Inadequate Translation Research Articles

Learning Domain Specific Sub-layer Latent Variable for Multi-Domain Adaptation Neural Machine Translation

Domain adaptation proves to be an effective solution for addressing inadequate translation performance within specific domains. However, the straightforward approach of mixing data from multiple domains to obtain the multi-domain neural machine translation (NMT) model can give rise to the parameter interference between domains problem, resulting in a degradation of overall performance. To address this, we introduce a multi-domain adaptive NMT method aimed at learning domain specific sub-layer latent variable and employ the Gumbel-Softmax reparameterization technique to concurrently train both model parameters and domain specific sub-layer latent variable. This approach facilitates the learning of private domain-specific knowledge while sharing common domain-invariant knowledge, effectively mitigating the parameter interference problem. The experimental results show that our proposed method significantly improved by up to 7.68 and 3.71 BLEU compared with the baseline model in English-German and Chinese-English public multi-domain datasets, respectively.

A reverse translational study of PPAR-α agonist efficacy in human and rodent models relevant to alcohol use disorder

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder affecting an estimated 283 million individuals worldwide, with substantial health and economic consequences. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), particularly PPAR-α and PPAR-γ, have shown promise in preclinical studies as potential therapeutic targets for AUD. In this human laboratory study, we aimed to translate preclinical findings on the PPAR-α agonist fenofibrate to a human population with current AUD. We hypothesized that, relative to placebo, fenofibrate at the highest FDA-approved dose of 145 mg/d would attenuate responsiveness to in vivo alcohol cues in the lab and reduce drinking under natural conditions. However, the results did not show significant differences in craving and alcohol consumption between the fenofibrate and placebo groups. Reverse translational studies in rodent models confirmed the lack of fenofibrate effect at human-equivalent doses. These findings suggest that inadequate translation of drug dose from rodents to humans may account for the lack of fenofibrate effects on alcohol craving and consumption in humans with AUD. The results highlight the need for new brain-penetrant PPAR-α agonists to adequately test the therapeutic potential of PPAR-α agonists for AUD, and the importance of reverse translational approaches and selection of human-equivalent doses in drug development.

Supporting People With Musculoskeletal Conditions From Underserved Communities in the United Kingdom to Engage With Physical Activity: A Realist Synthesis and Q-Methodology Study.

In the United Kingdom, 20 million individuals suffer from a musculoskeletal condition, for which physical activity (PA) is a core treatment. Minority ethnic communities experience a disproportionate impact, experiencing higher levels of pain and engaging in less PA. Research has identified various factors that affect their participation in PA, including lack of access to support, limited knowledge of resources, language barriers, fear of racial harassment while exercising, and insufficient communication/information from healthcare professionals. This project adopted a realist perspective, aiming to understand "what works, in which circumstances, and for whom?" The project had 4 steps: (1) defining review scope with stakeholders; (2) searching and extracting literature, creation of initial program theories; (3) refining/validating initial program theories with stakeholders; and (4) adopting Q-methodology to highlight priority areas. 17 papers were included. Three program theories were identified: (1) Lack of initial access to health service support; (2) Nature of musculoskeletal self-management support-the importance of the therapeutic relationship and value of shared conversations; and (3) Accessible long-term support for PA engagement. The Q-sort exercise highlighted priority areas: (1) complex booking procedures and inadequate translation services, (2) time constraints impact effective patient-centered care, (3) dismissive attitudes/mismatched expectations impact shared decision making, (4) rebuilding trust to strengthen therapeutic relationships, (5) cultural relevance in developing therapeutic relationships, and (6) clinician recommended PA opportunities increase knowledge of PA. Our findings shed light on inequities across the UK's musculoskeletal pathways, specifically in relation to PA engagement. This points toward priority areas for future research and interventions.

