Inadequate Protein Intake Research Articles

Longitudinal effects of growth restriction on the murine gut microbiome and metabolome.

Undernutrition-induced growth restriction in the early stages of life increases the risk of chronic disease in adulthood. Although metabolic impairments have been observed, few studies have characterized the gut microbiome and gut-liver metabolome profiles of growth-restricted animals during early-to-mid-life development. To induce growth restriction, mouse offspring were either born to gestational undernutrition (GUN) or suckled from postnatal undernutrition (PUN) dams fed a protein-restricted diet (8% protein) or control diet (CON; 20% protein) until weaning at postnatal age of 21 days (PN21). At PN21, all mice were fed the CON diet until adulthood (PN80). Livers were collected at PN21 and PN80, and fecal samples were collected weekly starting at PN21 (postweaning week 1) until PN80 (postweaning week 5) for gut microbiome and metabolome analyses. PUN mice exhibited the most alterations in gut microbiome and gut and liver metabolome compared with CON mice. These mice had altered fecal microbial β-diversity (P = 0.001) and exhibited higher proportions of Bifidobacteriales [linear mixed model (LMM) P = 7.1 × 10-6), Clostridiales (P = 1.459 × 10-5), Erysipelotrichales (P = 0.0003), and lower Bacteroidales (P = 4.1 × 10-5)]. PUN liver and fecal metabolome had a reduced total bile acid pool (P < 0.01), as well as lower abundance of riboflavin (P = 0.003), amino acids [i.e., methionine (P = 0.0018), phenylalanine (P = 0.0015), and tyrosine (P = 0.0041)], and higher excreted total peptides (LMM P = 0.0064) compared with CON. Overall, protein restriction during lactation permanently alters the gut microbiome into adulthood. Although the liver bile acids, amino acids, and acyl-carnitines recovered, the fecal peptides and microbiome remained permanently altered into adulthood, indicating that inadequate protein intake in a specific time frame in early life can have an irreversible impact on the microbiome and fecal metabolome.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Undernutrition-induced early-life growth restriction not only leads to increased disease risk but also permanently alters the gut microbiome and gut-liver metabolome during specific windows of early-life development.

Significant Loss of Skeletal Muscle Mass Occurs After High-Energy Trauma in Young Adults

ObjectivesSignificant loss of skeletal muscle mass occurs early after high-energy trauma, leading directly to prolonged functional limitations. As we investigate nutrition interventions to reduce loss of muscle mass, we need to quantify changes in muscle mass after these devastating injuries. The aim of this study was to characterize baseline nutrition and changes in muscle mass after high-energy trauma in a young adult population.MethodsWe enrolled patients 18–55 years old indicated for operative fixation of either, an open pelvic or extremity fracture, or ≥2 pelvic and/or extremity fractures due to a high-energy mechanism. Baseline assessment of body composition (Lean Body Mass [LBM], Skeletal Muscle Mass [SMM]), was measured within 72 hours of admission using bioelectrical impedance and repeated 6 weeks after injury. Results are reported as median (IQR). Changes in LBM and SMM were evaluated using Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests. Sarcopenia was defined by gender-specific cutoffs for appendicular skeletal mass index. Dietary intake was evaluated using food frequency questionnaires. Inadequate protein intake was classified using the Estimated Average Requirement cut-point method, while inadequate caloric intake was defined as intake below basal metabolic rate.ResultsSixteen subjects (14 male) age 38.4 ± 9.6 years were enrolled. At baseline, 3 reported inadequate protein intake and 5 reported inadequate caloric intake. Six weeks after injury participants experienced significant losses in LBM (−4.5kg (−8.8 to −1.4), P = 0.019) and SMM (−3.1kg (−5.6 to −0.3), P = 0.043). The injured extremity had significantly greater loss of LBM compared to the uninjured extremity (−4.0 (−17.1–3.5), P = 0.0495). Five were baseline sarcopenic, with one additional participant meeting the criteria by 6 weeks. Baseline protein and calorie deficiency was not significantly associated with muscle loss.ConclusionsThis study documented devastating loss of lean body mass and skeletal muscle mass after high-energy trauma in young adults. These losses are likely a combination of immobilization and catabolic response for wound and fracture healing. Understanding loss of muscle mass after injury is important to design impactful rehabilitative and nutrition interventions in this complicated patient population.Funding SourcesNone.

