Inalienable Property Research Articles

Interrogating Christian and Muslim responses to COVID-19 in Nigeria

The COVID-19 pandemic revealed the far-reaching significance of religion in shaping human interaction within social crises. Efforts to slow down the spread of coronavirus prompted different national governments, including the Federal Government of Nigeria to restrict large density gatherings, enforce lockdowns and promote social distancing, which were largely resisted initially. Organised religion may have influenced citizens’ compliance with government directives for curbing the pandemic. Focussing largely on providing economic assistance to people in need, it may have missed out on the reason for recourse to faith. One outcome of the COVID-19 pandemic was the need to understand the application of religious faith in explaining epidemics and health crises. This work predominantly relies on data from secondary sources (library research and internet materials). Just as it critically investigates Christian-Muslim responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, it seeks also to justify reliance on religion during a health emergency. By the evaluative method of philosophy, we show that although the pandemic triggered dread of annihilation, it brought in its wake a search for ontological meaningfulness. This study therefore argues that Nigerians turned to religion to meet the deep-seated, individual need for meaningfulness (‘survivability’) that is primary to the need of soul and body, which includes material donations by organised religious entities. The primacy of fulfilling this need precedes sociality both ontologically and epistemologically because meaningfulness is an inalienable property of individuality.Contribution: This work presents religion as a rationally defensible need that is fundamentally rooted in individual human nature, even in a pandemic; religion pertains to meaningfulness, which counters human fear of annihilation and meaninglessness.

Populism, counter-democracy, and counter-education. Notes on the imagination about antidote to the crisis of liberal democracy

Despite the convergence in the wording, the concepts of Ilan Gur-Ze'ev's counter-education and Pierre Rosanvallon's counter-democracy remain independent of each other, but they have a common denominator, which, in my opinion, allows us to look at the complexity of the relationship between education and populism from a pedagogical point of view and perceive its ambiguity. As for populism itself, its media and political understanding most often confronts it with democracy, seeing populism as a kind of threat. In such a context, it is easy to present education in its various form as an unequivocal antidote to the threat so understood. However, some researchers of populism, such as Margaret Canovan, Roger Eatwell, Matthew Goodwin, or Pierre-André Taguieff, recognise the complexity of the relationship between populism and democracy, its ambiguity, which may also help to revise the view on the role of education in preparing citizens to face the populist challenge. Consequently, it can be assumed that the findings of P. Rosanvallon, I. Gur-Ze'ev and M. Canovan allow the question of populism in educational theory and practice to be raised anew. The theoretical perspective I have adopted will allow me, I believe, to develop two propositions: first, that populism is to some extent a development, an increase in the inalienable property of democracy, which in effect turns against itself; second, that this property also characterizes education. This is related to what democracy and education promise us, or what we think democracy and education promise us, and which, if they are lacking, do not arouse our enthusiasm or the interest necessary to defend or develop them.

The social conditioning of criminal responsibility for illegal deprivation of liberty

Personal freedom is an inalienable property of a person embedded in his very essence, it is the embodiment of individuality and self-sufficiency of everyone, a normal condition for the development of an individual and society as a whole. We suggest that socially dangerous acts, which are provided by art. 146, 1461, 147, 149, 151, 349, 3491, 371, 444 of Criminal Code of Ukraine.Every time, researching the issue of the existence of criminal responsability and the forms of its implementation, scientists do not bypass the question of the social conditioning of these legal phenomena. In modern conditions of globalization, all civilized countries are trying to build their legislation, including criminal legislation, and, accordingly, to develop a system of countermeasures against socially dangerous acts, based on international normative acts. The international legal need to establish criminal law prohibitions in Ukrainian legislation depends on the international obligations that Ukraine has assumed before the international community. In accordance with such obligations, national legislation must be brought into line with the requirements and recommendations established in international legal documents to which Ukraine is a party. All these conventions establish the right of a person to personal freedom. In addition, some of them contain provisions on the need to establish criminal responsability and punishment for crimes related to illegal deprivation of liberty.Characterizing the criminally illegal acts connected with illegal deprivation of liberty to date, and analyzing in detail their crime-forming features, one should talk about their social danger. And the nature and degree of public danger of such criminally illegal acts is determined by the value of the entire system of criminal law protection objects, which are negatively affected.

