Inadequate Iron Intake Research Articles

Women in Selected Communities of Punjab, India Have a High Prevalence of Iron, Zinc, Vitamin B12, and Folate Deficiencies: Implications for a Multiply-Fortified Salt Intervention.

Dietary intake and biomarkers of micronutrient status of 100 non-pregnant women of reproductive age (NPWRA) were assessed to determine optimal levels of iron, zinc, vitamin B12, and folic acid to include in multiply-fortified salt (MFS) that will be evaluated in an upcoming trial. Weighed food records were obtained from participants to measure intake of micronutrients and discretionary salt, and to assess adequacy using Indian Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs). Statistical modeling was used to determine optimal fortification levels to reduce inadequate micronutrient intake while limiting intake above the upper limit. Fasting blood samples were obtained to assess iron, zinc, vitamin B12, and folate status. In usual diets, inadequate intake of iron (46%), zinc (95%), vitamin B12 (83%), and folate (36%) was high. Mean intake of discretionary salt was 4.7 g/day. Prevalence estimates of anemia (37%), iron deficiency (67%), zinc deficiency (34%), vitamin B12 insufficiency (37%), and folate insufficiency (70%) were also high. Simulating the addition of optimized MFS to usual diets resulted in percentage point (pp) reductions in inadequate intake by 29 pp for iron, 76 pp for zinc, 81 pp for vitamin B12, and 36 pp for folate. MFS holds potential to reduce the burden of micronutrient deficiencies in this setting.

Evaluation of comparative efficacy of Dietary supplement acquired from Kitchen Garden (Parasbag) and Gudharitaki Awaleha in Pandu Roga (Iron Deficiency Anemia)

Backround-Panduroga is a Raktapradoshaja vyadhi having pitta dominance. Due to similarity of symptoms it can be correlated with Iron deficiency Anemia. Iron deficiency anemia secondary to inadequate dietary iron intake is caused by consuming a diet low in iron-rich foods. The richest sources of minerals and vitamins are fruits and green leafy vegetables. Growing a variety of crops in the kitchen garden is one of the simplest methods to make sure that everyone has access to a balanced meal that contains enough micronutrients. Aim and objectives-The objective of this study, which is being conducted in association with Mission Samriddhi (MS), is to compare the effectiveness of dietary supplements from Kitchen Garden (Parasbag) and Gudaharitaki Awaleha. Methodology- Total 60 patients were selected and divided in two equal groups. Group A patients were treated with nutritional supplement obtained from (Parasbag) Kitchen Garden along with Gudaharitaki Awaleha whereas group B patients were treated with Gudaharitaki Awaleha for 90 days. Assessment of subjective and objective criteria was done before and after treatment. Result and Discussion- Significant improvement was observed in subjective and objective parameters in both groups. But improvement was observed in more number of patients in group A than group B. Conclusion- Nutritional supplement obtained from (Parasbag) Kitchen Garden and Gudharitaki Awaleha improve Haemoglobin percentage because organically grown vegetables and fruits are rich in nutrients which help in prevention of nutritional deficiencies.

Micronutrient intake inadequacies in different types of milk consumers in Indonesian children 1-5 years: dietary modeling with young child milk improved nutrient intakes.

Indonesian children under-five have a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies. Improving young child feeding practices may be the solution. Increasing the consumption of appropriate milk products could help to reduce nutrient inadequacy. The objective of this study was to assess nutrient inadequacy in Indonesian children to evaluate the potential improvement using dietary modeling analysis. Data from children aged 1-5 years from the Indonesian Individual Dietary Consumption Survey in 2014 were used in this analysis (n = 11,020). Diet modeling was conducted in two scenarios, substitution volume to volume and calories to calories. The proportion of children consuming young child milk (YCM) was the highest compared to other milk types across all age groups, followed by condensed milk and cow's milk. YCM, also called "Growing-Up Milk" (GUM), are marketed as a product specifically formulated for the nutritional needs of young children. YCM consumers had lower prevalence of inadequate intakes in iron, zinc, vitamins A, C and D across age groups when compared to condensed milk consumers. The prevalence of inadequate intakes of nutrients in condensed milk consumers was Vitamin A (67, 64%), folate (92, 91%), Vitamin D (87, 84%), iron (84, 76%), and zinc (76, 76%) in 1-2y and 3-4y, respectively. The substitution of condensed milk with a YCM reduced the prevalence of inadequate intakes of micronutrients, such as Vitamin A, vitamin D, folate, iron and zinc, which are important for immune function. YCM reduced the prevalence of inadequate intakes of micronutrients by 20-40% (Vit A and folate) and 40-50% (Vit D and zinc). The reduction of prevalence of inadequate iron intake was 31% in 1-2y and 63% in 3-4y. The prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes was high among children aged 1-5 years old in Indonesia. YCM consumers had better nutrient intake. The substitution of condensed milk with a YCM reduced the prevalence of inadequate of micronutrient intake. Thus, nutrient intakes could be improved by YCM consumption in 1-5 years old children in Indonesia, along with nutrition education on feeding practices.