Prevalence of sarcopenia and its connection with nutritional and functional status in Asian countries: a scoping review

Muscle impairment is a common condition in elderly and a powerful risk factor for disability and mortality. Therefore, this study presents available evidence on the prevalence and its association with nutritional and functional status. An electronic database search on academic journals published from 2015 to 2020 was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medscape. A total of 20 studies with 36,739 participants were identified and included in this review. The age range was 55 years and older. The overall prevalence of sarcopenia is in a range of 5.4% to 80.1%. The prevalence among Asian populations is in the range of 6.8% to 80.1%. Prevalence of sarcopenia was reported to be the highest in health care centre (5.4% to 80.1%), followed by nursing homes (28.8% to 41.4%) and community-dwelling (6.8% to 30%). Most studies reported that low body mass index (&lt;18.5kg/m2) was significantly associated with sarcopenia and a positive association was found between inadequate protein intake (&lt;0.8g/kg BW/day) and sarcopenia. However, sarcopenia was not associated with functional status (ADL). It can be concluded that sarcopenia is highly prevalent in older adults, especially with a low BMI and insufficient protein intake. Decline in functional status was an independent indicator for the presence of sarcopenia.

Perspective: Vegan Diets for Older Adults? A Perspective On the Potential Impact On Muscle Mass and Strength

ABSTRACTConsumers are increasingly encouraged to consume more plant-based foods and lower their consumption of foods from animal origin. Concurrently, older adults are recommended to consume an adequate amount of high-quality dietary protein for the prevention of age-related muscle loss. In the current Perspective article, we discuss why it may not be preferred to consume a vegan diet at an older age. Our perspective is based on the proposed lower bioavailability and functionality of proteins in a vegan diet due to the matrix of the whole-food protein sources, the lower essential amino acid (EAA) content, and specific EAA deficiencies in proteins derived from plant-based foods. We propose that a vegan diet increases the risk of an inadequate protein intake at an older age and that current strategies to improve the anabolic properties of plant-based foods are not feasible for many older adults. We provide recommendations for further research to substantiate the remaining knowledge gaps regarding the consequences of a vegan diet on skeletal muscle mass and strength at an older age.

Harmful effects of malnutrition and possible sustainable solution

Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet that does not supply a healthy amount of one or more nutrients. It is a condition characterized by lack of one or more essential nutrients from the diet or a surplus of some nutrients which affect the body negatively. Malnutrition consists of two types: undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition involves the deficiency of macronutrients like protein or calories and micronutrients like iron, iodine and many more. Protein energy malnutrition is caused by the inadequate intake of protein and calories. It is further classified in three types, kwashiorkor, marasmus and marasmic kwashiorkor. Malnutrition mainly affects an individual’s immune system, lean body mass, cardio-respiratory functions, muscle functions. Malnutrition can be caused due to many factors including unavailability of food, poverty, higher food prices and many more. Strategies like biofortification and supplementation are used for the treatment of malnutrition.

Resistance Training Improves Muscle Strength and Function, Regardless of Protein Supplementation, in the Mid- to Long-Term Period after Gastric Bypass

Inadequate protein intake and low levels of physical activity are common long-term sequelae after bariatric surgery and can negatively affect muscle strength (MS) and physical function (PF). The study investigated the effects of resistance training with or without protein supplementation on MS and PF. The study, which involved a 12-week controlled trial (n = 61) of individuals 2–7 years post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), comprised four groups: whey protein supplementation (PRO; n = 18), maltodextrin placebo (control [CON]; n = 17), resistance training combined with placebo (RTP; n = 11), and resistance training combined with whey protein supplementation (RTP+PRO; n = 15). An isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure MS (peak torque at 60°/s and 180°/s). PF was measured with the 30-s sit-to-stand (30-STS), 6-min walk (6-MWT), and timed up-and-go (TUG) tests. There were improvements in the absolute and relative-to-bodyweight peak torque at 60°/s and 180°/s, TUG, 6-MWT and 30-STS in the RTP and RTP+PRO groups, but not in the CON and PRO groups. Changes in MS were significantly correlated with changes in PF between the pre- and post-intervention periods. A supervised resistance training program, regardless of protein supplementation, improved MS and PF in the mid-to-long-term period after RYGB and can lead to clinical benefits and improved quality of life.