Understanding the Challenges of Language Barriers in Healthcare

This study aims to explore the challenges posed by language barriers in healthcare settings, examining their impact on communication, patient safety, access to services, cultural understanding, and professional practices. The goal is to identify effective strategies for mitigating these barriers to improve healthcare delivery and outcomes for patients with limited language proficiency. This qualitative research employed semi-structured interviews to gather in-depth insights from 27 participants, including healthcare professionals and patients from diverse linguistic backgrounds. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using NVivo software, following a thematic analysis approach. Key themes and subthemes were identified to understand the multifaceted challenges of language barriers in healthcare. Thematic analysis revealed five primary themes: communication issues, patient safety concerns, access to services, cultural barriers, and professional challenges. Language barriers led to frequent misunderstandings, incorrect diagnoses, and treatment errors. Patient safety was compromised due to medication errors and delayed treatments. Access to services was hindered by limited availability of interpreters and inadequate translation services. Cultural misunderstandings and trust issues further complicated healthcare interactions. Healthcare professionals faced stress and burnout due to inadequate training and resource constraints. These findings align with existing literature, emphasizing the pervasive impact of language barriers on healthcare delivery. Language barriers significantly affect healthcare quality and patient outcomes, necessitating comprehensive strategies to address these challenges. Effective interventions include investing in professional interpreter services, training healthcare providers in cultural competence, establishing clear institutional policies, and leveraging technology to improve communication. By implementing these strategies, healthcare systems can enhance patient safety, satisfaction, and access to care, ensuring equitable healthcare for patients with limited language proficiency.

CULTURAL-SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF LEGAL TEXTS TRANSLATION

Objective. The objective of the article is to investigate culturally specific problems of legal texts translating from German into Ukrainian and vice versa. Methods. Solving the set tasks is carried out using such methods as analysis and generalization of scientific literature on the problems of translation studies; system analysis, and the continuous sampling technique was used to collect language facts. Results. The problem of translating terminology is one of the main problems of legal texts translating. The main difficulty lies in the ambiguity of German legal terms. Another difficulty is related to the fact that different countries have unequal characteristics in the same spheres of life, and, accordingly, inevitably differ in the sphere of law. This concerns, first of all, the differences between the legal systems of Ukraine and Germany. Therefore, during translation, attention should be paid to the fact that certain facts do not always find an equivalent in another language, because they do not exist in this form. Similarly, the same terms in two languages do not always have the same meaning or scope. Also because in so-called specialized texts, due to their subject matter and frequent linguistic and formal standardization, the influence of cultural features is less than in literary or advertising texts. Therefore, in order to carry out a correct translation of a legal text from German into Ukrainian, it is necessary to take into account the cultural and specific features of both countries, to have knowledge of linguistic and regional studies, history, as well as to possess professional and branch knowledge. Because insufficient knowledge of the history of the people, its culture, customs, social order, features of political life can lead to an inadequate translation. On the other hand, the translation of specialized legal texts should not focus exclusively on linguistic aspects, otherwise a "functionally adequate" translation will not be achieved.

The Role of Translation in Promoting Tourism in Benin

This study, entitled "The role of translation in promoting tourism in Benin", addresses the problem of ineffective communication and inadequate translation in Benin's tourism sector. In order to fill this gap, three objectives have been set, namely (1) to analyse the link between translation and tourism in Benin, (2) to identify the constraints linked to the practice of tourism-related translation, and (3) to propose concrete solutions for improving communication and translation in the tourism sector. To carry out this study, an exploratory research methodology that combines qualitative and quantitative approaches was used. Data were collected from translators specializing in tourism in Benin, using a questionnaire administered via Google Forms. The data were processed and analysed using IBM SPSS 21 software. According to the results, translation is of great importance in tourism in Benin as it plays a crucial role in facilitating communication between tourists and local stakeholders, providing clear information about tourist attractions and promoting cultural exchange. However, the lack of qualified translators in common tourist languages, low awareness of the importance of translation in the tourism sector, and problems with the coordination and quality of translations in tourism documents and services are constraints on the practice of tourism-related translation. To overcome these constraints, it is recommended to train translators specialising in tourism, to raise awareness of the importance of translation in the tourism sector, to encourage collaboration between tourism stakeholders and translators, and to use advanced translation technologies. These solutions could help improve the overall tourism experience in Benin.

