Inadequate Road Infrastructure Research Articles

Evaluation of traffic management at Futa Northgate, Akure Ondo state, Nigeria

Due to increasing usage of automobiles, traffic congestion in most cities is becoming an issue and slowing down the day-to-day activities of human and also deteriorating the quality of the road due to the constant congestion. The movement of products and services between locations has become essential and integral to both global and metropolitan economic existence, and modern enterprises, industries, trades, and general activities are dependent on transportation and transportation infrastructure, hence this project is to evaluate the traffic management on the FUTA North Gate Road and propose recommendations to improve traffic flow and reduce congestion. The research identified the causes of traffic congestion, proffered a solution to traffic congestion for the single carriageway under study and analyzed the implications of the proffered traffic management strategy. Data collection on the road was done during peak days of the week (Tuesday – Friday) and also during peak hours of the day i.e. early hours of the morning and in the evening using the traffic count method. The study revealed that the existing single carriageway has a dimension of 3.75-meter width per each side, with a 2.7-meter shoulder, showed 2,585 as the maximum number of vehicles that ply the road causing traffic congestion as a result of poor road conditions, lack of proper traffic management systems, increased population and vehicle ownership, inadequate road infrastructure, and poor driving habits exceeding the capacity. The study concludes that implementing traffic management strategies which includes promoting the use of public transportation, improving the design of intersections and roundabouts, investing in road infrastructure, and educating drivers on safe and responsible driving habits can help improve the traffic flow and reduce congestion on busy roads. While some recommendations may require significant investment, the benefits of a more efficient and sustainable transportation system will far outweigh the costs in the long run. It is important that all stakeholders work together to implement these recommendations and create a transportation system that benefits everyone. Overall, this project highlights the importance of having an efficient and effective traffic management system, and the need to consider all possible impacts before implementing road expansion projects. By adopting a holistic approach to traffic management and implementing the recommended measures, we can create a more efficient and sustainable transportation system that benefits both motorists and the environment giving a long-term solution going ahead.

Sustainable Transportation System for Rajshahi City, Bangladesh

The ultimate objective of this project is to make a meaningful contribution to the ongoing research on sustainable development and to aid in developing and implementing an efficient transportation system that effectively tackles the challenges of mobility and environmental security challenges in the bustling city of Rajshahi. As part of this effort, our paper will present a comprehensive overview of recent advancements and key findings in the field of sustainable transportation. In the process, the paper will offer an overview of some of the most recent and useful developments in the subject of study. One of the key challenges in achieving sustainable transportation in Rajshahi is the inadequate road infrastructure, such as ill-defined road markings, lack or insufficiency of traffic signs, and rampant illegal parking, particularly in peripheral areas. These factors not only hinder smooth traffic flow but also threaten the safety of drivers, increasing their vulnerability to accidents. Additionally, they contribute to traffic congestion and other inconveniences for commuters. Hence, it is imperative to adopt a holistic approach to tackling these issues to promote sustainable transportation within Rajshahi City. This requires collaboration between various stakeholders and implementing comprehensive solutions that address multiple facets of sustainable transportation. Only through such concerted efforts can we effectively overcome the challenges hindering efficient mobility in Rajshahi.