P-OGC01 Prevalence and treatment of nutritional deficiencies following Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery for Oesophageal or Gastric Cancer

Abstract Background Patients undergoing Upper Gastrointestinal (UGI) surgery for cancer are left nutritionally vulnerable due to alterations in digestion and absorption this is becoming increasingly evident as more patients are achieving five year survival. Patients are more likely to endure nutritional deficiencies in particular B12, Iron, Vitamin D, Calcium, Zinc and folic acid. Reduced absorption and inadequate dietary intake of calories, protein and micronutrients are the main contributing factors post operatively and longer term. At 2 years post UGI resection the following nutritional deficiencies have been observed: 48% Iron, 42% B12, 40% Folic Acid, 34% Calcium, 33% Zinc, 24% Vitamin D. Methods Data was collected retrospectively from various systems on our Trusts Network. The trusts reporting system was utilised for blood results. Digital systems were used to confirm if any action had been taken and if this was appropriate. Additional digital systems were used to obtain clinic lists for the last 6 months. The Data was collected and entered into an Excel spread sheet for comparison. Chi squared testing was utilised to compare deficiency rate between different Upper GI surgeries. Results Chi squared statistical analysis of the nutritional deficiencies in the three main Cancer surgery types (Ivor Lewis / Total OG / Sub-total OG) found there was no statistical difference in prevalence of nutritional deficiency. Comparison of deficiencies indicated that the main prevalence was or Zinc and Vitamin D pre and post operatively. Conclusions Nutritional deficiencies should be corrected pre operatively. Monitoring thereafter of nutritional vitamin and mineral status should be individually tailored to suit the patient. All UGI patients should be commenced on a nutritionally complete vitamin and mineral supplement at the point of initial assessment in the UGI surgical clinic pre operatively. The recommendation would be to commence Forceval vitamin and mineral supplement as this offers optimal trace element coverage. Vitamin D deficiency pre operatively should have supplementation to maintain 25(OH)D levels greater than 50nmol/L and rechecked after 3 months. Zinc replacement should be monitored routinely.

The importance of protein sources to support muscle anabolism in cancer: An expert group opinion

This opinion paper presents a short review of the potential impact of protein on muscle anabolism in cancer, which is associated with better patient outcomes. Protein source is a topic of interest for patients and clinicians, partly due to recent emphasis on the supposed non-beneficial effect of proteins; therefore, misconceptions involving animal-based (e.g., meat, fish, dairy) and plant-based (e.g., legumes) proteins in cancer are acknowledged and addressed. Although the optimal dietary amino acid composition to support muscle health in cancer is yet to be established, animal-based proteins have a composition that offers superior anabolic potential, compared to plant-derived proteins. Thus, animal-based foods should represent the majority (i.e., ≥65%) of protein intake during active cancer treatment. A diet rich in plant-derived proteins may support muscle anabolism in cancer, albeit requiring a larger quantity of protein to fulfill the optimal amino acid intake. We caution that translating dietary recommendations for cancer prevention to cancer treatment may be inadequate to support the pro-inflammatory and catabolic nature of the disease. We further caution against initiating an exclusively plant-based (i.e., vegan) diet upon a diagnosis of cancer, given the presence of elevated protein requirements and risk of inadequate protein intake to support muscle anabolism. Amino acid combination and the long-term sustainability of a dietary pattern void of animal-based foods requires careful and laborious management of protein intake for patients with cancer. Ultimately, a dietary amino acid composition that promotes muscle anabolism is optimally obtained through combination of animal- and plant-based protein sources.