Iron Deficiency Anemia in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence.

Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world. Epidemiological data indi- cate that iron deficiency is more prevalent in infants, in preschool-children, and in adolescents. Etiologies of iron deficiency in children include inadequate dietary iron intake, which is the most common cause, as well as increased iron requirements, bleeding, and intestinal iron absorption disorders. Iron deficiency can lead to symptoms related to anemia, may interfere with neuro- development and may cause skin, hair, nail, and gastrointestinal problems. This review focuses on the causes, signs, symptoms, diagnosis and management of iron deficiency in infancy, child- hood, and adolescence.

Reticulocyte haemoglobin equivalent (ret-he) as a marker of bioavailability of iron in pregnant female- a study of 75 cases in a tertiary care centre

Abstract Background: Anaemia is the most frequent derailment of physiology in the world throughout the life of a woman. Women in the gestational period have a higher risk of presenting with iron-deficiency anaemia. The anaemia may occur due to inadequate intake of dietary iron, greater foetal demand and haemodilution, a physiological anaemia common in pregnant women in which changes in the maternal organism, such as changes in blood volume and factors associated with haemostasis, decrease haemoglobin concentration. The aim of study is to utilize Ret-He as a marker of bioavailability of iron in pregnant female. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective and prospective study carried out for a duration of 1 years and included total of 75 cases referred to Pathology Department, M. P. Shah Govt. Medical College and Guru Gobind Singh Hospital, Jamnagar- Gujarat. Clinical history, RET-He and other important parameters as well as findings of all the concerned pregnant females were collected. Results:Age of pregnant females varied from 19 years to 42 years. Mean age being 25.2 years. The reference ranges of RET-Hewas between 32.1 and 38.8 pg with a median of 34.17 pg. Hb and/or ferritin level were low in 3 pregnant women in 1st trimester with anaemia, 7 in 2nd and in 16 patients in 3rd trimester. Conclusions: Early diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy is essential to prevent damage to both maternal and foetal health. In this study, we showed that the RET-He presents an excellent supplementary tool for the diagnosis of iron deficiency in pregnant women. Keywords: Anaemia, Iron deficiency, Pregnancy diagnosis, Reticulocytes, RET-He.

Iron Nutrition of Pre-Schoolers in High-Income Countries: A Review.

Pre-schoolers are vulnerable to iron deficiency, which, in high-resource countries, is mainly caused by suboptimal or poorly absorbable iron intakes. This review examines the prevalence of inadequate iron intakes and status, and the non-dietary factors associated with these, among children aged between 2 and 5 years within high-income countries. It then considers the quality of the pre-schooler diet in terms of dietary factors, dietary patterns, and iron intakes. Additionally, it discusses the assessment of iron bioavailability and examines the various methods used to estimate the amount of absorbable iron in pre-schooler diets. Knowledge of the adequacy of iron intakes and bioavailability of iron intakes, and dietary patterns associated with iron intakes can facilitate the design and implementation of effectively targeted community-based intervention studies to improve iron intakes and iron bioavailability to minimise the risk of iron deficiency.

Impact of the use of iron-fortified iodized salt on hemoglobin levels: a community based open randomized trial

Background: In India prevalence of iron deficiency and anemia is high across all age, sex and physiological groups because of inadequate iron intake and poor bioavailability of iron from habitual Indian diets. Research studies in school-age children have shown that use of iron-fortified iodized salt (DFS) resulted in small improvement in Hb level; there are very few studies reporting impact of DFS use in women and men. Methods: A community-based open three arm randomised study was carried out to assess the impact of DFS use on Hb in women, men and children. The control group received iodised salt and two intervention groups received two formulations of DFS. Results: Socio-demographic and nutrition profile of the families, mean Hb, ferritin and C reactive protein levels of women, men and children at enrolment were comparable in all three groups. The DFS use for 12 months resulted in improvement in mean Hb in children (0.8 gm/dl) women (0.4 gm/dl) and men (0.3 gm/dl). Improvement in Hb was higher in anemic women, men and children. There was no change in mean Hb in non-anemic persons. There was a small improvement in ferritin in women who have low ferritin but no change in ferritin in women and men with normal ferritin. Conclusions: DFS may be a safe, feasible, affordable, and sustainable method for improving the iron intake and Hb status and accelerating India’s progress towards the SDG goal of 50% reduction in prevalence of anemia.