In Search of Socio-humanitarian Trajectories for the Development of Biobanks: Science and Social Trust

Social trust is the basis for the development of biomedical technologies that affect the value and moral spheres of modern society. Axiological factors, external to science, are decisive in the formation of the legitimation of scientific research. Bioethics allows for the “acclimatization” of rather controversial scientific developments, achieving through a deliberative social process the recognition of new scientific methods that directly affect human life. The need to obtain informed consent from donors of biobanks is associated with the generally accepted procedure for conducting clinical trials. In a broader sense, biomaterials in the context of research are considered as the inalienable property of patients, which implies their right to control what happens to samples of biomaterials. However, given the workload of biobanks, which can host dozens of studies, the process of informing all donors about each individual study is an extremely difficult task, requiring both technical and time resources. Today, the form of extended informed consent is considered as the most appropriate model for the interaction of donors and depositories of biomaterials. Thus, the legal approach to the problem of informed consent for biobanks would seem to be more functional, while the need to take into account the moral principles of biobank donors remains relevant as a condition for trust in science.

Polska sieć komunikacyjna i jej główne osie

An inalienable property of the linguistic reality is the multi-language nature of the world and the multi-variation character of the ethnic-national communication space. As regards Polish pace, one can distinguish a series of axes around which the processes of long lasting concentrate. The author discusses the following five axes: (1) idiolectal (individual languages), (2) one determined by the dichotomy: spoken language – written language (contemporarily it assumes the form: spoken language – media language – written language), (3) one connected with the opposition: dialects – literary language (today in the form: dialects – mixed languages – general language), (4) functional variations (their ‘canonical’ series: colloquial language – scientific language – journalistic language – language of the administration – religious language – artistic language), and (5) one of three styles (high – medium – low).