The effect of timely initiation of complementary feeding and vitamin A supplementation on acute malnutrition among children aged 6–59 months attending Hamusit Health Centre, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021: A cross-sectional study

IntroductionAcute malnutrition is a nutritional deficiency that results either from inadequate energy or protein intake. It is more prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. Even though efforts have been carried out at the global and national level, the burden is still intolerable and it attracts the attention of the government and researchers. Hence, this study aims to assess the magnitude of acute malnutrition and its associated factors among under-five children who attended Hamusit Health Centre from 1st September to 30th January 2021. Materials and methodsThis institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st September to 30th January on 404 randomly selected under-five children who visited the health centre. Samples were selected using a simple random sampling technique, and the data were obtained using a pre-tested standardized questionnaire. For data entry and analysis, Epi-info 7 and SPSS 21 applications were used, respectively. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression were used to identify associated factors at a 95% confidence interval. Significance was considered at p-value<0.05. ResultsThe present research involved a total of 404 children aged 6–59 months. The magnitude of acute malnutrition in this study was 14.4%. Children aged 6–23 months [AOR: 2.92; 95%CI (1.46, 5.85)], vitamin A supplementation [AOR: 0.49; 95%CI (0.25, 0.95)], not timely initiation of complementary feeding [AOR: 2.02; 95%CI (1.06, 3.82)] and children with diarrhea prior to two weeks of the survey [AOR: 2.47; 95% CI (1.28, 4.87)] were significantly associated with acute malnutrition. ConclusionA significant number of children aged 6–59 months were affected by acute malnutrition. Younger children, vitamin A supplementation, not timely initiation of complementary feeding, and children with diarrhoea were other factors associated with acute malnutrition.

Dietary Protein Intake Dynamics in Elderly Chinese from 1991 to 2018.

Unique rapid urbanization-related changes in China may affect the dietary protein intake of the aging population. We aimed to evaluate trends in dietary protein intake and major food sources of protein and estimate conformity to the dietary reference intakes (DRIs) in the elderly Chinese population. A sample of 10,854 elderly adults aged 60 years or older, drawn from 10 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) between 1991 and 2018, was included. Protein intake data were obtained on the basis of 3-day, 24 h dietary recalls. The dietary protein intake among elderly Chinese individuals declined from 63.3 g/day to 57.8 g/day over the 28-year period, with a −0.032 ± 0.0001 g/day change per year (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the proportion of subjects with a protein intake level below the estimated averaged requirement (EAR) and a reduction in the proportion of subjects consuming protein above the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) across all population subgroups. Cereals ranked as the major sources of dietary protein, although their contribution to dietary protein gradually decreased as time went on. The contribution from meat steadily rose from 18.2% in 1991 to 28.7% in 2018. The proportion of energy gained from fat increased notably, reaching 34.2% in 2018. The elderly Chinese population experienced a significant reduction in dietary protein intake. Although the transformation of dietary patterns had positive effects on improving protein quality due to increases in animal source food, some elderly Chinese individuals currently face the risk of inadequate dietary protein intake.

Fluid Restriction Contributes to Poor Nutritional Adequacy in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease Receiving Renal Replacement Therapy