Regional Government Policy in Developing Tourism in Jeneponto District

Tourism has an important role in the development of a region, including Indonesia which has high tourism potential as an archipelagic country.Law of the Republic of Indonesia no. 9 of 1990 states that tourism has a strategic role in expanding business opportunities and employment, encouraging regional development, and enriching national culture.Analyze the efforts made by the local government in developing tourism in Jeneponto Regency.This research uses a phenomenological approach in the type of descriptive-qualitative research. Conducted in Jeneponto Regency, this research focuses on local government policies related to tourism development. The development efforts studied include promotion, accessibility and management of tourism areas. Primary data was obtained from the Jeneponto Regency Tourism Office and NGOs. Two data collection techniques were used, namely Library Research and Field Research through observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis was carried out using the Miles and Huberman method, through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and verification for drawing conclusions.The strategic policies that have been initiated include several important aspects, such as mapping tourism potential in the Jeneponto area, promoting existing tourist destinations, as well as efforts to improve the quality of tourism supporting services and infrastructure. One of the policies listed is Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2018 concerning Regency Tourism Development Master Plan (RIPERKAP), which was then made into a regent's regulation to become the basis for collaboration with various related parties, from academics, government, community, private sector, to the media. The tourism development strategy in Jeneponto Regency emphasizes three main elements: attractiveness, benefits and accessibility. In order to increase the number of visitors and local economic potential, this strategy includes increasing the value of tourism products through developing environmentally friendly tourist attractions, facilities and services. However, in the development process, there are several factors that become obstacles, including inadequate road infrastructure, lack of support and assistance from the local government, and minimal participation of local communities in the tourism development process.Achieving the goal of sustainable tourism development requires synergy between the local government, community and related stakeholders to overcome existing obstacles and maximize the tourism potential of Jeneponto Regency.

Road Accident Analysis and Classification Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Abstract: India is facing a severe public health crisis characterized by a significant number of road accidents resulting in fatalities and life-altering injuries. This study undertakes a detailed analysis of road accidents in India using multi-year accident data to unveil recurring patterns and identify high-risk demographics. The research meticulously examines the primary causes of these accidents, including driver behavior such as speeding, and inadequate road infrastructure such as poor lighting, signage, potholes, and vehicle malfunctions. Moreover, the paper proposes a comprehensive approach to prevent these tragedies. It suggests strategies for enhancing road design and maintenance, enforcing traffic regulations more rigorously, and conducting targeted public awareness campaigns to promote responsible driving practices. By highlighting the alarming increase in fatalities and the substantial socio-economic costs associated with these accidents, this research emphasizes the critical need for immediate and effective interventions to establish a safer road environment for all citizens in India.

The complex web of land use planning, legislation and urban mobility in Maseru, Lesotho

Applying an exploratory case study design, the study analyses urban mobility along the Main North 1 Road. We argue that urban mobility in Maseru, Lesotho is compromised by a complex web of issues including inconsistent urban transport policies, inadequate road infrastructure, and land use activities along some roads. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources, including key informant interviews, direct observations, and a review of policy documents on urban mobility. We show that urban mobility along the Main North 1 Road is jeopardised by outdated land use planning schemes and legislation that are out of sync with local realities as they support vehicular movement while neglecting pedestrians’ needs, compromising their safety. The state of the infrastructure also contributes to urban mobility inefficiencies. The study concludes that the urban mobility system needs to be understood holistically to identify leverage points critical for interventions and planning for sustainable urban mobility.

Portrait of Child Labor in Small-Scale Oil Palm Plantations: Dillemma Between Education and Work.

Amid increasing economic prospects and government support for oil palm plantations, oil palm plantations still have many social problems. The emergence of child labor in small-scale oil palm plantations (smallholders) is a fact. This article analyzes the dilemma related to the child laborers’ choice of working or continuing education in small-scale oil palm plantations in Seberu Village, Silat Hilir District, Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan Province. We use an ethnographic approach to describe activities, behaviors, actions, conversations, and interpersonal interactions within social communities and small-scale farming family units. We found three main reasons why children consider education irrelevant to their daily needs and choose to work on small-scale oil palm plantations. The first factor is access, which is related to the distance to schools and inadequate road infrastructure. The second factor is the need for more imagination about the importance of going to school for the future. The third factor is lifestyle fulfillment rather than family economic difficulties.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS ON 4/2D ROAD TYPES ON THE SURABAYA - MOJOKERTO TOLL ROAD ( CASE STUDY: WARUGUNG - PENOMPO TOLL ROAD SECTION)