The Slaves of the Churches: A History by Mary E. Sommar

Reviewed by: The Slaves of the Churches: A History by Mary E. Sommar Michael Flexsenhar III Mary E. Sommar The Slaves of the Churches: A History New York: Oxford University Press, 2020 Pp. 280. $34.95. The opportunity to read about Christians in the Roman Empire and Christians in the early Middle Ages, both in a single volume, is rare and welcome. The enduring human practice of slavery has unfortunately made that reading possible. Mary E. Sommar's sweeping book, The Slaves of the Churches, brings together an abundance of texts from the first to the fourteenth century and beyond in order to trace "the church's own norms concerning ecclesiastical unfree dependents and the evolution of these norms over time, with attention to how they were affected by the social, economic, political, and legal developments of the larger society" (2–3). The book analyzes mainly "canonical texts," that is, "all of the canons of the 'ecumenical' councils" as well as the "synodal material" up to the ninth century and the "normative canonical material from the twelfth-and thirteenth-century 'classical' period of canon law" (7). Included is also a "random sample" of letters, charters, sermons, and royal proclamations from the "various societies" (7). That massive collection of writings related to slavery in Christianity is the book's primary strength. The approach is Catholic church history—perfectly understandable for a medievalist whose "scholarly home turf" is western canon law (1)—but it is difficult to find any canon law before the ecumenical councils, if not later. As a result, an approach focused on "[t]he early Christian church" (27) before any institution existed to enforce a nominal "orthodoxy," is thorny, and anachronistic, when applied to the New Testament (Chapter Two) or even the patristic writings (Chapter Three). Scholars of the New Testament and early Christianity may find this early portion of the book wanting. It succeeds in compiling and discussing a wealth of passages dealing with slavery, but sacrifices depth for breadth. In a book that queries church leaders and authorities about their "ecclesiastical servile dependents," [End Page 302] it is also curious that Katherine Shaner's Enslaved Leadership in Early Christianity (Oxford University Press, 2018) is referred to only once and in brisk passing as "an intriguing perspective on the ideas about slavery found in 1 Timothy" (35n92). Philologists and lexicographers might be disappointed as well that throughout the book, the Greek word for "slave" is displayed with an umlaut (δοϋλος) rather than with a circumflex. Slavery in the imperial church (Chapter Four) relates the key issue of the church's inalienable property (res ecclesiae) and the regulations over how to properly manage it, including the servi ecclesiarum. The outcome: "there was almost no way to escape ecclesiastical servitude" (103). Within these pages, the discussion of freeing slaves by means of a church ceremony (manumissio in ecclesia) was particularly intriguing, although the book does not describe how exactly the ceremony unfolded or the impact that ritualizing manumission had in the long run (77–83). Sommar discusses Augustine's views of slavery (85–89), but Gregory of Nyssa receives a more robust analysis than any other figure in the chapter, since Gregory "has often been hailed as the only one of the early church teachers to speak out against slavery" (99; also 65, 103–4). Sommar concludes, however, that Gregory clearly saw slave ownership as normal, even for those who embraced the ascetic life (102). While the chapter challenges the idea that Gregory opposed slavery, it does not actually spar with any scholars who hold that idea. Sommar only twice cites Chris De Wet's recent books on slavery in early Christian thought (30n68 and 65n4), but does not integrate De Wet's analyses, whether on Nyssa or on John Chrysostom (64–65), either of which would go a long way towards explaining the formation of the "norms" that Sommar seeks to trace out. Equally perplexing, Ilaria Ramelli's Social Justice and the Legitimacy of Slavery (Oxford University Press, 2017) is entirely absent from this book, even though Ramelli's work dissects texts from ancient Judaism to late antiquity—including several of Gregory's—and investigates specifically early Christian authors' own...

Je li Zakonom o cestama 2011. godine (ipak) provedeno faktično izvlaštenje vlasnika nerazvrstanih cesta?

Kada je, 2011., stupio na snagu Zakon o cestama, njegovim je odredbama propisano da nerazvrstane ceste postaju javno dobro u općoj upotrebi u neotuđivom vlasništvu jedinica lokalne samouprave na čijem se području nalaze. Pojavilo se pitanje je li tim zakonom provedeno faktično izvlaštenje zemljišnoknjižnih vlasnika nekretnina od kojih se u naravi sastoji nerazvrstana cesta. Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske u odluci u postupku u povodu ocjene sukladnosti Zakona o cestama s Ustavom Republike Hrvatske zauzeo je stajalište da su njegove sporne odredbe (kojima se uspostavlja vlasništvo jedinica lokalne samouprave nad nerazvrstanim cestama) isključivo pravnotehničkog karaktera i da njima nije uspostavljeno vlasništvo nad nerazvrstanim cestama. To je pravno pitanje uvelike bitno i za (bivše) vlasnike (i) u kontekstu utvrđivanja je li protekao zastarni rok za potraživanje naknade za eventualno provedeno faktično izvlaštenje. Autor u radu kritički analizira odluku Ustavnog suda i smatra da je pogrešna. Pritom utvrđuje da je Zakonom o cestama uspostavljeno vlasništvo nad nerazvrstanim cestama i da sporne odredbe nisu bile samo „pravno-tehničkog“ karaktera. Stoga zaključuje da je Zakonom o cestama provedeno faktično izvlaštenje i da se njegovo stupanje na snagu treba promatrati kao trenutak od kada je počela teći zastara za potraživanje naknade za njime provedeno izvlaštenje.