Critically ill patients receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) are at high risk for inadequate nutrition delivery. The objective of this study is to evaluate barriers to adequate energy and protein delivery in critically ill patients with congenital heart disease receiving RRT. This is a single-center retrospective cohort study of patients receiving RRT in the CICU from 2011 to 2019. Energy and protein adequacy was recorded over the first 7days of RRT. Adequacy was defined as delivery of >80% of the energy and protein targets during this time period. Patients who achieved adequacy were compared to those who did not. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to determine factors independently associated with energy and protein adequacy while receiving RRT. Sixty patients were included for analysis. Fifty-five patients (92%) achieved energy adequacy and 37 patients (62%) achieved protein adequacy. A higher weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) on admission to the CICU was the only independent predictor of inadequate energy intake (odds ratio 0.07, 95% confidence interval 0.01-0.58, P=.014); median WAZ was -1.17 versus +1.24 for those with adequate versus inadequate energy intake, respectively. Fluid restriction to <80% of maintenance fluid at the time of RRT initiation was more likely in patients with higher WAZ. Fluid restriction was the only independent predictor of inadequate protein intake (odds ratio 0.13, 95% confidence interval 0.02-0.7, P=.018); 5% versus 30% were fluid restricted in those with adequate versus inadequate protein intake, respectively. Azotemia was not associated with inadequate protein intake. Initiation of RRT did not allow for liberalization of fluid intake over the time period evaluated. Protein delivery was inadequate in 38% of children undergoing RRT in the CICU. Fluid restriction was associated with inadequate protein intake and higher WAZ was associated with inadequate energy intake.

Poverty, Food Security and Malnutrition in an Urban and Rural Setting: Case of the former West Kordofan State

Food security is a situation that exists when all people at all times have physical access to sufficiency safe and nutritious food for a healthy and active life ( FAO, 1996 ).&#x0D; Food availability and access to it are two essential determinants of food security, however , the former does not ensure the later as food may be available nationally or locally but is not accessible to all households ( Braune, 1993 ) .&#x0D; Sudan, the largest country in Africa (2.5 million km2) has diversified ecological zones and is known for its rich agricultural potentials, its under-fished waters (rivers and Red Sea Coast) and livestock raised on natural pastures. Because of this immense potential as a food producer to satisfy local demand and export the excess it was declared by the government in the 1970s as the "World Food Basket".(Salih private communication)&#x0D; Food intake is a major component for achieving optimum nutritional status hence inadequate intake can lead to under nutrition. In developing countries under nutrition is mostly due to inadequate intake of energy and protein ( Latham,1997).&#x0D; Nearly most studies on nutritional status were aimd at the under five children as representative of the household. This study will involve the nutritional status of the whole household to reach abetter understanding of the relationship between food and nutrition security&#x0D; The investigation was carried out in Al Nuhud town representing an urban area and six surrounding villages representing the rural area.

Protein and iron intake adequacy among high school girls in Depok, Indonesia

Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia among adolescent girls. The prevalence of anemia among pregnant women increased from 2013 to 2018, and females age 15-24 years had the highest prevalence of anemia. Therefore, knowing the baseline status of protein and iron intake —particularly animal-sourced protein as the main source of heme iron—is important to design future intervention program. Thus, this study was aimed to assess the protein and iron intake adequacy of High School girls in Depok, Indonesia.&#x0D; Methods: 211 girls from Senior High School in Depok, Indonesia participated in this study. Subjects were selected using a multi-stage random sampling method. A questionnaire was administered to obtain general characteristics. Dietary intake data were obtained using a 3-day non-consecutive 24hr recall 1 weekend 2 weekdays interview. Anthropometric status was measured and calculated. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. Spearman’s correlation (significance p&lt;0.05) was used to determine the factors related to protein and iron intake.&#x0D; Results: This population had inadequate intake of energy (97.2%), protein (59.7%), and iron (98.6%). However, intake of fat was higher than recommended in 59.2% of participants. Protein and iron intake were not correlated with age, father’s education, mother’s education, and the number of household member.

Inadequate Intake of Energy and Nutrients Is Common in Older Family Caregivers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional status, determinants of nutritional status, and adequacy of energy and nutrient intake of older family caregivers (FC). Nutritional status was measured using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), plasma albumin, plasma pre-albumin, and blood hemoglobin concentrations. Dietary intake was assessed with a three-day food record. Comorbidity (B −0.283, 95% CI: −0.492, −0.073), quality of life (B 0.045, 95% CI: 0.018, 0.072) and energy intake (B 0.001, 95% CI: 0.000, 0.002) were significantly associated with the MNA scores of the older FCs (n = 125). It was common for FCs to have lower than recommended intakes of energy and several nutrients, independent of the risk of malnutrition assessed by the MNA. Over half of the FCs had inadequate intake of protein, vitamin A, folate, and fiber, and 25–40% of the FCs had a low intake of vitamin D, vitamin E, thiamine, magnesium, iron, and selenium. It is important to follow both the nutritional status and dietary intake of older FCs regularly to find those with lower than recommended nutrient intake and to avoid poor nutritional status and its adverse effects hampering their ability to serve as FCs.

