Inappropriate Content Research Articles

CHARACTER VALUES: WHAT ARE THEY AND HOW THEY ARE INTEGRATED IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK TEXTS?

This study is based on the issue of character value, which has recently spread out as many as social problems in Indonesia, as well as the phenomena around us that many inappropriate textbooks contents. Character values should be incorporated into teaching and learning materials. It is also related to the government regulation that requires the inclusion of the character values proposed by the Ministry of National Education as character building in all elements of education. The aim of this study was to examine the character values found in the texts as well as the strategies used in integrating character values in the texts of Erlangga’s English textbook for Senior High School Grade XI. This study applied qualitative research with a content analysis approach. The data source was English textbook Pathway to English, and the data were 19 texts gathered by reading and taking notes on texts in English textbook. The research findings revealed that the character values which are found in the 19 texts of English textbook being analyzed covers 16 character values proposed by the Ministry of National Education and the strategies of delivering character values in the texts consisted of two forms, explicit and implicit strategy. Keywords: Character values, character values integration, English textbook, texts

Anchor voiceprint recognition in live streaming via RawNet-SA and gated recurrent unit

With the sharp booming of online live streaming platforms, some anchors seek profits and accumulate popularity by mixing inappropriate content into live programs. After being blacklisted, these anchors even forged their identities to change the platform to continue live, causing great harm to the network environment. Therefore, we propose an anchor voiceprint recognition in live streaming via RawNet-SA and gated recurrent unit (GRU) for anchor identification of live platform. First, the speech of the anchor is extracted from the live streaming by using voice activation detection (VAD) and speech separation. Then, the feature sequence of anchor voiceprint is generated from the speech waveform with the self-attention network RawNet-SA. Finally, the feature sequence of anchor voiceprint is aggregated by GRU to transform into a deep voiceprint feature vector for anchor recognition. Experiments are conducted on the VoxCeleb, CN-Celeb, and MUSAN dataset, and the competitive results demonstrate that our method can effectively recognize the anchor voiceprint in video streaming.

"How over is it?" Understanding the Incel Community on YouTube

YouTube is by far the largest host of user-generated video content worldwide. Alas, the platform has also come under fire for hosting inappropriate, toxic, and hateful content. One community that has often been linked to sharing and publishing hateful and misogynistic content are the Involuntary Celibates (Incels), a loosely defined movement ostensibly focusing on men's issues. In this paper, we set out to analyze the Incel community on YouTube by focusing on this community's evolution over the last decade and understanding whether YouTube's recommendation algorithm steers users towards Incel-related videos. We collect videos shared on Incel communities within Reddit and perform a data-driven characterization of the content posted on YouTube. Among other things, we find that the Incel community on YouTube is getting traction and that, during the last decade, the number of Incel-related videos and comments rose substantially. We also find that users have a 6.3% chance of being suggested an Incel-related video by YouTube's recommendation algorithm within five hops when starting from a non Incel-related video. Overall, our findings paint an alarming picture of online radicalization: not only Incel activity is increasing over time, but platforms may also play an active role in steering users towards such extreme content.

Feelings of Entrapment during the COVID-19 Pandemic Based on ACE Star Model: A Concept Analysis.

This study aimed to analyze the concept of the “feelings of entrapment” during the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic using a systematic review. We included literature based on content and outcomes related to feelings of entrapment, such as antecedents, attributes, and consequences. The exclusion criteria were studies that did not have inappropriate subject, content, conceptual definition, and degree thesis was excluded. Walker and Avant’s process of concept analysis was used in this systematic literature review. The attributes of the concept of feelings of entrapment during the COVID-19 pandemic were found to be feelings of: (1) being out of control, (2) no escape, (3) being trapped, (4) being robbed, and (5) hopelessness. The causes for these were identified as (1) the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) lockdown system, (3) restricted situation, (4) uncertain future, (5) economic hardship, and (6) poor coping abilities. Consequences of the concept were: (1) increased suicide, (2) decreased mental health, and (3) decreased well-being. In situations such as COVID-19, it is important need to know what feelings of entrapment’s antecedents and attributes are to prevent suicide and enhance mental health and well-being. Based on the results of this study, counseling services, policies, and systems for relieving feelings of entrapment in the COVID-19 situation are recommended.