The Role of Nutrient Intake and Social Determinants in Anemia among Pregnant Women at Lampung Malaria Endemic Areas

Anemia in pregnancy is a health problem, associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality during childbirth. The study’s purpose was to determine the role of nutrient intake and social determinants on anemia in pregnancy in the Pesawaran district. This study was an analytic observational study using a cross-sectional design, conducted in malaria-endemic areas, Pesawaran district, Lampung, from June to Desember 2021. The sample was 75 pregnant women in second trimester, taken by purposive sampling technique. Anemia was measured by examining haemogobins, data on education, family income, age, and parity were obtained from interviews, maternal knowledge using questionnaires, and food intake using a 2x24-hour food recall questionnaire. Data were analyzed univariate, bivariate, and multivariate. The results showed that anemia in pregnancy was 42,7%. Most of the pregnant women are poorly educated (50,7%), have poor knowledge (64%), sufficient income (53,3%), multiparous (68%), good age (64%), inadequate energy intake (72%), inadequate protein intake (58,7%), and inadequate iron intake (56%). The results showed that education (p=0.003), knowledge (p=0.015), income (p=0.009), parity (p=0.004), age (p=0.004), energy intake (p=0.02), protein intake (p = 0.025), and iron intake (p=0,031) has a role on anemia in pregnancy. The factors that most play a role are education, income, parity, and iron intake.

Food Consumption of People with Sickle Cell Anemia in a Middle-Income Country

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a genetic and hemolytic disease globally characterized by social vulnerability. Food consumption has been insufficiently analyzed in SCA. Secondary iron overload is often observed. This leads to unreliable recommendations for dietary iron restriction. We assessed food consumption and iron intake among adults with SCA. Considering the guidelines for healthy eating, foods were grouped according to the NOVA classification. This transversal study included 74.4% of eligible patients who were registered in the reference center for SCA treatment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2019. Data on food consumption were collected through 24 h recall. The monthly household income of 82.3% of patients was less than $770. The consumption of fresh or minimally processed foods was directly associated with monthly household income (p < 0.0001; η2 = 0.87). Ultra-processed foods provided more than one-third of the total energy intake (35.2%). The prevalence of inadequate iron intake was about 40% among women, while that of iron intake above the tolerable upper limit was 0.8%. People from lower socioeconomic classes had the lowest iron intake. Strategies to encourage the consumption of fresh or minimally processed foods are needed considering the requirement of an antioxidant diet in SCA. These findings highlight the need for health equity to ensure food security and healthy eating in SCA.

Dietary Practices and Nutrient Intake of Internally Displaced School Children in the West Region of Cameroon.

Poor diets and subsequent malnutrition are among the greatest current societal challenges triggering immense health and economic burden especially among populations that are forcibly displaced. It is indispensable to establish the dietary patterns of any population, especially in displaced populations, in order to develop and effectively implement interventions for the specific population. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess dietary practices and nutrient adequacy of 307 internally displaced pupils aged between 5 and 15 years in the West Region of Cameroon. Pretested, structured interviewer questionnaires were used to collect data on the demographic and socioeconomic status of the children and their caregivers, the nutrition knowledge of caregivers, the dietary practices of the children, dietary diversity, their food sources, and coping strategies that were used during food shortage. SPSS version 23 was used to analyze the data. The dietary diversity of the children was assessed at the individual level using FAO method of assessing women's dietary diversity score. Out of the total 307 children, 148 (48.2%) were boys and 159 (51.8%) were girls. During food shortages, most of the mothers/caregivers (72%) used borrowing as the main auxiliary food source and others (28%) used food as payment for work or begging. A majority of the children (56%) usually ate only two times in a day. Most of the children were of unacceptable or low dietary diversity (66.2%). The most frequently consumed food group was cereals as it was eaten by 21% of the children, seven or more times per week; meanwhile, the least was animal products with only 3% of the children consuming it seven or more times weekly. Their diets were energy-deficient (1640.5 ± 1.64 kcal) and unbalanced with daily inadequate protein (18.45 ± 1.13 g), vitamin A (470.27 ± 1.38 μg), and iron (4.02 ± 0.08 mg) intake. The nutrition knowledge of the mothers/caregivers was poor as less than half (41%) of them had an acceptable nutrition knowledge. The high prevalence of poor dietary patterns and poor nutrition knowledge imposes the necessity of developing nutritional interventions and education strategies aimed at promoting healthy eating habits in the children.