LEGITIMATION PROBLEMS OF PUBLIC GOVERNMENT IN MODERN RUSSIA

The problem of the effectiveness and efficiency of public authority is the subject of research in various sciences, including the legal one. In particular, from the standpoint of the domestic science of constitutional law, it is of interest to study the foundations of the organization and functioning of public authorities and management at various levels in a given period of time to develop recommendations aimed at improving the activities of government bodies. The 2020 constitutional and legal reform introduced significant adjustments to the organization and activities of not only the highest bodies of state power. Strengthened the interaction of public authorities and local self-government, which together form a single system of public authority and carry out interaction in order to most effectively solve problems in the interests of the population. Despite the ambiguity of the category “public power”, one of its properties is the activities legitimacy of the bodies that exercise it. In this regard, at present, there are a number of problematic aspects related to the procedure for the formation (formation) of higher bodies of state power and local self-government and the degree of participation of citizens in it (for example, citizens do not participate in the direct formation of the Federation Council, heads of municipalities are not elected by the population). Until now, the science of constitutional law continues to discuss the legal content of the concept of “people”, which is one of the key issues in the process of legitimizing public authority. In the article, the author proposes to find out the difference between the legal understanding of the people as a “source of power” and as a “bearer of sovereignty.” Considering public power, the author reveals such an inalienable property of it as legitimacy. Analyzing the problems of public administration in the Russian Federation, the author proposes a number of measures aimed at improving the legislation.

The Force of Symbolic Power

Abstract Most contemporary theorization and critique of sovereignty begins from the assumption of effective violence as the hard kernel of modern sovereignty. In this afterword, Hansen reflects on how the histories of provisional, overlapping, and divisible sovereignty in South Asia and elsewhere described in the special section “Rethinking Sovereignty” afford us a more differentiated view of the symbolic force of sovereignty—as a promise and a claim to inalienable property.

To the Question of Giffen's Parafox

The article is devoted to the construction and analysis of the simplest mathematical model illustrating the Giffen’s effect and the reasons and conditions for its manifestation. We analyse erroneous, but widely spread, ideas about Giffen’s goods as a good, the demand for which grows due to its relative cheapening against the rising prices for all consumed goods. Under the model it is shown that any good can be both valuable and of little value, at least if it has a more expensive substitute. This property is not an intrinsic and inalienable property of one or another good. The certain property is given to any good by a specific consumer due to its personal preferences and under the influence of existing prices. Inferior good, including such, the consumption of which is available only to an individual with a high level of income, may turn out to be a product of Giffen. Therefore, the consumption of Giffen goods cannot be considered as evidence of a low standard of living for the consumer. Because of the solution of the standard task on the consumer choice, it is shown that the increase in demand for an inferior good when its price is growing, which is the essence of the Giffen paradox, is the result of optim. It is shown that for the manifestation of the Giffen effect it is necessary that the amount of funds allocated by the consumer for acquiring low value good and its more expensive substitute gets into a certain rather narrow range of values.

Laziness and the Cunning of Nature: Kant on Boredom

The paper argues that boredom is a modern phenomenon and should be considered as the inalienable property or proprium of the modern lonely, universal, and tragic subject. As a token of radical inconstancy, imperfection, and fortuitousness, boredom, then, underlies our entire existence. In his Anthropology, Kant undertakes an original attempt to rethink boredom as our propensity toward laziness, that is, the avoidance of tiresome and tedious activity, and thus toward rest. And yet, since absolute rest is tantamount to death, which causes aversion and fear, nature has put an opposite tendency in us, a kind of suffering and pain that becomes the incentive to life-saving activity. Boredom, therefore, has to be considered a painful gift of nature that allows us both to live on and live productively. In this respect, boredom is not only inevitable but also indispensable for our well-being, which, however, is understood from a perspective of the modern autonomous subject.