Boyer Moore string-match framework for a hybrid short message service spam filtering technique

Advances in technology and the proliferation of mobile device have continued to advance the ubiquitous nature of computing alongside their many prowess and improved features it brings as a disruptive technology to aid information sharing amongst many online users. This popularity, usage and adoption ease, mobility, and portability of the mobile smartphone devices have allowed for its acceptability and popularity. Mobile smartphones continue to adopt the use of short messages services accompanied with a scenario for spamming to thrive. Spams are unsolicited message or inappropriate contents. An effective spam filter studies are limited as short-text message service (SMS) are 140bytes, 160-characters, and rippled with abbreviation and slangs that further inhibits the effective training of models. The study proposes a string match algorithm used as deep learning ensemble on a hybrid spam filtering technique to normalize noisy features, expand text and use semantic dictionaries of disambiguation to train underlying learning heuristics and effectively classify SMS into legitimate and spam classes. Study uses a profile hidden Markov network to select and train the network structure and employs the deep neural network as a classifier network structure. Model achieves an accuracy of 97% with an error rate of 1.2%.

Chocolate's Blooming Phenomenon: A Brief Review of The Formation Process and Its Influencing Factors

One of the indications of chocolate product degradation is blooming. It is distinguished by the loss of surface shine, which is replaced by a white coating. These effects are caused by insufficient processing, inappropriate chocolate content, and incompatible storage conditions. It can alter these characteristics to enhance chocolate's resistance to blooming and its texture, flavor, and appearance. Several factors must be considered when creating blooming-resistant chocolate, such as chocolate particle size, fat content, processing techniques, and storage conditions. This concise review will discuss fat blooming in chocolate, from its formation to its contributing factors and methods for resolving it.

VIARS: An Intelligent Voice Agent to Prevent Inappropriate Content Display for Restricted Users

Abstract The wide usage of voice intelligent assistants (VIAs), such as Siri, brings lots of convenience to our daily life. However, there are also kinds of issues related to VIAs displaying inappropriate contents to restricted users such as children. To address this problem, we developed a system that detects the inappropriate contents and rates them with defined ranks. In this manner, a threshold or suggestion could be given in order to avoid displaying inappropriate contents to restricted users. This evaluation system is called Voice Intelligent Aid Rating System (VIARS). With a developed VIARS prototype, we further tested its effectiveness with a designed experiment that consisted of several tasks. As a result, VIARS’s intelligent rating results were proven to be highly consistent with the experts’ manual rating results, indicating the reliability of the VIARS classification mechanism. It is also notable that when compared with experts’ manual rating, VIARS’s automatic rating mechanism showed significant advantages in response time.

Stigmatizing and de-Stigmatizing Properties of Web Apps for Sexual Health-Related Conditions: A Scoping Review

Objective: To review the literature that has examined stigma in relation to the design, impact, and ways web apps can alleviate or aggravate sexual health-related stigma. Methods: Six databases were searched and 17 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: While two studies were randomized controlled trials, most studies were descriptive or qualitative. Stigma may be alleviated in web apps through sharing stigma-related experiences, receiving emotional support, and providing anonymous virtual connections Yet, stigma may be aggravated by implied disclosure, inappropriate content, and stigma by association. Conlcusions: While web apps were able to address stigma to some extent, some strategies employed inadvertently aggravated stigma.

Combating sharenting: Interventions to alter parents’ attitudes toward posting about their children online

Sharenting is a recent phenomenon in which parents disclose detailed information about their children online, which can risk their children's long-term safety and parental relationships. To mitigate these risks and discourage the sharing of inappropriate content, we developed and tested two interventions to deter sharenting in a randomized controlled experiment with 246 parents. Parents watched a video about the dangers of sharenting (Intervention 1) with some assigned to write a summary of this video (Intervention 2) while the remaining participants watched a video unrelated to sharenting (Control). We found that the intervention reduced parents' willingness to post both inappropriate and appropriate content about children, but only if parents reflected on the video message in writing. The interventions did not, however, change parents' attitudes about asking their children for permission before posting. The results advance our understanding of sharenting and offer insights about potential brief and scalable approaches to mitigate sharenting and its consequences. In particular, we demonstrate that a purely informational intervention is not as effective as one that encourages substantive reflection.