Iron deficiency in children: modern aspects of the problem, possibilities of primary prevention: A review

Iron deficiency (ID) is common in the pediatric population, primarily due to inadequate iron intake from food and a high requirement due to rapid growth. The most significant for pediatric practice are latent iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Hyposiderosis significantly impacts a child's physical and cognitive development and immunological reactivity. It can be an independent condition and complicate the course of several other diseases. The article presents data on the most significant factors contributing to the ID, risk groups, clinical presentation features (sideropenic and anemic syndromes), criteria of laboratory diagnostics of iron deficiency anemia according to the clinical guidelines "Iron deficiency anemia" approved by the Russian Ministry of Health in 2021, and the latent iron deficiency developed by the World Health Organization experts. Also, the algorithm of ID primary prevention, diet therapy approaches, and the use of functional products and dietary supplements to meet the iron requirement of a child's organism are discussed.

Iron deficiency anemia

Iron deficiency anemia is a pathology caused by hemo­glo­bi­­no­­synthesis disorder, with a significant decrease in iron de­­po­­sits in the body. Iron deficiency has several important cau­­ses, among which we mention: inadequate intake of iron, early childhood growth and development, pregnancy – by in­­creased need, small but repeated bleeding, abun­dant men­s­­tru­a­­tion, metrorrhages, fibroids, gastric or duodenal ulcer, hemorrhoidal disease, oncological path­o­logy, mal­­­ab­­sorp­­tion syndromes, inflammatory bo­wel diseases, pa­­­­ra­­­­si­­­to­sis etc. Iron deficiency anemia can be isolated or may be in the context of chronic di­seases (chronic heart fai­­lure, chronic kidney disease, in­flam­ma­tory bowel syn­dromes, cancer) etc. Anemia can be asymptomatic for a long time. The symptoms that may ap­pear are not spe­ci­fic: pallor, fatigue, lethargy, diz­ziness, ir­ri­ta­bi­li­ty, dif­fi­culty con­­cen­­tra­­ting, sweating, pal­pi­ta­tions, in­som­nia. Cli­ni­cal signs can highlight angular chei­litis, atro­­­phic glos­­sitis, dry skin, diffuse alopecia and soft nails. De­­creased in­­tel­­ligence, de­­pres­­sion and decreased immunity can also be due to iron de­fi­cien­cy. In the human body there are about 3-4 grams of iron. Ferritin is the main storehouse of iron in the body. To diag­nose iron deficiency anemia, there are necessary la­­bo­­ra­­tory tests for the value of hemoglobin, per­­­form serum fer­ritin – the most important test, along with transferrin sa­­tu­­ra­­tion and serum iron, since iron deficiency can exist in­­de­­pen­­den­t­ly of the presence of anemia. Serum ferritin loses its strength in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in case there is con­co­mi­tant inflammation, being an acute phase protein. Iron deficiency anemia always has a cause, being very important to diagnose the underlying di­sease and treat it. The treatment of iron deficiency anemia is carried out depending on the seve­ri­ty of the anemia and depending on the patient’s con­di­tion, with oral, pa­ren­te­ral preparations or even blood trans­fu­sions. The treat­ment follows a serum ferritin value above 50 ng/mL.

