Inadequate Water Intake Research Articles

Water intake of nursing home residents.

This study describes the adequacy of water intake among nursing home residents and identifies variables associated with the adequacy of water intake. Ninety-nine nursing home residents were observed for two 24-hour periods to record food and fluid ingested, ingestion behaviors, and function. Mean water intake (based on food and fluid) was 1,968 mL per day, ranging from 597 mL to 2,988 mL. Only eight subjects met their standard water requirement of 1,600 mL/m2 body surface area. Subjects with inadequate water intake were older, more independent, had few ingestion sessions per day, had intact speech, were semidependent with eating, did not drool, and had inadequate nutrient intake.

Dehydration During Exercise

The belief that dehydration poses significant health risks for endurance athletes, especially marathon and ultramarathon runners, stems from the classical 1969 study of Wyndham and Strydom entitled "The Danger of an Inadequate Water Intake During Marathon Running." The subsequent influence of the paper relates more to its incorrect title than to its scientific content. For the authors did not study nor did they identify any dangers resulting from an inadequate water intake during marathon running. In fact, the most dehydrated runners in their studies were also the most successful, as they won the competitive races that were studied. The positive result of the study was to influence international rule changes to allow increased fluid intake during competitive running races. The less desirable effect was to induce a dogmatic zeal among sports medicine practitioners who began to extol the dangers of dehydration during exercise. The (il)logic spurring this zeal seems to have been the conclusion that progressive dehydration during exercise will cause heatstroke, which is the most important cause of collapse during exercise. Hence, (i) heatstroke during running can only be avoided if dehydration is prevented, and (ii) all persons who collapse in association with exercise will have a heat disorder, which must be treated with intravenous fluid therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Reversible Vasopressin Deficiency in Severe Hypernatremia

Studies to assess the relationship between plasma arginine vasopressin concentration (Pavp) and plasma osmolality (Posm) were performed on an elderly patient with dementia who developed severe hypernatremia due to inadequate water intake following a debilitating hip fracture. Serum sodium concentrations were 174 and 196 mEq/L on two consecutive hospital admissions. During the second of these admissions, sequential measurements of Pavp and Posm were obtained as hypernatremia was gradually corrected. Pavp during this period was correlated with Posm (r = 0.887, P < 0.01), but was low despite the presence of hyperosmolality and volume depletion. Pavp decreased from 0.56 microU/mL to 0.18 microU/mL as Posm decreased from 396 to 338 mOsm/kg H2O. The regression line of this relationship intercepted the abscissa at 320 mOsm/kg H2O. Hypertonic sodium chloride infusion to reassess this relationship 2 days following the correction of hypernatremia increased Pavp only to 0.67 microU/mL while increasing Posm from 297 to 316 mOsm/kg H2O. Nevertheless, Pavp and Posm were significantly correlated (r = 0.937, P < 0.001). The slope of the regression line was 0.031, and Posm at the abscissal intercept was 292 mOsm/kg H2O. A similar increase in Posm from 290 to 310 mOsm/kg H2O during hypertonic sodium chloride infusion 11 days following the correction of hypernatremia increased Pavp to 1.95 microU/mL (r = 0.786, P < 0.05). The magnitude of the increase in Pavp at this time was equivalent to that previously observed in studies of normal subjects. The slope (0.048) and abscissal intercept (280 mOsm/kg H2O) of linear regression were also consistent with observations in studies of normal subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of water additives on water consumption, urine output and urine mineral levels in angora goats

Urolithiasis is the formation of stones (or calculi) within the urinary system. Such ‘stones’ may result in urethral or ureteral obstruction. Most uroliths found in goats are composed of magnesium ammonium phospate or calcium magnesium phosphate and, while the chemistry of urolith formation is not fully understood, high concentrate diets, inadequate water intake and alkaline urine are all thought to be conducive to their development. Urolithiasis is normally only a problem in castrate males and Angora goats appear to be particularly susceptible.It has been reported (Bell, 1959) that goats are sensitive to ‘sweet’ and ‘sour’ tastes and that their consumption of flavoured water is higher than that of plain water. This trial investigated the effects of water additives on water consumption, and on urine production and composition, to determine whether such additives might offer a means of reducing some of the factors predisposing towards urolithiasis.

The danger of an inadequate water intake during prolonged exercise. A novel concept re-visited.