The relationship between the use of digital devices and cognitive development in preschool children: Evidence from scholarly literature

Introduction. Preschool children are active users of digital devices, which affects their cognitive development. The nature of these impacts has not been sufficiently studied, and there are different opinions of experts on this issue. Thus, the purpose of this article is to analyze the findings of research investigations devoted to the impact of digital devices on preschool children’s cognitive development. Materials and Methods. The authors conducted a systematic literature review of 46 full-text research articles describing the relationship between the use of digital devices (screen time and media content features) and the development of speech and mathematical skills, as well as the development of executive functions in 3-7 year-old children. The review is based on the cultural-historical approach. Results. The analysis of studies has shown that the impact of using digital devices on preschool children’s cognitive development depends on screen time, the exposure type (background TV or targeted use of digital devices), the content (educational or entertaining content), age appropriateness (age-appropriate or inappropriate content), the extent of how realistic the content is (fantasy or realistic content), the stimulus material complexity (visual or audial, black and white or color). There are also conclusions about the most relevant prospects for further research on the impact of the use of digital devices on the cognitive development of children. Conclusions. The review has indicated that long screen time negatively affects the development of speech and mathematical skills and executive functions in preschool children. The study has revealed that the content impact on cognitive development depends on the characteristics of this content. In particular, children-oriented educational content can contribute to cognitive development. Adult-oriented content can negatively affect cognitive development.

Manga Translation and Censorship Issues in Malaysia

In manga translation, when original image and written representations are regarded as inappropriate content to the target readers’ socio-cultural context, censorship is imposed. Nevertheless, research on censorship in manga translation in Malaysia has not been given due attention. Previous studies show that self-censorship influences translation, but it is not examined within the scope of manga translation. As such, the objective of this study is to examine the censorship practices in manga translation in Malaysia. This study adopts a qualitative content analysis approach to analyse six Malay translations and their respective source texts based on the publishing guideline of the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 [Act 301] and translation procedures proposed by Klaus Kaindl. The analysis shows that the censorship practice in manga translation is a combination of institutional and self-censorship. In institutional censorship, the translation procedures of detraction, addition, substitution, deletion and couplets are used, while in self-censorship, the process is involves substitution, deletion and addition. The current study recommends the adoption of institutional censorship procedures as guidelines in handling sensitive representations and a review of the self-censorship procedures to ensure faithful translations.

A taxonomy, data set, and benchmark for detecting and classifying malevolent dialogue responses

AbstractConversational interfaces are increasingly popular as a way of connecting people to information. With the increased generative capacity of corpus‐based conversational agents comes the need to classify and filter out malevolent responses that are inappropriate in terms of content and dialogue acts. Previous studies on the topic of detecting and classifying inappropriate content are mostly focused on a specific category of malevolence or on single sentences instead of an entire dialogue. We make three contributions to advance research on the malevolent dialogue response detection and classification (MDRDC) task. First, we define the task and present a hierarchical malevolent dialogue taxonomy. Second, we create a labeled multiturn dialogue data set and formulate the MDRDC task as a hierarchical classification task. Last, we apply state‐of‐the‐art text classification methods to the MDRDC task, and report on experiments aimed at assessing the performance of these approaches.

The Shadowban Cycle: an autoethnography of pole dancing, nudity and censorship on Instagram

ABSTRACT This paper contributes to the social media moderation research space by examining the still under-researched “shadowban”, a form of light and secret censorship targeting what Instagram defines as borderline content, particularly affecting posts depicting women’s bodies, nudity and sexuality. “Shadowban” is a user-generated term given to the platform’s “vaguely inappropriate content” policy, which hides users’ posts from its Explore page, dramatically reducing their visibility. While research has already focused on algorithmic bias and on social media moderation, there are not, at present, studies on how Instagram’s shadowban works. This autoethnographic exploration of the shadowban provides insights into how it manifests from a user’s perspective, applying a risk society framework to Instagram’s moderation of pole dancing content to show how the platform’s preventive measures are affecting user rights.