Nutrition and Covid-19 epidemic

Proper nutrition is an essential part of an individual’s defence against numerous diseases including coronavirus disease SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19). Nutritional status of individual is affected by several factors such as age, sex, health status, physical activity, life style and medications. Optimal nutrition and dietary nutrient intake impact the immune system, therefore the sustainable way to survive in current context is to strengthen the immune system. Inadequate intake of energy, protein, and specific micronutrients are associated with depressed immune function and increased susceptibility to infection. Predominantly vital for the encouraging of immune function are elements selenium, iron and zinc and vitamins A, D, C, E, B6, B9 (folate) and B12 as well as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, during this time it is important to take care of nutritional habits, following a healthy and balanced nutritional pattern containing a high amount of elements, antioxidants and vitamins. It is also recommended, that individuals should be mindful of physical activity, known to be associated with all-cause mortality. Regular physical activity also improves mental health and overall feelings of wellbeing. Thus, now in the time of epidemic, more than ever, wider access to healthy foods should be a top priority for governments around the world

Dietary Determinants of Anemia in Children Aged 6-36 Months: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia.

Anemia has been acknowledged as worldwide problem, including in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study aims to explore dietary determinants as risk factors for anemia in children aged 6–36 months living in a poor urban area of Jakarta. The study was done in Kampung Melayu sub-district in Jakarta, Indonesia. Data was collected within two weeks in September–October 2020. A structured questionnaire for a 24-h recall and a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) were used to collect the dietary intake data, and venous blood was withdrawn to determine the hemoglobin levels. Bivariate chi-square and multiple logistic regression tests were executed to explore the dietary determinant factors for anemia. We recruited 180 subjects. The average hemoglobin concentration was 11.4 ± 1.7 mg/dL; the anemia prevalence was 29.4%. The following variables were significantly associated with higher risk of anemia: no cow’s milk formula consumption, inadequate intake of fats, protein, calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. Only cow’s milk formula consumption and zinc intake were revealed as the determinant factors of anemia. In conclusion, the prevalence of anemia was 29.4% among children aged 6–36 months old. Anemia was significantly associated with two dietary determinants as risk factors that are cow’s milk formula consumption and zinc intake.

Metabolomic signatures in elite cyclists: differential characterization of a seeming normal endocrine status regarding three serum hormones.

Serum phenotyping of elite cyclists regarding cortisol, IGF1 and testosterone is a way to detect endocrine disruptions possibly explained by exercise overload, non-balanced diet or by doping. This latter disruption-driven approach is supported by fundamental physiology although without any evidence of any metabolic markers. Serum samples were distributed through Low, High or Normal endocrine classes according to hormone concentration. A 1H NMR metabolomic study of 655 serum obtained in the context of the longitudinal medical follow-up of 253 subjects was performed to discriminate the three classes for every endocrine phenotype. An original processing algorithm was built which combined a partial-least squares-based orthogonal correction of metabolomic signals and a shrinkage discriminant analysis (SDA) to get satisfying classifications. An extended validation procedure was used to plan in larger size cohorts a minimal size to get a global prediction rate (GPR), i.e. the product of the three class prediction rates, higher than 99.9%. Considering the 200 most SDA-informative variables, a sigmoidal fitting of the GPR gave estimates of a minimal sample size to 929, 2346 and 1408 for cortisol, IGF1 and testosterone, respectively. Analysis of outliers from cortisol and testosterone Normal classes outside the 97.5%-confidence limit of score prediction revealed possibly (i) an inadequate protein intake for outliers or (ii) an intake of dietary ergogenics, glycine or glutamine, which might explain the significant presence of heterogeneous metabolic profiles in a supposedly normal cyclists subgroup. In a next validation metabolomics study of a so-sized cohort, anthropological, clinical and dietary metadata should be recorded in priority at the blood collection time to confirm these functional hypotheses.