In developing road infrastructure, keeping pace with the transportation sector and the rapidly growing economy is vital. Inadequate road infrastructure conditions will cause problems on the road, namely traffic accidents and congestion, which results in a lack of driver comfort. PT Jasa Marga can undoubtedly find out the leading cause of the accident. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of traffic accidents on the 4/2d road type, precisely on the Surabaya - Mojokerto toll road on the Warugunung - Penompo toll road. The Surabaya–Mojokerto Toll Road or Sumo Toll Road is a 36.27-kilometer-long toll road that connects the City of Surabaya with the City of Mojokerto, East Java Province. This toll road is connected to the Kertosono-Mojokerto Toll Road to the west. The class of vehicles on this toll road, such as trucks and large-laden cars, can also be said to be one of the characteristics of traffic accidents. Location of accident-prone points (BlackSpot) on the Warugunung – Penompo toll road in 2021 on line A, namely at Km 3+000 – 4+000 of the Warugunung – Driyorejo section, because at that location there are road slopes and bends, so many motorists drive at high speed high and have to slow down when there is a descent and many riders do not anticipate it. In 2021, line B, namely at Km 5+000 - 6+000 on the Warugunung - penompo section, is not much different from line A.

Agricultural Produce Supply Chain Network of Capsicum: Empirical Evidence from India

Vegetables are important for both nutritional and economic stability and contribute significantly to the agricultural landscape of India. The demand for vegetables is rising, driven by population growth and increased awareness of their benefits. This empirical study highlights the dynamics of agricultural production supply chain networks of capsicum crops in the northwestern Himalayan region, specifically Himachal Pradesh, India. The study employs the Acharya approach to analyse the various marketing channels utilized by farmers in the capsicum supply chain. This methodology sheds light on the economic nuances at each stage and examines marketing channels, costs, margins, price spread and marketing efficiency. Simultaneously, the Garrett ranking method is applied to discern and prioritize constraints faced by farmers. This comprehensive approach ensures a nuanced understanding of the economic and logistical intricacies of capsicum marketing. The analysis of marketing channels reveals five distinct pathways employed by farmers, with Channel-C (Producer–Commission Agent–Retailer–Consumer) standing out as the most dominant, representing 47.25% of the total quantity. Moreover, Channel-A (Producer–Consumer) proves to be the most cost-effective for producers and boasts the highest producer price, while Channel-C, involving commission agents, incurs higher costs. This suggests a preference for intermediaries, emphasizing factors like market access and negotiation skills, whereas Channel-D (Producer–Local Trader–Wholesaler–Retailer–Consumer) has the highest gross marketing margin, emphasizing the trade-offs between efficiency and transaction volume. The results indicate that while Channel-A is the most efficient, it is not the preferred choice due to the lower transaction quantity. Further, the absence of market consultation services, inadequate road infrastructure, high commission charges, nonremunerative prices and untimely availability of vehicles are the major constraints in marketing. The findings of the study call for targeted interventions to create a more robust and farmer-friendly marketing environment for capsicum crops in the region. The study proposes targeted recommendations, emphasizing collaborative efforts between stakeholders, government bodies and farmers. This research contributes to the academic discourse and also offers actionable insights for researchers and policymakers, fostering sustainability, profitability and equity within the capsicum supply chain.

Navigating the Road to Safer Travel in Pakistan: A Multi-Perspective Analysis of Road Safety Challenges and Solutions

With the growing global population, the demand for mobility and well-managed modes of transportation is increasing day by day. However, the rapid growth in motorization is a double-edged sword. On one side, it brings social and economic development; on the other, it results in severe consequences, such as road traffic crashes. Pakistan, a developing country, is also dealing with the same issue. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the road safety issues in Pakistan. The analysis is carried out from five perspectives: infrastructural, institutional, socio-economic, socio-cultural/behavioral, and educational. The study highlights that inadequate road infrastructure, lack of road safety institutions and policies, absence of a credible crash reporting system, poor and ineffective enforcement, road users’ aberrant behaviors, and lack of road safety awareness all contribute to road safety problems in Pakistan. To address these issues, the study proposes a set of key measures, such as expanding road infrastructure, establishing dedicated road safety institutions, centralizing data collection efforts, implementing comprehensive safety tests for vehicles, and organizing road safety seminars to educate the youth. These recommendations aim to enhance road safety, ultimately reducing fatalities and economic losses caused by road crashes in Pakistan.