Analysis of the labelling of a sample of commercial foods for infants and young children in 13 countries.

The World Health Organisation (WHO), European Commission (EC) and Public Health England (PHE) published evidence of inappropriate content, marketing and labelling of commercial foods for infants and young children. Despite this, EC regulations are not yet established. To reduce rates of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) a better understanding of the food environment is needed. This study aimed to assess the labelling and listed macronutrient and sodium content of commercially available pureed foods marketed for infants and young children under 3years of age (0-36months) in 13 countries. A standardized protocol was developed to guide photograph collection and a sample of 155 products were obtained. All products were within current WHO and EC guidelines. However, 103 (67.7%) products were marketed for infants between 4 and 6months, and many and contained added sugars. Action is needed to improve the nutrient composition, marketing and labelling of these products to reduce NCDs.

Assessing the Patterns of Youth Use of Social Media and their Parental Oversight

Background: Social media plays a crucial role in the lives of networked adolescents and take up a great deal of their time. Parental oversight or monitoring is essential at this period to protect against inaccurate, inappropriate or unsafe content and contacts. Aim of the study: Was to assess the patterns of youth use of social media and parental oversight for them. Study design: Descriptive research design was used in this study. Setting: This study was conducted in all governmental 15 secondary schools in Tanta city. Subjects: A convenience sample of 1000 students (6.12%) (483 boys and 517 girls) from 1st grade to 3rd grade of 15 secondary schools were selected by proportional allocation method. Tool of data collection: Structured questionnaire sheet that consisted of five parts: socio-demographic data; availability of social media and internet media; causes of using social media; patterns of using social media; parents' oversight to their adolescents’ social media activities. Results: The results of this study showed that 78.1% and 76.2% of studied males and females respectively use social media for communication and more than half of them use it since more than three years for about 3 times per day. The majority (84.1% and 71.4%) of males and females, their parents did not oversight them. Conclusion: The majority of the studied adolescents use social media for communication since more than three years for about 3 times per day. Lack of parental oversight was prevalent among the studied subjects while using social media. Recommendations: It is essential to design health educational programs to preparatory and secondary school students to improve their inappropriate use of social media and to prevent its hazards. Educate the parents and the families about the importance of their oversight and follow up their adolescents during using social media.

Evaluation of HIV/AIDS-related mobile health applications content using an evidence-based content rating tool

BackgroundDespite the increasing number of mobile health applications, the validity of their content is understudied. The objective of this study was to rate the content of HIV/AIDS-related mobile applications and to determine the extent to which evidence-based medicine is being incorporated into their content using a new tool called the Evidence-based content rating tool of mobile health applications (EBCRT-mHealth).MethodsAll available HIV/AIDS-related applications in Iran from Cafe Bazaar and Google Play Store were evaluated. This study was first conducted in 2018, then after almost two years in 2021 was done again. In this study, researchers developed the EBCRT-mHealth tool to rate the content of applications based on the evidence-based medicine pyramid. Its reliability was calculated (α = 0.78), and five specialists confirmed its validity. Two reviewers independently reviewed all HIV/AIDS applications directly downloaded and installed from the Google Play Store and Cafe Bazaar.ResultsOut of 980 retrieved applications, in 2018, 85, and in 2021, 78 applications were included in the study. Only in 17 (28%) out of the 60 in 2018, and 25 (51%) in 2021 Google Play store applications the source of content information was mentioned. All Cafe Bazaar mobile applications mentioned the source of information. The mean rating of all application content in 2018 was 2.38 (SD = 0.74), and in 2021 was 2.90 (SD = 1.35) out of 5. The mean rating of the content of Cafe Bazaar applications in 2018 was 2.10 (SD = 0.49), and in 2021 was 1.94 (SD = 0.29). The mean content rating of Google Play store applications in 2018 was 2.50 (SD = 0.80) and in 2021 was 3.86 (SD = 1.18).ConclusionAfter two years, the rating of the content of HIV/AIDS-related applications available in Iran that existed in Cafe Bazaar decreased from "poor" to "inappropriate". Also, the content score of the Google Play Store applications increased from "poor" to "good". It is critical to ensure the credibility of the sources used in developing their content and removing applications with inappropriate and unreliable content from the App Stores. Also, mobile health application developers should use the highest quality information in their applications.