Эволюция нравственности в истории человека и культуры

В статье рассматривается возникновение феномена нравственности и его эволюция в истории человечества и его культуры. Авторы представляют нравственность как универсальное определение человека, его неотъемле­мое свойство и всеобщее условие его бытия. Люди не могут существовать без человеческого отношения друг к другу, без нравственности, и именно в этой связи И. Кант утверждал автономность морали. Подобно мышлению, языку, сознанию, труду, в неразрывной связи с ними и с обществом в целом нравственность с необходимостью возникает на самых ранних ступенях развития человеческого общества. Она развивается вместе с развитием че­ловека, человеческой культуры, всех общественных отношений и в своем развитии отражает качественные изменения общества. Возникшие на заре истории человечества нравственные категории наполняются новым содер­жанием, обретают новый смысл, возникают новые категории, а старые ухо­дят в прошлое. Обращаясь к примерам из древнегреческой мифологии, а за­тем из разных исторических периодов, авторы показывают, как в ходе истории менялись представления людей о нравственности и о человеке во­обще, как эти изменения происходили параллельно изменениям в структуре общественных отношений. Опираясь на воззрения древних мыслителей – Сократа, Платона и Аристотеля, а затем на воззрения Канта, Монтескьё, Маркса, Фуко, – авторы исследуют формирование нравственных категорий в зависимости от понимания человеком его места в мире и в обществе и та­ким образом приходят к общим определениям, которые они анализируют на историческом материале, и, наконец, приходят к выводу, что общество, в котором снижен авторитет нравственных ценностей, размыты нравствен­ные ориентиры, существовать не может.

Knowledge as Property Rights Under the Ratchet Effect of Innovation

Abstract This paper studies how reduced oversight creates an incentive for process innovation. With incomplete contracts, tight monitoring of workers creates a ratchet effect of innovation. Under reduced oversight, a worker accrues private knowledge about his innovation, which serves as a substitute for its inalienable property rights. The resulting asymmetric information generates an information rent for the worker, which feeds back as an innovation incentive ex ante. A weak early production incentive is required to complement it. Innovations are generally underutilized ex post, and mildly successful innovations are not distinguished from failed innovation attempts.

Squatters make history in New York:

ABSTRACTAs illegal squatters became cooperative homeowners on New York City's Lower East Side, they strategically used the logic and law of property to turn their homes into commodities. But they did so within limits: individuals can sell their apartments at fixed prices yet also collectively maintain the buildings as low‐income housing, valuing their homes as both a source of individual sustenance and an inalienable resource that ties generations together. As in many indigenous land claims cases, changing property relations produced new forms of personhood and collective peoplehood. How people form collectives to make claims on space shapes who can participate in urban processes. Squatters used history making to constitute themselves as a legitimate group that could claim urban space and steward collectively owned inalienable property. [homeownership, inalienable property, squatting, land claims, production of history, New York City]

REORGANIZATION OF THE CONTENT OF LOGOPEDICAL WORK WITH LADIES IN GLOBALIZATION PROCESS CONDITIONS

In the article, the author examines the influence of modern integration and globalization processes on the reformation of educational space and reorientation of the content of speech therapy work with adolescents. The main requirements for the development of a teenager in the conditions of the New Ukrainian School are highlighted. The necessity of reorientation and deepening of the content of speech therapy work with adolescents is substantiated. The necessity of inclusion in the correction system of overcoming of speech defects is proved. These defects arise in the way of formation of "linguistic identity".The article reveals the meaning of the concept "Speech personality". The author proves the necessity of developing the language competence as a necessary component. It is in speech activity that speech becomes an inalienable property of a person, its component. Without speech, we cannot imagine the development of the individual as a whole and a teenager with speech disorders, including.The author emphasizes the necessity of forming the language competency of the students. Language competence, in turn, is the basis for the formation of a later speech personality, capable of freely functioning in the modern information society. Certainly, these circumstances require an increase in the time for the formation of language and linguistic competence both in the organization of the educational process and in the process of correction and restoration of work. Because, on the one hand, it predetermines personal development, and on the other - the level of development of the younger generation and society as a whole.