The potential development of electric motorcycles in remote areas case study: Agats District, Asmat Regency, Indonesia

The Agats District, a remote region in Papua, Indonesia, faces the daunting challenge of developing sustainable and efficient transportation systems due to its unique geographical features, such as tidal areas and inadequate road infrastructure. As traditional fossil-fuelled vehicles prove impractical in this setting, adopting electric motorcycles has become paramount. This study delves into the extensive usage of electric motorcycles in Agats, where approximately 90% of the population relies on these eco-friendly vehicles. The importance of this research is underscored by its potential to inform policymakers and serve as a benchmark for promoting electric vehicle ecosystems in similarly remote regions worldwide. Employing in-depth interviews and comprehensive data analysis, the study explores the intricate interplay between supply and demand factors, analyzes the electric motorcycle ecosystem's development stages, and utilizes the Social Business Model Canvas (SBMC) approach to elucidate the adaptation process. The results reveal the critical role of income, government policies, production costs, and geographical factors in shaping electric motorcycle adoption while offering a holistic understanding of Agats' unique electric vehicle ecosystem.

Analyzing The Ecotourism Impact Of The Mangrove Forest On The Welfare Of Kampung Nelayan In Langsa City

This Research analyzed the impact of mangrove forest ecotourism on the welfare of Kampung Nelayan in Langsa City, Indonesia. Mangrove forests provide ecological and economic benefits, making their preservation crucial. Ecotourism serves as an alternative for utilizing mangrove ecosystems, particularly in the Kuala Langsa Village area. Combining qualitative research and IPA analysis, the study examines the supportive and inhibiting factors in mangrove ecotourism development. Internal factors indicate strengths in sustainable conservation practices and support from the city government and relevant agencies. However, weaknesses such as inadequate tourism facilities and supervision hinder development. Opportunities lie in the availability of new tourist destinations, while threats include inadequate road infrastructure and competition within the tourism sector. Overall, the research highlights the importance of preserving mangrove ecosystems and emphasizes the need for sustainable conservation practices and support from local authorities. Addressing infrastructure challenges can enhance the success of mangrove ecotourism in Langsa City.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN TANAMAN NANAS (Ananas comosus) DI KELURAHAN BUKIT MERDEKA KECAMATAN SAMBOJA KABUPATEN KUTAI KARTANEGARA

Pineapple is a horticultural crop that has bright potential and prospects and is an activity to improve the agricultural sub-sector in Indonesia. Bukit Merdeka Village is one of the pineapple-producing areas in East Kalimantan. However, the development of pineapple in Bukit Merdeka Village was slightly disturbed by the development of government infrastructure. This research was conducted to determine the factors that influence the development and strategy of pineapple plant development in Bukit Merdeka Village. The research was carried out from April 2022 to July 2022 in Bukit Merdeka Village, Samboja District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency. The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. The sampling method was carried out by simple random sampling with 36 respondents from a total farmer population of 250 pineapple farmers. The data of this study were analyzed using SWOT. Based on the SWOT analysis shows the results of the matrix calculation, the IFAS score is 1.58 and the EFAS score is -0.86, which means that the development strategy is in quadrant II, namely the ST strategy or supports the diversification strategy of a business that diversifies the types of businesses, which can be done to increase Production and profit for farmers is to maintain product quality and expand information to enter selective markets so that they can compete with other pineapple producers. The results showed that the internal factors in pineapple farming in Bukit Merdeka Village were land availability, product quality and availability, farming experience, capital, lack of technology, non-uniform production results, poor planning, and financial records, while external factors were product demand, easy to obtain seeds, pineapple producing centers, IKN buffer areas, pest and disease attacks, unpredictable weather, rising costs of pesticide fertilizers, inadequate road infrastructure, and fluctuating prices.