Multi-label Arabic text classification in Online Social Networks

Online Social Networks (OSNs) are the most popular interactive media for communicating, posting, and sharing indefinite amounts of personal information. However, along with interesting and attractive topics and contents, some users neither like the fact that certain topics that are not among their interests can fill their personal pages nor do they wish to see disappointing negative posts that may appear repeatedly. Also, people sometimes post inappropriate or abusive content on these networks, such as insults or pornography. Most of the efforts in the field of text classification have focused on the English language, while research on the Arabic language, which has numerous challenges is scarce. In this paper, we constructed a standard multi-label Arabic dataset using manual annotation and a semi-supervised annotation technique that can be used for short text classification, sentiment analysis, and multilabel classification. Then, we evaluated the topics classification, sentiment analysis, and multilabel classification. Based on that evaluation we found a relationship between topics published in OSNs and hate speech. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

Awareness of Cyber Crime on Social Media

More and more people, in spite of age and gender, are signing up for profiles on online social networks for connecting with one another during this virtual world. Some people have many friends and followers spread across multiple profiles. But at the same time there is proliferation of fake profiles also. Fake profiles often spam the users like posting inappropriate or illegal content. Fake profiles are created while misrepresenting some known person to cause harassment to him/her.This is a cross sectional study conducted among the common people through a questionnaire with 10 questions. The sample was taken on common people. The sample size of the study wass 100 and the results were tabulated accordingly.From the response collected it is evident that there is no significant relationship among the public regarding cyber crime. People who are associated with the IT sector are well aware than the general public on Cyber Crime. The Independent variable such as age and gender was taken into consideration and the dependent variable such as awareness about the ransomware and cyber crime was put forward to the public.The best of our knowledge, none of the previous researchers have adopted this approach.

Social Responsibility of Media in Pakistan: Exploring the Audience Perception

Media has some fundamental regulations, laws and ethics along with social responsibility to ensure the privacy of the public. Pakistani media is usually considered to be lacking in abiding by such responsibilities. This article aims to investigate that to what extent Pakistani media is socially responsible. It further explores audience perception regarding the erosion of culture through inappropriate foreign media content on Pakistani media. Data has been collected with the help of a questionnaire from 324 respondents. Results show that public perception regarding the social responsibility of media is different for different outlets. Television is considered more socially responsible for female respondents. Respondents (at home) and (graduated) believe that television is much socially responsible than radio, newspaper and magazines. However, television is considered the most harmful media regarding inappropriate foreign content. Respondents above fifty years of age, government employees and highly educated believed that television compromises social responsibility higher than other media.

Stability of Reduced and Oxidized Coenzyme Q10 in Finished Products.

The efficiency of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplements is closely associated with its content and stability in finished products. This study aimed to provide evidence-based information on the quality and stability of CoQ10 in dietary supplements and medicines. Therefore, ubiquinol, ubiquinone, and total CoQ10 contents were determined by a validated HPLC-UV method in 11 commercial products with defined or undefined CoQ10 form. Both forms were detected in almost all tested products, resulting in a total of CoQ10 content between 82% and 166% of the declared. Ubiquinol, ubiquinone, and total CoQ10 stability in these products were evaluated within three months of accelerated stability testing. Ubiquinol, which is recognized as the less stable form, was properly stabilized. Contrarily, ubiquinone degradation and/or reduction were observed during storage in almost all tested products. These reactions were also detected at ambient temperature within the products’ shelf-lives and confirmed in ubiquinone standard solutions. Ubiquinol, generated by ubiquinone reduction with vitamin C during soft-shell capsules’ storage, may lead to higher bioavailability and health outcomes. However, such conversion and inappropriate content in products, which specify ubiquinone, are unacceptable in terms of regulation. Therefore, proper CoQ10 stabilization through final formulations regardless of the used CoQ10 form is needed.