Commonwealth, inalienable possessions, and the res publica: The anthropology of aristocratic order and the landed estate

ABSTRACTAnnette Weiner used the term ‘inalienable possessions’ to describe a category of property of fundamental importance in Oceania, and in Europe, from Roman times until the eighteenth century. The archetypal form of this inalienable wealth is the landed estate – the ‘immovable property’ of Romano-Germanic law. This type of wealth, inherently political and carrying functions we associate with the state, has been historically produced by aristocratic social orders. I argue that classical anthropology missed the opportunity to explore aristocracy as a comparative analytical category. A re-examination of classic ethnographies reveals the importance of both aristocracy and this inalienable power-wealth, even in iconic accounts of ‘egalitarian society’ such as Evans-Pritchard’s study of the Nuer. Further consideration of inalienable property shows it to be central to the early-modern state (Commonwealth) just as it was to the Roman republic (Res Publica), and suggests the possibility of a productive new comparative frame of analysis.

О. МАКАРУШКА ПРО ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЗАРУБІЖНОГО ДОСВІДУ В ОСВІТНІХ ІНСТИТУЦІЯХ ГАЛИЧИНИ

The article reveals the views of O. Makarushka on the use of the experience of foreign countries in various educational institutions of Galicia. The characteristic feature of the Froebel system is highlighted – the joint work of adults and children, where educators encourage children, accustomed to work, help to overcome difficulties. The pedagogical effect is obvious: in the course of joint activity, such features as responsibility, independence, observation, hard work, responsibility are formed.It is proved that O. Makarushka advised to use the different methods of teaching, namely the selection of interesting questions that lead to discussion. In American pedagogy, the role of work of students was identified, during which children help each other. The actual views of J. Dewey, who at the school introduced a series of practical classes, the individual stages of which reflected the historical claims and inventions of the whole of mankind. Knowledge gained in the course of practical activity became their inalienable property. Education does not only play a theoretical role, but also influences the development of practical skills, forms the social and political activity of students. When working together, students help each other, learn about the ability to forgive, and establish the friendly relations.A comparative analysis of foreign experience, its discussion with Ukrainian teachers is carried out. O. Makarushka pays special attention to the selection of lecturers in the national universities in Denmark, the charity work of women in Germany, on the peculiarities of folk education in foreign schools, answers the question: what should be education: universal or folk. The expediency of studying the Latin language, one foreign (German) language at school, is found out.The emphasis is placed on the study, analysis, popularization of the reformist ideas of foreign teachers among Ukrainian teachers, critical reflection, abstraction of individual ideas and their implementation into different types of educational institutions in Galicia.

Reading Children: Literacy, Property, and the Dilemmas of Childhood in Nineteenth-Century America by Patricia Crain

