Inadequate Equipment Research Articles

Pengaruh Kinerja dan Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap Kepuasan Pelanggan pada Unit Terminal Inpection Service di Bandara Internasional Soekarno - Hatta

Terminal Inspection Service still often experiences problems with flight service performance and quality due to many reasons for service such as lack of officer training, inadequate equipment, lack of supervision, less effective policies. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of performance and service quality simultaneously on customer satisfaction at the terminal inspection service unit at Soekarno – Hatta Internasional Airport.The approach used in this research is quantitative. Quantitative research is a method in which the research data is in the form of 2 numbers and is analyzed using statistics to test the hypotheses that have been set. Based on the results of the hypothesis test, the t test shows that performance influences customer satisfaction, and the results of the t hypothesis test show that service quality influences customer satisfaction at the terminal inspection service unit. Based on the results of the coefficient of determination test, the R square (R2) value is 0.804. shows that performance and service quality variables have an effect of 80.4% on passenger satisfaction. This shows that the independent variables performance and service quality have a big influence on customer satisfaction at the Terminal Inspection Service unit at Soekarno - Hatta International Airport.

Study on causative model of acute occupational poisoning accidents based on interpretative structural model-Bayesian network

Objective: To further study the causes of acute occupational poisoning accidents, and to provide scientific basis and decision support for the prevention of accidents in advance. Methods: From September 2022 to May 2023, the literature was searched and 232 cases of acute occupational poisoning cases occurred from 2013 to 2022 were collected. The causal nodes of the accident were determined according to the expert score, and the interpretative structural model (ISM) was used to construct the correlation model between the causal nodes to obtain the hierarchical relationship between the factors. The influence of each causal node on the occurrence of acute occupational poisoning accidents was studied by using Bayesian network (BN), and the relationship and influence among the causal nodes were analyzed by Netica 5.18 software to establish the pre-prevention model of acute occupational poisoning accidents and identify the key causal factors. Results: A total of 23, 203, and 6 cases of significant, large, and medium acute occupational poisoning accidents were included, of which 179, 29, and 24 cases were asphyxiating gas, irritating gas, and mixed gas, respectively. ISM of acute occupational poisoning accidents divided the causal factors into a 7-layer and 3-level hierarchical structure model. Among them, operation conditions, protective measures, ventilation equipment, hidden trouble investigation, emergency management, illegal operation, equipment and facilities, and blind rescue were the direct causes of the occurrence and expansion of accidents. Warning devices, inspection situation, safety education situation, safety operation procedures, and technology in the production process were indirect influences that lead to the occurrence and expansion of accidents. Safety production responsibility system, enterprise supervision and management and government supervision were the deep-rooted influences. BN reasoning showed that the maximum probability causal chain of acute occupational poisoning accidents was as follows: safety production responsibility system→enterprise supervision and management→safety education and training→protective measures→accident occurrence. The key factors leading to the occurrence of acute occupational poisoning accidents were inadequate protective measures, equipment and facility failures, operational errors, ventilation equipment not being used properly and improper emergency management. Conclusion: In the prevention of acute occupational poisoning accidents, it is necessary to correctly use protective measures, test equipment and facilities before operation, operate according to regulations, ensure the normal use of ventilation equipment, and strengthen emergency management, so as to reduce the incidence of acute occupational poisoning accidents.

Analyzing Primary Healthcare Governance in Indonesia: Perspectives of Community Health Workers.

Background Community-integrated health posts (Posyandu) are crucial for extending primary healthcare across diverse geographical and demographic landscapes in Indonesia. Community health workers (CHWs) currently function as the main service delivery actors for Posyandu. However, Posyandu's performance remains below the standards set by the Ministry of Health. This study examines health system determinants that explain the poor performance of Posyandu and, in particular, examines the roles of village and township governance and community health center management in supporting the effectiveness of primary healthcare programs. Methodology We analyzed 638 Posyandus across 13 Indonesian provinces, utilizing data from the 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey. We evaluated eight health system determinants based on the perceptions of CHWs concerning challenges encountered in Posyandus. These factors were ranked and analyzed to determine the variables that affected Posyandu's poor performance. Both unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were calculated. Results This study revealed that nearly half of the Posyandus in Indonesia are underperforming, particularly in rural areas. Common challenges include insufficient funds, inadequate equipment, and a lack of permanent buildings. Although only a small percentage mentioned minimal support from village and Puskesmas authorities, the weak governance roles of village heads are reflected in all the concerns mentioned by CHWs. Conclusions The absence of village heads from governance roles has contributed to Posyandu's operational problems as perceived by CHWs. Community health centers (Puskesmas), responsible for providing technical support to Posyandu, should be part of CHW teams and networks. Further discussions are needed to choose a workable governance model to ensure practical, accessible, and sustainable primary healthcare services at the grassroots level.