Situation and trends in dietary minerals intakes of adults aged 18-35 years in 15 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China in 1989-2018

To analyze the current situation and long term trends in minerals intakes from 1989 to 2018 in adults aged 18 to 35 years in 15 provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities) of China. Based on the data of China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1989 to 2018. Adults aged 18 to 35 were selected as study subjects. According to the dietary survey result of 3-day 24-hour dietary review method and weighing accounting method, the mineral intake was calculated and analyzed. Nonparametric statistical method was used to analyze the trend of dietary minerals intake with years. Comparing the dietary minerals intake with the dietary reference intakes, the trend of the proportion of people at risk of insufficient dietary minerals intake was analyzed by Cochran-Armitage trend test. According to the different demographic characteristics in 2018, the minerals intake status and the proportion of people with insufficient dietary minerals intake were analyzed. In 2018, the median intakes of dietary minerals of adults were 302.96 mg/d of calcium, 887.91 mg/d of phosphorus, 1451.69 mg/d of potassium, 3760.09 mg/d of sodium, 238.50 mg/d of magnesium, 19.40 mg/d of iron, 9.91 mg/d of zinc, 43.54 μg/d of selenium, 1.41 mg/d of copper and 4.59 mg/d of manganese, respectively, with significant gender differences(P&lt;0.05). The intakes of dietary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, selenium and copper in urban areas were significantly higher than those in rural areas(Z values were 3.00, 2.04 and 3.10, respectively, P&lt;0.05). The dietary intakes of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, selenium and copper showed significant differences among regions, education levels and income levels. From 1989 to 2018, the dietary mineral intake of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese of adults aged 18-35 in 15 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) of China showed a downward trend, only selenium intake showed an upward trend, and the intake of men was higher than that of women. The proportion of people at risk of inadequate intake of dietary phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper showed an increasing trend year by year. In each survey year, the proportion of people at risk of insufficient calcium intake was more than 90%. From 1989 to 2018, there was a risk of insufficient intake of minerals in adults aged 18-35 in 15 provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities) in China, and the problem of inadequate calcium intake was serious.

Association of dietary intake with micronutrient deficiency in Indian school children: a cross-sectional study.

Adequate nutrition is necessary during childhood and early adolescence for adequate growth and development. Hence, the objective of the study was to assess the association between dietary intake and blood levels of minerals (calcium, iron, zinc, and selenium) and vitamins (folate, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and vitamin D) in urban school going children aged 6-16 years in India, in a multicentric cross-sectional study. Participants were enrolled from randomly selected schools in ten cities. Three-day food intake data was collected using a 24-h dietary recall method. The intake was dichotomised into adequate and inadequate. Blood samples were collected to assess levels of micronutrients. From April 2019 to February 2020, 2428 participants (50⋅2% females) were recruited from 60 schools. Inadequate intake for calcium was in 93⋅4% (246⋅5 ± 149⋅4 mg), iron 86⋅5% (7⋅6 ± 3⋅0 mg), zinc 84⋅0% (3⋅9 ± 2⋅4 mg), selenium 30⋅2% (11⋅3 ± 9⋅7 mcg), folate 73⋅8% (93⋅6 ± 55⋅4 mcg), vitamin B12 94⋅4% (0⋅2 ± 0⋅4 mcg), vitamin A 96⋅0% (101⋅7 ± 94⋅1 mcg), and vitamin D 100⋅0% (0⋅4 ± 0⋅6 mcg). Controlling for sex and socioeconomic status, the odds of biochemical deficiency with inadequate intake for iron [AOR = 1⋅37 (95% CI 1⋅07-1⋅76)], zinc [AOR = 5⋅14 (95% CI 2⋅24-11⋅78)], selenium [AOR = 3⋅63 (95% CI 2⋅70-4⋅89)], folate [AOR = 1⋅59 (95% CI 1⋅25-2⋅03)], and vitamin B12 [AOR = 1⋅62 (95%CI 1⋅07-2⋅45)]. Since there is a significant association between the inadequate intake and biochemical deficiencies of iron, zinc, selenium, folate, and vitamin B12, regular surveillance for adequacy of micronutrient intake must be undertaken to identify children at risk of deficiency, for timely intervention.

Good Maternal IFA Adherence with Poor Perceptions on Nutritional Iron Supplementation among a Cohort of Anemic South Indian Pregnant Women: The Effect of Nutrition Education on Hb Levels