Protein Intake by Korean Adults through Meals

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the adequacy of protein intake through meals and present the major protein sources of Korean adults.Methods: Cross-sectional data of 15,639 adults aged 19 years or older from the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were obtained. The total, animal, plant protein intakes were assessed using 1-day 24-hour recall. The distinction between breakfast, lunch, and dinner was based on the subjective answers of the participants.Results: The adequacy of protein intake based on the Recommended Nutrient Intake was 67.4±1.2% and 62.9±1.1% in young men and women, respectively; it was 51.9±1.4% and 35.7±1.3% in older men and women, respectively. For men, the proportions of proteins through meals were 17.4±0.3%, 32.6±0.3%, 38.4±0.3%, and 11.6±0.2% for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks, respectively. The women showed a similar distribution. In both men and women, as the age group progressed from the young (10.9±0.4 g/day, 12.2±0.4%) to the old (16.9±0.3 g/day, 27.3±0.4%), their intake of proteins and their proportions in meals taken as breakfast also increased, while their dinner protein intake and proportion decreased. The highest-ranked and the 2nd highest-ranked protein sources among the young and middle-aged groups were meat and grains, respectively; the third sources were fish and shellfish. In the old-age group, grains were the highest-ranked protein sources across all three meals.Conclusions: Despite the increase in protein intake, one out of three young people and two out of three older adults in Korea had inadequate protein intake and uneven meal distributions of protein intake.

Inadequate Protein Intake Before and After Different Types of Bariatric Surgery: Systematic Review

Bariatric surgery is considered the most effective treatment for morbid obesity. Despite the successful weight loss, as result of bariatric surgery, patients are susceptible to protein deficiency. Change in food intake after surgery can cause some nutritional deficiencies. The aim of this study was to determine the status of protein before and after bariatric surgery Methods: The systematic search was performed in April 2021. Cochrane, PubMed, and google scholar databases were used for our literature search by searching these keywords: body composition, fat free mass, bariatric surgery, protein malnutrition and protein intake. Results: Our studies showed few evaluation of protein has been done before surgery in candidates for surgery. Obesity surgery reduces muscle mass and serum protein so evaluation of these factors is necessary. Bariatric surgery method exposes people to protein malnutrition and changes in body composition therefore more attention to their protein intake needs to be done. Conclusion: Based on our results dietary intake can affect the outcome of surgery, so, we recommended evaluating protein status and lean body mass before and following the bariatric surgery. Also, the effect of different types of protein supplementation to improve body composition can be assessed in further studies.

GAMBARAN ASUPAN PROTEIN, ZAT BESI DAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN PADA REMAJA PUTRI VEGETARIAN VEGAN DI INDONESIA VEGETARIAN SOCIETY (IVS)

Background: A vegan vegetarian is one of type indigenous vegetarians who only consume plant-based foods and its processed food products. Vegetarians tend to consume protein and iron less than RDA. Inadequate protein and iron consumption will lead to anemia. Women tend to have the highest risk for anemia, especially female adolescents.Subject: To describe protein and iron intake with HB levels in vegan vegetarian female adolescents of Indonesian Vegetarian Society (IVS) Pekanbaru.Methods: A descriptive study with cross-sectional design. The research was conducted from November 2018 to June 2019 at the secretariat of the Indonesian Vegetarian Society (IVS) Pekanbaru. The subjetcs were 22 female adolescents who were obtained by total sampling method. Hemoglobin levels were measured using easy touch GCU, dietary intake were obtained by food recall and calculated with the Nutrisurvey 2007.Result: The results showed the inadequate protein intake were 54.5%, inadequate iron intake were 68.2% and hemoglobin levels which classified as anemia were 63.63%.Conclusin: About 62.11% roespondents tend t have inadequate protein and iron intake and classified as anemia.