the city than the village (88.0% vs. 81.7%, p &lt;0.05). Daily consum-ption of second breakfast was declared by 71.5% of boys and 74.2% of girls. The vast majority of the studied students (86.8%) have always taken part in physical education classes. Outdoor leisure time was declared by 75% of the surveyed children. Rural students showed greater involvement in outdoor activities than students from the city (86.1% vs. 70.2%, p &lt;0.001). A total of 62.2% of boys and 51.8% of girls (p &lt;0.05) participated in sports activities. Conclusions: Inappropriate nutrition and lack of physical activity affected both girls and boys, and the abnormalities were dependent on where they lived and were age-related.

Impact of Integrated Fertilization (Organic and In-Organic) on Grain Yield of Maize

Organic manure is a commendable organic fertilizer, as it contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other essential nutrients. The most important factors responsible for low yield are inappropriate crop nutrition management and poor soil fertility. The field experiment was performed to evaluate the impact of different fertilizer (organic and inorganic) on yield and yield components of maize at Agriculture Research Station Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during summer season 2014. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data was recorded on seven quantitative traits i.e. days to tasseling, plant height (cm), leaf area, number of grains cob-1, biological yield (kg ha^-1), 1000-grain weight (g) and grain yield (kg ha^-1). All treatments were significantly affected by the applied treatments with the exception of days to tasseling. The treatment poultry manure gave maximum leaf area whereas minimum leaf area was obtained in control. Maximum plant height (cm), number of grains cob^-1, 1000-grain weight (g), biological yield (kg ha^-1), and grain yield (kg ha^-1) was obtained in compost applied treatment followed by poultry manure. Whereas minimum plant height (cm), grains cob^-1, biological yield (kg ha^-1), 1000-grain weight (g) and grain yield (kg ha^-1) was obtained in control. The results depicted that organic fertilizer gave excellent response for yield and its related traits of maize crop as compared to inorganic fertilizer.

Socioeconomic and demographic trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in India

AbstractNoncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are not passed from person to person. They are of long duration and generally slow progression. The four main types of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), and diabetes. The rapid demographic and epidemiologic transition that India is facing today is paralleled by a massive increase in NCD prevalence, of which diabetes remains the most dominant. Besides genetic and environmental factors, an increase in life expectancy, urbanization, influenced unhealthy lifestyle changes, affluence associated with dietary excess, and reduced physical activity appear to be major drivers for increased burden of diabetes in India. Inappropriate nutrition and physical inactivity lead to obesity, a positive predictor for diabetes. Moreover, early onset of diabetes accompanied by prevailing poverty, low awareness, and poor health consciousness across socioeconomic and demographic strata is reflected in the large burden of undiagnosed cases of diabetes. In addition, reversal of socioeconomic gradient of disease burden observed in India can have serious health and financial implications on individual and healthcare system, which, if left unaddressed, may result in an adverse impact on the nation's economy. Keeping in view, a major shift in India's burden of disease, there is an imperative need for robust, systematic measures for data reporting supported by effective public healthcare interventions to reduce the burden of diabetes. Comprehensive multisectoral actions prioritizing identification of risk factors, early diagnosis, and effective implementation of cost-effective interventions can curb the epidemic of diabetes. A multifaceted approach for implementation of evidence-based policy measures involving various departments of the government and nongovernmental agencies is required to address both preventive and curative aspects of diabetes management. Policies that ensure better surveillance and increase in access to affordable and essential medicines providing universal health coverage should be developed. Policymakers should take lead in the development or strengthening the existing policies and see that they are not only implemented but also evaluated for their effectiveness. A strong commitment from both public and private sectors toward implementation and intensification of population-based prevention strategies through proven programs and policies is required to address the growing burden of diabetes.