Interpreting Swearwords in Police Interviews and Perceived Offensiveness of Insults in the UK and Spain

Abstract Despite how damaging the consequences of an inadequate translation of swearwords might be, little attention has been paid to insults, in both academic research and interpreting training. The mistranslation of an insult can affect how the police officer perceives the severity of the punishable offence and makes a judgment about what kind of action is appropriate. This study includes two experiments. First, an interpreting experiment was carried out with English–Spanish interpreting students (N = 36), including the translation of 30 insults in three different contexts. The second task aimed to find how each of the insults was comparable across both languages, according to native speakers’ perceptions. We elicited native speakers’ ratings for offensiveness of each of these lexical items (British N = 204 and Spanish N = 178). The results show variation in the degree of offensiveness by Spanish and British English speakers. We argue that learning insults needs to become part of interpreting training in legal contexts. This study aims to contribute to this interdisciplinary area, with one of the practical goals being the application of our results in professional training.

Subtitling sensitive Arabic language for English audiences: A case study of Netflix’s Jinn and Al-Rawabi shows

The current study investigates the subtitling strategies of sensitive language in Netflix’s Jinn and Al-Rawabi shows from Arabic into English. A corpus of Arabic sex-related expressions from the two shows subtitled into English are extracted. The typology of the sex-related examples is classified into four groups, namely verbal innuendo, clothing revealment, slang and vulgar words, and body part-related references. The study findings show that direct translation and cultural substitution are the most commonly adopted subtitling strategies in the shows. The findings also reveal that the subtitlers’use of generalization and omission may produce inadequate translation, loss of meaning, and ambiguity which can result in audience dissatisfaction. In addition, subtitlers refer to more than one strategy when two sex-related terms appear in the same sentence. Further research is recommended to explore audience perception and satisfaction of the prevailing subtitling strategies under the Netflix no-censorship policy, with particular emphasis onsensitive language.

Recent advances in 3D bioprinted tumor models for personalized medicine

Cancerous tumors are among the most fatal diseases worldwide, claiming nearly 10 million lives in 2020. Due to their complex and dynamic nature, modeling tumors accurately is a challenging task. Current models suffer from inadequate translation between in vitro and in vivo results, primarily due to the isotropic nature of tumors and their microenvironment's relationship. To address these limitations, hydrogel-based 3D bioprinting is emerging as a promising approach to mimic cancer development and behavior. It provides precise control over individual elements' size and distribution within the cancer microenvironment and enables the use of patient-derived tumor cells, rather than commercial lines. Consequently, hydrogel bioprinting is expected to become a state-of-the-art technique for cancer research. This manuscript presents an overview of cancer statistics, current modeling methods, and their limitations. Additionally, we highlight the significance of bioprinting, its applications in cancer modeling, and the importance of hydrogel selection. We further explore the current state of creating models for the five deadliest cancers using 3D bioprinting. Finally, we discuss current trends and future perspectives on the clinical use of cancer modeling using hydrogel bioprinting.

Роль интралингвистических факторов в воссоздании стилистических эквивалентов в художественном переводе (на материале американской прозы)

The paper proposes viewing intralinguistic factors inherent in the source and target languages as strictly given organized systems, being effective means in recreating the original’s various stylistic peculiarities in its translated version and in attaining its stylistic equivalence. The detailed analysis of the factual material, represented in the form of parallel textual excerpts borrowed from an American satirical novel and its published translation incorporating stylistically marked lexical units, is carried out on the basis of their resemblance erroneously established by the translator, which proved to be far from the equivalent one. The analyzed examples of translational means and transformations aimed at stylistic adequacy are grouped according to intralinguistic units, as well as a specific stylistic instrument used in the original or in the translation such as combinatorial discrepancy, pun, alliteration, lexical repetition. Apart from purely stylistic aspects, the authors also consider accompanying semantic and specific national features of the original – either erroneously understood and therefore inadequately translated or absent in the translation. All this taken as a whole, and the distortion of the stylistic coloring of the original first and foremost, cast doubt on the plausibility of the described situations and the characters’ speech characteristics, inevitably resulting in inadequate translation. In the accompanying commentaries the unsuccessful variants are opposed by the authors’ own stylistic equivalents that could have been attained with the help of the translational means and transformations based, among others, on the intralinguistic factors, showing the capacity to solve translational tasks to successfully render the stylistic peculiarities of the original.