To prevent thermal injuries during distance running, the American College of Sports Medicine proposes that between 0.83 and 1.65 l of water should be ingested each hour during prolonged exercise. Yet such high rates of fluid intake have been reported to cause water intoxication. To establish the freely-chosen rates of fluid intake during prolonged competitive exercise, we measured fluid intake during, body weight before and after, and rectal temperature after competition in a total of 102 runners and 91 canoeists competing in events lasting from 170-340 min. Fluid intakes during competition ranged from 0.29-0.62 l.h-1; rates of water loss ranged from 0.69-1.27 l.h-1 in the runners; values were lower in the canoeists. Mean post-race rectal temperatures ranged from 38.0-39.0 degrees C. There was no relationship between the degree of dehydration and post-race rectal temperature. We conclude that hyperthermia is uncommon in prolonged competitive events held in mild environmental conditions, and that exercise intensity, not the level of dehydration, is probably the most important factor determining the postexercise rectal temperature. During prolonged exercise in mild environmental conditions, a fluid intake of 0.5 l.h-1 will prevent significant dehydration in the majority of athletes.

Enzyme blood levels and water balance during a marathon race.

Enzyme blood levels and water balance during a marathon race.

Hemorrhagic encephalopathy induced by hypernatremia. I. Clinical, laboratory, and pathological observations.

Hyperosmolarity is characterized by an increase in the solute concentration of body fluids brought about by loss of water, inadequate water intake, or administration of large amounts of hypertonic solutions. When the osmolar concentration of the extracellular fluid is increased, transfer of water from cells to extracellular fluid exceeds that in the opposite direction. Net water movement is thus out of the cells, with resultant dilution of extracellular fluid and concentration of the fluid within cells themselves. If the solute which increases the extracellular fluid osmolarity is one which is in the main excluded from intracellular fluid, such as sodium and chloride ions, this disturbance in water distribution cannot be mitigated by movement of solute into cells. Hence, the ultimate effect of hypernatremia is dehydration of cells. This physicochemical disorder is most frequently encountered in infants and children with severe diarrhea and vomiting, but it also occurs in adults. Schmidt,

Effects of Chronic Insufficiency of Drinking Water in White Mice

Previous dehydration studies have emphasized almost exclusively acute dehydration in white rats or larger laboratory mammals. There is little information on rodents smaller than rats, or on the effects of chronic dehydration on any sized mammal. In order to study dehydration uncomplicated by other changes, such as starvation, it may be necessary to cause water loss quickly— by forced diuresis (see Brokaw, 1949) or forced extrarenal loss by exposure to heat (Adolph, 1947). But, as pointed out by Brokaw, an animal's response to and toleration of a rapidly developing dehydration may be quite different from that of a slowly occurring water loss. There are fairly numerous reports of casual, limited observations of the general effects of water deficiency on small wild rodents (see review by Schmidt-Nielsen, 1952), but there have been few serious studies. The latter include studies of survival time on reduced water rations (Lindeborg, 1952), measurement of energy metabolism and water exchanges on extremely reduced water intakes (Chew, 1951), and measurement of water balance and kidney function in rodents on air-dry diets (Schmidt-Nielsen, 1952). Changes in the blood and in the water compartments of mice on restricted water intakes is an unexplored field. The physiological effects of inadequate water intake or excessive water loss are varied: starvation (Adolph, 1947; Brokaw, 1949), reduction in blood volume, with edema (Dicker, 1949) or without edema (Adolph, 1947), failure of renal responsiveness to water load (Dicker, 1949), concentration of body fluids (Black et al. , 1944), and cell dehydration (Winkler et al. , 1944). Death that may occur during dehydration has been attributed to circulatory collapse (Adolph, 1947; Brokaw, 1949) and cell dehydration (Black et al. , 1944; and others), but not to starvation, although starvation has been mentioned as a complication. The object of the present study has …

ACID-BASE METABOLISM

In 1906, Meyer1observed a rise of temperature in infants following the feeding of casein of human milk added to whey of cow's milk. This observation stimulated further study of the factors inducing fever in infants, when a variety of substances was given either enterally or parenterally. Finkelstein2concluded that the fever which accompanied certain cases of severe diarrhea (alimentary intoxication) was not the result of infection but was due to the sugar present in the feeding, since frequently after the withdrawal of lactose from the food, the temperature became normal. Further observations, particularly those of Moro,3pointed to the fact that salts and protein, especially the latter, were of even greater importance than sugar in the production of fever. Later, the pyrogenic effect of an inadequate water intake was appreciated. Marriott4emphasized the great importance of the water deficit in the pathogenesis of alimentary intoxication