Experiences of nurses involved in air ambulance service: A qualitative study

Introduction: Nurses undertaking air ambulance service encounter environmental, equipment, and personnel limitations during their work. Moreover, they must cope with various types of injuries and illnesses, as well as changes in patient conditions. These factors pose a significant pressure on nurses. Currently, there is a lack of qualitative research on the experiences of nurses performing air ambulance tasks. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of nurses undertaking air ambulance service, with a focus on capturing their personal perceptions regarding this field of work. Methods: Twelve nurses were selected using purposive sampling, and semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: The analysis identified three major themes: "Ambiguous and risky emergency missions," "Challenges during air transfer," and "Nurses’ personal limitations.” Eight categories were formulated within these themes, including "Mission uncertainty," “Urgency of medical conditions," “Hazards at high altitude," "Cabin environment limitations," "Inadequate equipment," "Incomprehensive operating mechanisms," "Physical discomfort," and "Recognition of professional shortcomings." Conclusions: Improving the performance and well-being of nurses engaged in air ambulance services necessitates the implementation of a psychological adaptation program. This includes the utilization of psychological stress assessment tools or engaging in role-playing activities. Successful patient rescues demand the establishment of comprehensive standard operating procedures, involving an interprofessional team. Supporting nurses in adeptly managing challenges during air ambulance services requires an expanded scope of education and training, facilitated through initiatives like situational simulation and similar approaches.

Identifying avoidable causes of perinatal deaths in a district hospital in Lesotho.

Certain determinants can be associated with avoidable perinatal deaths, and audits are needed to establish what these determinants are, and what can be done to prevent such deaths. The study aimed at identifying and describing determinants associated with avoidable perinatal deaths at a district hospital in Lesotho and strategies to curb their occurrence. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using 142 anonymised obstetric records from January 2018 to December 2020. A data collection tool was adopted from the Perinatal Problem Identification Programme. In this tool, avoidable determinants are referred to as 'factors' or 'problems'. A concerning number of perinatal deaths were secondary to avoidable patient factors, namely a delay in seeking medical care, inappropriate responses to antepartum haemorrhage, and inadequate responses to poor foetal movements. Medical personnel factors are also worth observing, namely incorrect use of partograph, insufficient notes to comment on avoidable factors and 'other' medical personnel problems. Ranking highest among administrative problems were the unavailability of intensive care unit beds and ventilators and inadequate resuscitation equipment. Administrative problems accounted for more perinatal deaths than the patient-related factors and medical personnel factors. There is an urgent need for periodic audits, health education for patients, staff competency and the necessary equipment to resuscitate neonates.Contribution:Avoidable determinants associated with perinatal deaths in a district hospital in Lesotho could be identified. This information provides an understanding of what can be done to limit avoidable perinatal deaths.

Inadequate Personal Protective Equipment Factors and Odds Related to Acute Pesticide Poisoning: A Meta-Analysis Report.

Acute pesticide poisoning (APP) continues to affect farm workers, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The dose-response relationship between exposure and APP is well-researched, but pesticide exposure assessment in a practical environment is difficult to perform, considering various work practices and protections in place. It is well known that inadequate personal protective equipment (PPE) use is a risk factor of APP. However, it is unknown which types of inadequate PPE use, such as face or other types of general protection, are most harmful. This study aimed to identify if inadequate PPE use is an indicator of APP risk following established specifications for meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Included studies reported an odds ratio (OR) between PPE use to APP in agricultural workers. Data extracted from selected articles included authors, publication year, country of origin, farm type, population size, method of data collection and time frame of reported symptoms, job task, type of PPE and pesticides used, adjustments made in analysis, OR for APP, and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model, where ORs were pooled to assess an overall estimate for poisoning odds. Our findings suggested that inadequate PPE use was associated with increased odds (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.16-2.12) of having APP. Failure to use general protection and inadequate face protection increased odds of APP by 1.29 times (95% CI = 0.88-1.90) and 1.92 times (95% CI = 1.23-3.00), respectively. The meta-analysis results indicate that improper facial protection and general protection are not differently associated with APP odds. Our study concludes that more robust protection against inhalation and dermal contact are critical because any gaps in comprehensive full-body PPE would put workers and exposed populations at APP risk.