Assessment of Home-Based Care for Young Child (HBYC) Program in Aspirational Districts of Madhya Pradesh, India: A Cross-Sectional Study.

In 2018, Government of India initiated Home-Based Care for Young Child (HBYC) program having five quarterly structured home visits for children age 3 to 15 months to promote early childhood development. Assess knowledge and practices of Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHAs), other health functionaries, and mothers related to HBYC. Cross-sectional evaluation design with ASHAs, AWWs, ANMs, ASHA, and mothers of 3 to 15 month's children as participants. Knowledge and practices of 801 ASHAs, 200 other health functionaries, and 787 mothers were assessed on exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, hand washing, iron folic acid (IFA) and oral rehydration solution (ORS) supplementation, danger referral signs in eight aspirational districts of Madhya Pradesh. 88% ASHAs had correct knowledge on ORS, 85% on complementary feeding, 85% on adequacy of IFA, and 47% on danger signs which required child referral. Similarly, 85% of mothers had knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding, 40% mothers knew about complementary feeding, and only 18% knew correct ORS preparation. Statistically significant association was observed between ASHAs home visits and availability of ORS with mothers and their knowledge on correct Initiation of IFA (p < 0.001). Findings of study confirmed majority of health functionaries were aware about roles, responsibilities, and key tasks under HBYC. However, there observed a gap in knowledge transfer by health functionaries and thus inadequate translation of knowledge into practices among mothers on HBYC. This necessitates the need of appropriate actions from health system strengthening to capacity building to accelerate uptake of HBYC program.

PRIMARY CARE PROVIDER PERSPECTIVES ON LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION BARRIERS IN DEMENTIA DIAGNOSIS AND CARE

Abstract Dementia diagnosis and care relies on extensive communication between a doctor, patient, and oftentimes a family caregiver. Communication is important for recognizing when there is a cognitive concern, gaining an understanding of the patient’s history of cognitive decline, engaging in cognitive testing, and providing quality care post-diagnosis. We conducted a qualitative study of 35 primary care clinicians and primary care nurse practitioners working in safety net settings in California to understand facilitators and barriers to dementia diagnosis and care. Using thematic analysis, we identified similar themes to those that have been explored extensively related to language and communication in doctor-patient relationship. Topics ranging from challenges that emerge when there is language discordance, difficulties finding and using interpreters, and challenges related to communicating medical topics in a patient’s native language. Specifically related to dementia, we found that language challenges emerge due to inadequate translation or availability of cognitive testing and post-diagnostic resources in multiple languages. However, we also identified unique challenges related to communication, including hearing loss, communicating about trauma during the diagnostic history interview, navigating the logistics of care, including communicating with specialists, building trust and rapport when there is language discordance, and cultural miscommunication even when the spoken language is the same. These issues affect historically marginalized individuals and communities, especially when dementia and cognitive impairment are present. We suggest new approaches and policies to enhance communication and better ways of working with patients who are hard of hearing.

Досвід перекладу Передмови до «Критики чистого розуму» Імануеля Канта

The article provides a substantive philosophical, philological and translation­al analysis of each paragraph of the Preface to Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. It is revealed the conceptual character of the Preface’s formulations, which shows the logic of the movement of Kant’s thought in philosophy. In particular, the complexity of the problems of Kant’s philosophical research and the unity of his phil­osophical position, which can be traced in various works of Kant, are visualized. In this light, the Preface acts both as a certain summary and as a general direction for Kant’s subsequent philosophical developments. Pitfalls of possible misunderstand­ing and, accordingly, inadequate translation of individual provisions set forth in the Preface have been identified. The translation of the Preface must take into account Kant’s respect for metaphysics, which the German thinker seeks not so much to sur­pass as to improve. Kant’s metaphysics appears not as a frozen doctrine, but as a path of reason, his creative search for answers to the last/first questions of philoso­phy. This search for reason has been ongoing throughout the history of philosophy and will obviously not be completed by the philosophy of Kant, as he himself was well aware. Criticism of skepticism appears in this light not as a denial of metaphysics as such, but as an identification of weaknesses in one or another historical version of metaphysics. In addition, the study of metaphysics is a matter of discourse – a com­petition of judgments of different thinkers. Metaphysics concerns not only and not so much the reason of a person, but the person himself as the bearer of the reason. At the same time, Kant emphasizes the self-sufficiency of the reason (with all the men­tioned multiple ways of it) as a means of achieving the completeness of metaphysics. This article is an accompaniment to the new Ukrainian translation of the Preface, which is presented below in the same issue of “Philosophy of Education”. The author previously presented these theses for public discussion, but here they received their first academic edition.