Diverse Uses of Multi-Purpose Cyclone Shelters In India

India employs a strategy to reduce the probability of tropical cyclones and ready for them through placing Multi-Purpose Cyclone Shelters across its coastline. These shelters are meant to safeguard vulnerable populations throughout storms and to function as school, community halls, etc. while not really in use. This describes in detail purpose of these multi-use cyclone shelters, which also include providing safe shelter for inhabitants of cyclone-affected areas in addition to individuals who are unable evacuate for a wide range of reasons, such like infrastructure problems. In India as well as other south Asian nations, like that as Bangladesh, a vulnerable region is evacuated by transferring at-risk populace into built specifically outdoor structures called as "cyclone shelters." This is frequently discovered in or adjacent to one's neighbourhood, though sometimes they may be a significant distance away. In short, it was initially created in Bangladesh, then adopted in India, and now we'll take a closer look at Odisha, which now has constructed these cyclone shelters for cyclone mitigation. A primary goal of the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project is to make sure that each and every home within 10 kilometres of the coastline has accessibility to a cyclone shelter that is no more than 2.5 kilometres away, and that total number of cyclone shelters matches to the area's in need of accommodation. The thought of a "horizontal evacuation" is hardly a possibility for nations with huge populations, inadequate road infrastructure, and lacking transportation services. Instead, it is considered essential to relocate to specifically constructed cyclone shelters located within the neighbourhood. The decision maker sees the particular strategy much more interesting since it takes less time for clearance or to finish an evacuation. In these circumstances, approval is essential because evacuation decisions are often postponed. Construction of the cyclone shelters was a wise move because it is entangled with other aspects, including the accuracy of meteorological forecasts, public willingness to cooperate with mandatory evacuations inside the lack of weather warnings, dissatisfaction in the event of a non-strike, etc.

An Updated Checklist of the Orchidaceae of Honduras

A comprehensive compilation of all currently recognized orchid species known from Honduras is presented. The checklist includes 604 taxa in 145 genera; 595 species, two subspecies and seven natural hybrids. Orchidaceae represents 7% of the flora of country and continues to be the plant family with the highest number of species in Honduras. The most species rich genera in the country are Epidendrum (76 species), Lepanthes (28), Stelis (26), Prosthechea (21), Habenaria (19), and Malaxis (17). Regarding the habit, 74% of the taxa are epiphytes, 20% are terrestrial, 1.5% are hemiepiphytes, 1.5% are lithophytes and 3% can be terrestrial and epiphytic. Most of the botanical collections in Honduras were made by foreign researchers between the 1920s and 1970s. Among the orchid specimens available for the current study, 44% were deposited in national herbaria and 46% in herbaria in the United States of America. The departments with more than 100 voucher specimens each are Atlántida, Comayagua, Cortés, Francisco Morazán, Lempira, and Santa Bárbara. Only 7% of Protected Natural Areas have more than 121 voucher specimens, 70% has less than 120 specimens, and remaining 23% have no available records at all. In some cases they have poor accessibility and inadequate road infrastructure. Honduras has 10 endemic orchid species, three distributed in the Mosquito province, four in the Chiapas Highlands province, and three shared by both provinces. The number of orchid taxa known to occur in Honduras may continue to increase as additional collection efforts are made. This further helps to fill in the knowledge gaps on the distribution patterns of orchids and other plant groups in Central America.