Background: Inadequate dietary intake of iron is the most common cause of anemia among Indian pregnant women. Increasing awareness of nutritional iron supplementation helps to reduce the impact of anemia in pregnancy.Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of nutrition education on nutritional knowledge, attitude, practices, compliance to Iron-folate therapy, and hemoglobin levels among anemic pregnant women.Methods: This intervention study was conducted from December 2020 to March 2021 in a secondary care level women and child hospital at Puducherry, India. The intervention group (n=59) and control group (n=58) included mild to moderately anemic pregnant women attending antenatal clinics. Nutrition education intervention and SMS alerts for four weeks were given to the mothers. Baseline data and hemoglobin levels were measured at the time of enrolment. Maternal compliance to iron-folate tablets (IFA) was assessed using a five-item Medical Adherence Rating Scale (MARS-5). End line data were collected after 4 weeks of nutrition education intervention.Results: At the end of the nutrition education intervention, there was a significant improvement in the hemoglobin level in the intervention group compared to the control group (P&lt;0.02). The change in the knowledge, attitude and practice scores regarding nutritional management of anemia and maternal compliance to iron-folate therapy were significantly high in the intervention group over the control group (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Individual nutrition education was significantly associated with improved nutritional knowledge, attitude, practice scores, and compliance to IFA tablets. Further, it had a positive impact on the hemoglobin levels in anemic pregnant women.

ANALISA KUALITAS DAN FORMULASI KERUPUK TEPUNG IKAN GABUS DAN BAYAM MERAH SEBAGAI SELINGAN TINGGI PROTEIN DAN ZAT BESI PADA WANITA USIA SUBUR ANEMIA

One of the causes of a high prevalence of WUS anemia is inadequate iron and protein intake that is less than needed. To resolve the issue, snack formulation namely crackers with high protein and iron contents snakehead fish flour, and red spinach. This snakehead fish flour has a high protein content. In snakehead fish meal the total protein content is 76.9 g/100 g. Red spinach is a vegetable high in iron content. In red spinach the Fe content is twice as large as in other vegetables, the iron content in red spinach is 7mg/100g. Both of these ingredients are used as functional food ingredients in patients with anemia because they contain high protein and iron. This study aims to determine the formulation and analyze the quality aspects of cracker products which were carried out by organoleptic tests as well as protein and iron content tests. The research design was an experimental study with a completely randomized design to get the right and proper cracker formula with a balanced formula, namely F1 (85%:15%), F2 (80%:20%), F3 (75%:25%), while to determine The level of preference and product quality was carried out through hedonic tests and for protein and iron content was carried out using Titrimetry and ICP-OES methods. Based on the results of the organoleptic test, there was a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) in the overall organoleptic properties. However, based on the test results, it can be concluded that there is no specific difference between F2 and F3 compared to F1 on the level of color preference. Of the three formulas, F1 (85%:15%) is superior in all aspects. It is recommended that further research on the application of these crackers as an alternative distraction for anemic WUS sufferers is recommended.

Study Characteristics of School Adolescent Girls on Iron Folic Acid Supplementation Program as the Prevention of Anemia in Adolescent

Background: Efforts to accelerate stunting reduction involve specific and sensitive nutrition interventions. School adolescent girls are the target group in reducing stunting through anemia prevention. Iron folic acid (IFA) supplementation program is the specific nutrition intervention to prevent anemia in adolescent girls. Objectives: This research aims to study the characteristics of students who received the IFA supplementation program. Methods: Research design was a cross sectional that involved 123 students from 12 public high schools in Cianjur District, West Java Province. Student’s characteristics consist of knowledge on anemia and their adherence on IFA supplementation program. Data collection is carried out by self-administering questionnaires monitored by enumerator. Data is performed by using mean ± SD and n (%). Results: Student’s knowledge on anemia mostly (61.8%) were categorized as low, as 30.9% were moderate, and only 7.3% were high. Students (44.7%) knew how to detect anemia is by measuring blood hemoglobin levels. As of 59.3% and 51.2% students knew the main causes of anemia are inadequate iron intake and blood loss during menstruation. Approximately 60-80% students recognized the common symptoms and sign of anemia. Most students (76.8%) have received IFA on a weekly basis and 41.2% students acknowledge their adherence in the IFA consumption with aim to prevent anemia (85.1%), the rest 23.4% and 14.9% due to the advice by the teachers and health officers. Students who have no adherence were due to their fear on the side effects, the tablet taste, forgetfulness, and feeling healthy. Conclusions: Iron folic acid supplementation program have been conducted and well targeted, however, student’s understanding on the objectives, benefit, and their adherence is needed to be gained.

Dietary adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern in a randomized clinical trial of patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis.