Invited perspectives: Views of 350 natural hazard community members on key challenges in natural hazards research and the Sustainable Development Goals

Abstract. In this paper, we present the results of an NHESS (Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences) 20th anniversary survey, in which 350 natural hazard community members responded to two questions: (Q1) “what are the top three scientific challenges you believe are currently facing our understanding of natural hazards” and (Q2) “what three broad step changes should or could be done by the natural hazard community to address natural hazards in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals”? We have analysed the data quantitatively and qualitatively. According to the 350 respondents, the most significant challenges (Q1) are the following (within brackets % of 350 respondents who identified a given theme): (i) shortcomings in the knowledge of risk and risk components (64 %), (ii) deficiencies of hazard and risk reduction approaches (37 %), (iii) influence of global change, especially climate change (35 %), (iv) integration of social factors (18%), (v) inadequate translation of science to policy and practice (17 %), and (vi) lack of interdisciplinary approaches (6 %). In order for the natural hazard community to support the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (Q2), respondents called for (i) enhanced stakeholder engagement, communication and knowledge transfer (39 %), (ii) increased management and reduction of disaster risks (34 %), (iii) enhanced interdisciplinary research and its translation to policy and practice (29 %), (iv) a better understanding of natural hazards (23 %), (v) better data, enhanced access to data and data sharing (9 %), and (vi) increased attention to developing countries (6 %). We note that while the most common knowledge gaps are felt to be around components of knowledge about risk drivers, the step changes that the community felt were necessary related more to issues of wider stakeholder engagement, increased risk management and interdisciplinary working.

Linguistic and translational analysis of errors in translations of Mark Twain’s novel “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”

Today, there is a growing number of works of art in the world that are published and translated into various languages of the world. In this regard, the question of the correctness of the work translated by various translators and the creation of a system for determining the degree of adequacy of the translation in relation to the original text is acute. The article deals with various types of mistakes made by Russian translators when translating Mark Twain’s novel “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”. The article aims to make a comparative analysis of 9 translations and the original text in order to determine the main types of errors made by translators and to consider the consequences of the presence of these errors in the translation. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that these errors in the translation of the work “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” haven’t been analyzed earlier. The method of comparative analysis of the original and translation text is used as the main method for detecting errors. The value and practical significance of this study are beyond doubt, as the analysis of mistakes made by translators will allow translators to improve the quality of the translation itself, as well as to avoid these mistakes in the future. After analyzing the translations, we can say that translators made various types of mistakes at all levels of the language and also errors related to cultural differences between the source and target language. The author of the article pays special attention to identifying distortions in the semantic content and violations of the emotional component of the work due to inadequate translation. The results of this study and recommendations will make a significant contribution to the development of the erratological aspect of translation studies.

Educational psychological provision in Irish-medium primary schools in indigenous Irish language speaking communities (Gaeltacht): Views of teachers and educational psychologists.