Quantifying the Lost Safety Benefits of ADAS Technologies Due to Inadequate Supporting Road Infrastructure

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) provide warnings to drivers and, if applicable, intervene to mitigate a collision if one is imminent. Autonomous emergency brakes (AEB) and lane keep assistance (LKA) systems are mandated in several new vehicles, given their predicted injury and fatality reduction benefits. These predicted benefits are based on the assumption that roads are always entirely supportive of ADAS technologies. Little research, however, has been conducted regarding the preparedness of the road network to support these technologies in Australia, given its vastly expansive terrain and varying road quality. The objective of this study was to estimate what proportion of crashes that are sensitive to AEB and LKA, would not be mitigated due to unsupportive road infrastructure, and therefore, the lost benefits of the technologies due to inadequate road infrastructure. To do this, previously identified technology effectiveness estimates and a published methodology for identifying ADAS-supportive infrastructure availability was applied to an estimated AEB and LKA-sensitive crash subset (using crash data from Victoria, South Australia and Queensland, 2013–2018 inclusive). Findings demonstrate that while the road networks across the three states appeared largely supportive of AEB technology, the lack of delineation across arterial and sub-arterial (or equivalent) roads is likely to have serious implications on road safety, given 13–23% of all fatal and serious injury (FSI) crashes that occurred on these road classes were LKA-sensitive. Based on historical crash data, over 37 fatalities and 357 serious injuries may not be avoided annually across the three Australian states based on the lack of satisfactory road delineation on arterial and sub-arterial (or equivalent) roads alone. Further, almost 24% of fatalities in Victoria, 24% of fatalities in Queensland and 21% of fatalities in South Australia (that are AEB- or LKA-sensitive) are unlikely to be prevented, given existing road infrastructure. These figures are conservative estimates of the lost benefits of the technologies as they only consider fatal and serious injury crashes and do not include minor injury or property damage crashes, the benefits of pedestrian-sensitive AEB crashes in high-speed zones or AEB fitted to heavy vehicles. It is timely for road investments to be considered, prioritised and allocated, given the anticipated penetration of the new technologies into the fleet, to ensure that the road infrastructure is capable of supporting the upcoming fleet safety improvements.

Effect calcium hydroxide (traditionally called slaked lime) to stabilization of laterite soil

Inadequate road infrastructure conditions make the airway a mainstay for the transportation of people and goods, including basic needs in several Papua areas. This study aims to determine the value of elastic modulus and poison ratio that has been stabilized with hydrated lime using curing water and air for 7 days. The method used in this research is experimental method in laboratory. The test object dimension used is cylinder 53 × 106 mm. The soil samples used in this soil stabilization study were taken from Tanah Merah Bovendigul District. Clay and lime soil mixtures are prepared by using moisture content of 35%. The results test shows that the average value of elastic modulus (vertical and horizontal) on curing of water and air is 122.82 MPa each; 92.23 MPa and 51.11 MPa; 424,43 MPa. While the average value of poison ratio is respectively of 0.2 and 0.1.

Penanganan Tindak Pidana Perkara Pelanggaran Lalulintas Di Satlantas Polres Pematangsiantar

Traffic violations have become a habit of the road user community, so that every time an orderly operation of the traffic on the road is carried out by the authorities, traffic violation cases are still occurring and these violations often cause traffic accidents. The research method used in this research is to use a normative and empirical approach. i.e. conducts library research by researching and collecting library materials that are specifically related to laws and regulations and books relating to law and traffic, as well as field research conducted by observing observations and direct interviews with related objects. The results showed that the forms of traffic violations that occurred were motorists breaking traffic signs, driving not using a complete safety system. Some acts and sanctions for violations which are categorized as traffic violations regulated by Law No. 22 of 2009. Factors handling obstacles to traffic violations in Siantar Traffic Police Station Siantar, namely the human factor (Human Error), the factor of inadequate road infrastructure and facilities causing traffic violations. Efforts to deal with traffic offenses at the Siantar Police Traffic Police Unit are preventive and repressive measures to take action by giving a letter of reprimand or verbally, taking action by giving a ticket.