The Mediterranean diet pattern (MDP) is believed to improve health and promote balanced inflammation and metabolism. While unknown, compelling evidence suggests that MDP could benefit patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to evaluate the level of diet adherence, diet quality, and nutritional adequacy of the MDP in patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC). Adult participants (n = 32) with quiescent UC were randomized to follow a MDP (n = 18) or Canadian Habitual Diet (CHD) (n = 14) for 12 weeks. The MDP participants received tailored nutrition education from a Registered Dietitian. Demographic, clinical data, medical history, and quality of life were assessed with the Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (SIBDQ), dietary adherence with the Mediterranean Diet Serving Score (MDSS), diet quality via the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015), and dietary intake (ASA-24) were completed at baseline and week 12. Participants' diets were analyzed (MDP n = 15, CHD n = 13). The MDP (n = 10, 67%) achieved a high level of adherence (MDSS score between 16 and 24) vs. CHD (n = 3), (p = 0.030). HEI-2015 significantly increased from baseline to week 12 (p = 0.007) in the MDP and was significantly higher at week 12 compared to the CHD (p = 0.0001). The SIBDQ (bowel domain) showed reductions in the passage of large amounts of gas (p = 0.01) and improvements in tenesmus (p = 0.03) in the MDP. Despite enhanced diet quality and adherence in the MDP, females had inadequate intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin D, vitamin E, and choline and males had inadequate intakes of fiber, vitamin D, vitamin E, and choline. No adverse events were reported. With nutrition education, high adherence to the MDP was achieved without an increase in bowel symptoms. Following the MDP led to a higher diet quality; however, nutritional inadequacies were identified. Tailored dietary education focusing on nutrients of concern when following the MDP is recommended to ensure nutritional adequacy. [www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT03053713].

Dietary Iron Intake and Biomarkers of Iron Status in Slovenian Population: Results of SI.Menu/Nutrihealth Study.

Inadequate iron intake and iron deficiency are recognised as a public health problem in the population at large, and particularly in specific subpopulations. Dietary iron intake was analysed using data of the national Slovenian food consumption study, SI.Menu (n = 1248 subjects; 10−74 years), while iron status was evaluated with laboratory analyses of blood haemoglobin, serum ferritin, and iron concentration in samples, collected in the Nutrihealth study (n = 280, adults). The estimated daily usual population-weighted mean iron intakes ranged from 16.0 mg in adults and the elderly to 16.7 in adolescents, and were lower in females for all three age groups. The main dietary iron sources in all the age groups were bread and bakery products, meat (products), fruit, and vegetables. The highest prevalence of haemoglobin anaemia was observed in females aged 51−64 years (6.7%). Critically depleted iron stores (ferritin concentration < 15 µg/L) were particularly found in premenopausal females (10.1%). Factors influencing low haemoglobin, ferritin, and iron intake were also investigated. We observed significant correlations between iron status with meat and fish intake, and with iron intake from meat and fish, but not with total iron intake. We can conclude that particularly premenopausal females are the most fragile population in terms of inadequate iron intake and iron deficiency, which should be considered in future research and public health strategies.

Iron deficiency anaemia: prevalence and associated factors among residents of northern Asir Region, Saudi Arabia

Iron deficiency anaemia is known to be one of the most common disorders that are associated with malnutrition. This study was conducted to form an understanding of the prevalence of Iron deficiency Anaemia (IDA) and evaluate its risk factors among the residents of the northern Asir Region, Saudi Arabia. Understanding the prevalence of IDA in different populations is important not only for therapeutic purposes but also for preventing the development of IDA in a given community. Moreover, this study was conducted to raise awareness about the significance of following iron-rich diet among high-risk groups such as women and children. This study collected data from 683 anaemic patients who are enrolled at the haematology unit in the Department of Internal Medicine at King Abdullah Hospital, Bisha Saudi Arabia. 398 participants who have IDA were included in this study where the collected data from the subjects included Age, gender, education, marital status, nationality, consanguinity, dietary habits and the clinical presentation of the participants. Our findings have shown that the prevalence of IDA among the participants is 58.27% where children under the age of 10 and females are the most affected individuals. Adults over 40, unmarried, and non-Saudis represented the second most affected portion of the subjects. IDA was prevalent among participants who shared the same ancestors and individuals with limited education. Moreover, participants did not consume sufficient iron and iron enhancing food or supplements. Inadequate iron intake is a major risk factor for anaemia. Low red fish and meat consumption contributed to the increase in ID. Findings highlight the need to raise awareness about the importance of a balanced diet and regular consumption of iron-containing food.