Schools located in indigenous Irish-speaking areas collectively known as the Gaeltacht are unique in terms of their sociocultural and linguistic identity and important in the key role they play in the preservation of the language. Those situated in Category A Gaeltacht districts are Irish-medium schools in communities with the strongest use of Irish and are the focus of the present study. Educational psychologists (EPs) who work with these schools are challenged to provide culturally and linguistically sensitive services for these schools. The EPs' work is impacted by state policies in relation to language planning, Irish language education and inclusive education. This qualitative research study aims to describe the views and experiences of EPs and teachers in relation to educational psychological services in primary schools in Category A districts in the Gaeltacht. It explores how the service meets the needs of schools and students and seeks to identify barriers in provision. The study is underpinned by Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theoretical framework and the bilingual education and sociocultural theories of Jim Cummins. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four EPs and eleven teachers working in Category A schools. The transcribed interview data were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings are presented under identified themes using relevant transcript extracts in original and translated form and the findings are interpreted in the light of the theoretical frameworks adopted and relevant literature. Key findings indicate that both EPs and teachers were happy with the new models of special education support and consultation in operation in the schools and were also positively disposed towards Irish-medium education. However, the findings also reveal that the quality of educational psychological and special education services is adversely impacted by factors such as inadequate translation services, the lack of suitable assessment tools and assessors who were not fully proficient in Irish. The findings highlight the urgent need for macro-level policies relating to children's education in indigenous Irish-speaking communities to be matched by practices that ensure educational psychological services such as consultation, interventions and assessments can be provided in a timely fashion through the medium of Irish. Recommendations include improved translation services, assessment through the medium of Irish, professional training for psychologists working with this cultural and linguistic minority and recruitment of psychologists who are competent Irish speakers.

Development of a novel platform for recombinant protein production in Corynebacterium glutamicum on ethanol

Corynebacterium glutamicum represents an emerging recombinant protein expression factory due to its ideal features for protein secretion, but its applicability is harmed by the lack of an autoinduction system with tight regulation and high yield. Here, we propose a new recombinant protein manufacturing platform that leverages ethanol as both a delayed carbon source and an inducer. First, we reanalysed the native inducible promoter PICL from the acetate uptake operon and found that its limited capacity is the result of the inadequate translation initial architecture. The two strategies of bicistronic design and ribozyme-based insulator can ensure the high activity of this promoter. Next, through transcriptional engineering that alters transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) and the first transcribed sequence, the truncated promoter PA256 with a dramatically higher transcription level was generated. When producing the superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) under 1% ethanol conditions, PA256 exhibited substantially lower protein accumulation in prophase but an approximately 2.5-fold greater final yield than the strong promoter PH36. This superior expression mode was further validated using two secreted proteins, camelid antibody fragment (VHH) and endoxylanase (XynA). Furthermore, utilizing CRISPRi technology, ethanol utilization blocking strains were created, and PA256 was shown to be impaired in the phosphotransacetylase (PTA) knockdown strains, indicating that ethanol metabolism into the tricarboxylic acid cycle is required for PA256 upregulation. Finally, this platform was applied to produce the “de novo design” protein NEO-2/15, and by introducing the N-propeptide of CspB, NEO-2/15 was effectively secreted with the accumulation 281 mg/L obtained after 24 h of shake-flask fermentation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of NEO-2/15 secretory overexpression.

A Novel Intratumoral Microdosing Approach for Simultaneously Evaluating Multiple Drugs and Combinations in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC)