A comparative study of community perceptions regarding the role of roads as a poverty alleviation strategy in rural areas

Abstract The history of Apartheid in South Africa presented the new democratic South Africa with numerous challenges such as poverty, inequality and inadequate access to basic services. These challenges are more prevalent in rural areas, leading to the need for rural development strategies aimed at poverty alleviation and the empowerment of rural societies. Limited access to social and economic opportunities is a common challenge faced by rural dwellers due to inadequate rural road infrastructure. Empirical evidence suggests that poverty is directly linked to isolation, inaccessibility and poor infrastructural development. Hence, the need for the development of adequate rural roads. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the perceptions of rural communities regarding the role of roads as a poverty alleviation strategy. This study explored the influence of rural roads on the socio-economic conditions of rural communities. In addition, the research examined the impacts associated with inadequate rural road infrastructure on the access needs of rural dwellers. Thus, the study attempts to analyse issues relating to rural road infrastructure and its impact on poverty alleviation. Research was undertaken in two rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal: Ntshaseni and Njane. The study employed a mixed-method approach, using a combination of quantitative and qualitative research techniques. The findings from the study revealed that there was a relationship between the presence of adequate rural road infrastructure and improved access to basic services. The research findings revealed that there are differences in socio-economic conditions between a community with better access (Njane community) and a community that is isolated (Ntshasheni community) due to inadequate road infrastructure. In addition, research findings revealed that inadequate road infrastructure is an indication of the insufficient access the poor have to basic services such as healthcare and education.

Smart Bicycle-Sharing System Design for the Historical Peninsula of Istanbul

The paper presents a smart bike sharing system proposal with intent to promote cycling for tourists as a sightseeing trip in the Historical Peninsula of Istanbul, where high population, inadequate road infrastructure and traffic congestion make the mobility difficult. Cycling offers an alternative sustainable transportation mode to overcome these mobility challenges; it presents low cots and active mobility to the individuals, and also improves the spatial experience with urban environment. The aim of the study is to promote the use of bikes for improving visitors' (tourists) perception of the urban environment by considering bicycle demand. The research concentrates on (1) how to perform more effective bike sharing system, which is able to respond to traffic condition, and (2) adjust the bike capacity according to in user demand. The smart bike sharing system, presented in this study, consists of; 1) bike route, 2) bike use mobile application and 3) bike sharing model stages. In bike-sharing modeling process, we employ agent based modeling as decision support system. In the scope of the study, the model is evaluated through a test case that is designed by randomly selected bike park spots and terminal locations. The results showed that there is an association between bicycle demand and the number and location of biycyle facilities (bike park spots and terminals). The presented bike sharing system offers a navigation map for the visitors unfamiliar with the area and a dynamic model proposal that responds flexibly to user needs. The developed dynamic bicycle system is expected to increase the user satisfaction and thus the use of bicycles by reducing the bicycle waiting time of the users.

Road Transportation In Sustainable Rural Development Of Akutupa-Kiri, Kogi State Nigeria

Rural road transportation has being a topical issue in most developing counties of the world. Despite the fact that rural area play a dominant role in the production of food and fiber; its economic activities had been hindered as a result of poor road transportation system. To this end, this paper examines road transportation in sustainable rural development of Akutupa-Kiri, Nigeria. Structured and self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a total of 188 (one hundred and eighty eight) households head representing 2% of the entire population in the study using systematic sampling technique. The data were presented using descriptive statistics in the form of frequency counts and percentages and Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis. Findings revealed that Akutupa- Kiri is characterized by inadequate road infrastructure; there is high cost of transport due to the poor condition of road and frequent armed robbery attack on the road.. Results also indicate strong correlation (0.91) between cost and time of movement in the area. Also, the Department of Works in kabba-Bunu Local Government is not effective pertaining to road development matter in the study area. The study recommends provision of road infrastructures, establishment of road maintenance department at the local government level to facilitate rural development and increase agricultural production of the area. In addition, anti- robbery security personnel should be deployed to Akutupa-Kiri road to counter robbery attacks in the area. Key Words: Road transportation, Rural area, Sustainable rural development, Akutupa-Kiri, Nigeria