Reviewed by: Reading Children: Literacy, Property, and the Dilemmas of Childhood in Nineteenth-Century America by Patricia Crain Shawna McDermott Reading Children: Literacy, Property, and the Dilemmas of Childhood in Nineteenth-Century America, by Patricia Crain. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. Reading Children: Literacy, Property, and the Dilemmas of Childhood in Nineteenth-Century America weaves its analysis around a dizzying scope of archival materials, including the four-hundred-year repertoire of the ballad "Babes in the Wood"; letters written by nineteenth-century Cherokee students; paper dolls; children's marginal notes in their beloved books; tales of children bought, sold, and kidnapped; and bedtime stories, among many other artifacts. Crain joins together these seemingly disparate texts with a simple question: what has been the relationship between childhood and reading in the American past? The answer unfolds through investigation of sites of reading along the "long and complex modern history" of American childhood during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (1), revealing that though the image of a child immersed in her book is a common and beloved icon in American culture, this nostalgic idea of childhood reading comes from a long history of reading practices that tie irrevocably together the child, her book, and concepts of self-ownership, property, imaginative self-loss, and commercial worth. Crain's first chapter and introduction juxtapose two very different pictures of child reading: The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes (1765), about the eponymous girl whose rise to literacy restores her lost fortune, and Jessie Willcox Smith's illustration for "Picture Books in Winter," which features the familiar image of a child on a window seat imaginatively lost in a book. The contrast between these two pieces reflects differing conceptions of child literacy, which respectively present a child who uses literacy as a route to self-possession and a child who loses herself in the act of reading. Reading Children is the story of these contrasts, of how ties between childhood and reading shift from a route to self-possession in the antebellum era to a pleasurable "self-loss or self-forgetting or a self-dispossession" at the turn of the twentieth century (7; original emphasis). The shift is a subtle one that Crain elucidates through deft close reading of her expansive archive. This exploration then begins with an analysis of two texts that persist in American culture through a series of retellings and adaptations: The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes and the transatlantic ballad "Babes in [End Page 207] the Wood." Crain argues that Goody Two-Shoes' literary self-possession demonstrates that literacy in the antebellum era became a kind of "inalienable property" that extended even "to the smallest orphan girl," should she learn to read, implying a "Lockean self-possession for children across ranks and classes" (37, 6). Versions of "Babes in the Wood" produced between the 1830s and '40s likewise "underscore[d] a futurity that relies not on inherited family property but on the internal property of literacy" (52). While these stories of literarily self-possessed children work as a kind of cultural starting point, Crain traces the "afterlives" of both tales in later retellings to show how the connections between childhood and reading shift and change with time (38). Crain demonstrates that as Goody's story is retold throughout the nineteenth century, Goody "becom[es] a meme and a brand, evacuated of her political and narrative complexity" so that "[t]he narrative that promoted alphabetic literacy as a form of internalized property … soon lost its urgency, becoming a souvenir of a fairy-tale past" (38). Crain further examines changes to this literarily self-possessed child in her third chapter, in which she shows how Joseph Lancaster's model of education, popular in early- to mid-nineteenth-century America, promised not self-ownership and financial independence to "at risk" children who participated in his brand of schooling, but instead "wholesale acculturation and social control at discount prices" (60, 65). Studying Lancasterian schooling methods, processes of renaming Cherokee children who took part in these systems of education, and letters by renamed Cherokee girls, "Colonizing Childhood, Placing Cherokee Children" is the chapter upon which the book turns. Crain looks to these materials to...

Knowledge as Property Rights under the Ratchet Effect of Innovation

This paper studies how reduced oversight creates an incentive for process innovation. With incomplete contracts, tight monitoring of workers creates a ratchet effect of innovation. Under reduced oversight, a worker accrues private knowledge about his innovation, which serves as a substitute for its inalienable property rights. The resulting asymmetric information generates an information rent for the worker, which feeds back as an innovation incentive ex-ante. A weak early production incentive is required to complement it. Innovations are generally underutilized ex-post, and mildly successful innovations are not distinguished from failed innovation attempts.

With the knowledge to the world of ecological development: Case of the 'Trepca' company, Kosovska Mitrovica

The modern era, in which humanity has encountered, is characterized by the numerous events, global economy, new world market, global ecological crisis, and permanent changes in all segments of business: in science, technique, technology, organization, management, etc., where the central place belongs to a key resource, that is the to human resources from which everything starts and everything depends. Today, it is necessary to have the high quality human resources that can ensure the effective realization of business and environmental policy objectives and are adequately related to the rapid technological changes that are increasingly turbulent and the changes in ownership transformation in which the Serbian society is still. Through the economic activity, the globalization of the world society more and more finds its foothold in all other spheres of life and work of modern man. As one planetary process it brings numerous criteria, standards and rules in all spheres of which the great emphasis is on the protection of the working and living environment as an inalienable property of humans, related to the life, health biological and spiritual integrity, survival and development. Today, there are many efforts in the world in order to make ecological problems crucial in the international and national legislation of every single country, and become the social responsibility of every enterprise, educational system and moral code of every individual. The Serbian society has encountered the ecological disaster caused by the war events in this area, as well as the other ecological problems caused by numerous industries. The region of Kosovo and Metohija with accent on the Kosovska Mitrovica area is concerned with numerous industrial waste materials resulted from various processes in the 'Trepca' company. These materials, by their structure and method of disposal in the landfills, cause a great ecological problems and threats to the life and health of people, which will also be discussed in this paper.