<h3>Purpose/Objective(s)</h3> A fundamental issue in cancer drug development is the discordance between robust anti-tumor efficacy observed in laboratory models and the inadequate translation of these effects as clinical benefit to cancer patients. Imprecise modeling of tumor complexity and heterogeneity may underlie this problem. The CIVO platform, a research tool that simultaneously delivers drugs and drug combinations in microdose amounts to distinct, trackable tumor regions, was designed to address this disparity. Following FDA's exploratory IND guidelines for microdosing, this is a Phase 0, multi-center, single-arm, 12-patient study evaluating the highly localized pharmacodynamics (PD) in the native tumor microenvironment (TME) following intratumoral administration of subtherapeutic microdoses of the SUMOylation inhibitor TAK-981 (subasumstat) alone and in combination in subjects with HNSCC undergoing surgical resection. The safety of microdose administration via the CIVO device is also evaluated. This is the first clinical CIVO study evaluating an investigational agent and aims to provide insights into TAK-981's ability to modulate anti-tumor immune mechanisms, particularly induction of Type I interferon (IFN I) signaling. <h3>Materials/Methods</h3> Eligible subjects have a confirmed diagnosis of HNSCC, ECOG 0-2, and planned surgical resection, with a surface-accessible tumor ≥ 2cm in the oral cavity or within cervical lymph nodes. The microdose injection consists of either vehicle, TAK-981, or combinations simultaneously administered via a 3-, 5-, or 8-needle device based on tumor size. Following surgical resection, tumor samples undergo evaluation via biomarker staining at a central site. <h3>Results</h3> The first cohort of patients underwent surgery 24-hours after injection. Enrollment of a 72-hour cohort is ongoing. As of Oct 2021, 7 subjects provided informed consent and were enrolled, with data available for 6 subjects, aged 42-80 years: 4 males and 2 females. Successful injections were visualized after the injection, during sample processing, and in biomarker-stained tissue sections via a fluorescent tracking marker co-injected through each needle. No adverse events associated with the injection procedure or microdoses have been reported. Biomarker analysis demonstrated TAK-981 distribution around the injection site accompanied by a reduction of SUMOylation, confirming pathway inhibition in patient tumors. Elevation of IFN I signaling was also observed in TAK-981 exposed areas within the TME. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Initial study findings demonstrated the safety of CIVO microdosing in patients with surface-accessible HNSCC tumors. The analysis confirmed anticipated effects of TAK-981 within the TME, supporting the validity of CIVO as a translational oncology platform for early clinical evaluation of investigational agents.

Intrathecal amyloid-beta oligomer administration increases tau phosphorylation in the medial temporal lobe in the African green monkey: A nonhuman primate model of Alzheimer's disease.

An obstacle to developing new treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been the inadequate translation of findings in current AD transgenic rodent models to the prediction of clinical outcomes. By contrast, nonhuman primates (NHPs) share a close neurobiology with humans in virtually all aspects relevant to developing a translational AD model. The present investigation used African green monkeys (AGMs) to refine an inducible NHP model of AD based on the administration of amyloid-beta oligomers (AβOs), a key upstream initiator of AD pathology. AβOs or vehicle were repeatedly delivered over 4 weeks to age-matched young adult AGMs by intracerebroventricular (ICV) or intrathecal (IT) injections. Induction of AD-like pathology was assessed in subregions of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) by quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the AT8 antibody to detect hyperphosphorylated tau. Hippocampal volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans prior to, and after, intrathecal injections. IT administration of AβOs in young adult AGMs revealed an elevation of tau phosphorylation in the MTL cortical memory circuit compared with controls. The largest increases were detected in the entorhinal cortex that persisted for at least 12 weeks after dosing. MRI scans showed a reduction in hippocampal volume following AβO injections. Repeated IT delivery of AβOs in young adult AGMs led to an accelerated AD-like neuropathology in MTL, similar to human AD, supporting the value of this translational model to de-risk the clinical trial of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Disease characteristics, determinants, and perception of use of sunscreen and sun-protective behaviors among patients of color with melasma: A cross-sectional study.

Melasma is an acquired state of hyperpigmentation that most commonly affects the face. The use of sunscreen is essential in melasma treatment. We sought to investigate patients' perspectives and behaviors toward sunscreen usage. A cross-sectional hospital-based study targeted 418melasma patients from May 2019 to May 2021. Data regarding socio-demographic characteristics and the knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward sunscreen and sun exposure were collected and analyzed. Furthermore, a complete clinical assessment was done. The mean age of the patients was 35.4±8.6years. Melasma distribution was mostly centro-facial (49.8%). The mean duration of the disease was 22.3±11.6months, with a mean Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) score of 18.6±8.9. Only 170 patients believed that sun exposure played a role in their disease. Skin darkening was the most recognized effect of sun exposure by 92.9% of participants. 58.6% reported using sunscreen with a higher female predominance (p<.001), while males reported more broad-spectrum sunscreen usage (p<.001). The reason that was reported the most behind not using sunscreen was the high cost (94%). Our study showed a sound level of knowledge regarding the effects of sun exposure, and sunscreen advantages and disadvantages, with relatively inadequate translation into their attitudes and practices regarding sun-protective behaviors. The use of sunscreen among the patients was average in numbers with a higher female predominance.