Dynamics of agricultural extension delivery services to rice farmers in Ghana

The delivery of agricultural extension services has evolved over the years, responding to changes in the agricultural landscape. The study aimed to assess these dynamics in Juaben Municipality, Ghana. Using a sample of 255 rice farmers selected using the multistage sampling technique, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Farmers perceived that the information provided to them was of high quality, relevant, and effective. Farmers had a positive attitude, high aspirations, and collaborated highly towards extension delivery. Farmers were neutral on government and non-governmental organisation roles but acknowledged significant farmer organisation involvement in extension services. Lack of machinery or inadequate equipment for demonstration was the main challenge facing rice farmers in accessing extension delivery services. Extension services should prioritize the provision of timely and evidence-based guidance to address the evolving needs of rice farmers.

Assessment of occupational stress among certified registered anesthetists in the Greater Accra region.

Work-related stress is a prevailing concern within the community of Certified Registered Anesthetists (CRAs), significantly impacting both the health and professional performance of these individuals. This study aimed to assess work-related stress and its influencing factors among CRAs practicing in the Greater Accra region was examined. Using convenience sampling techniques, data were gathered from 140 participants via a Google form questionnaire distributed through WhatsApp. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the collected data, focusing on frequencies and proportions for categorical variables. For continuous variables, bivariate analysis (Chi-square) and ordinal logistic regression were conducted using STATA 16. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Among the 140 CRAs, 20 individuals (14.3%) reported experiencing mild stress levels according to the Weiman Occupational Stress Scale. Approximately 3 out of 4 CRAs (73.6%) reported having moderate stress levels, and 12.1% reported severe stress levels. This indicated that the majority of CRAs experienced moderate levels of stress, which was notably affected by the type of health facility and the use of inadequate or sub-standard equipment in the hospitals. Based on these findings, the study recommends educational programs and counseling for CRAs to heighten awareness of the demanding nature of their job. Additionally, it suggests the provision of proper resources and standard equipment for CRAs. Facility-level motivation for CRAs is also advised to alleviate their stress. Finally, the study proposes further investigations into the factors contributing to work-related stress among CRAs.

Occupational Health and Safety Behavior in the Fisherman Group of Muara Tembulih Village, Ngambur District, Pesisir Barat

Background: Occupational health and safety is a right for workers in the formal and informal sectors, as well as for fishermen. Fishermen are very vulnerable to work accidents. This is caused by fishermen's lack of knowledge about occupational health and safety. As many as 80% of marine accidents are caused by human error and other causes are negligence by maritime transportation organizers and related agencies, as well as inadequate marine transportation safety equipment. Based on the background of this problem, this research was carried out to find out work health and safety behavior among fishermen groups in Muara Tembulih Village, Pesisir Barat Regency. Method: This research uses descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The independent variables in this research are fishermen's knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. The dependent variable of this research is the occupational health and safety behavior of fishermen groups. Result: The results of this research are that fishermen define occupational health and safety as traditional knowledge about safety when fishing, based on empirical experience passed down from generation to generation from their ancestors and combining knowledge obtained through government outreach. Fishermen in realizing occupational health and safety behavior with simplicity and knowledge are quite good, in bad weather conditions fishermen prefer not to go to sea due to the high risk. Fishermen are aware of the importance of occupational health and safety for fishermen, therefore fishermen bring personal protective equipment before going to sea as an alternative to bad conditions at sea. Including considering bad weather, fishermen prefer to return to their home villages for safety. Fishermen's actions in realizing occupational safety and health behavior from observations are still simple.

INFLUENCE OF POSTHARVEST CHALLENGES FACED ON INCOME OF ACHA FARMERS IN PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA

Acha is widely grown in Plateau State where it provides food, income and employment for many farmers. However, there are postharvest challenges associated with its cultivation which have implications on their income. This study examined the effects that acha postharvest challenges have on the income of acha farmers in Plateau State. The population of this study comprised all the registered acha farmers in two of the three agricultural zones in Plateau State. The two zones are Plateau North and Plateau Central with an estimated 3,143 registered acha farmers according to Plateau Agricultural Development Programme (PADP). Of the population, 400 acha farmers were randomly selected. The study adopted semi-structured questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Data were analysed with frequencies and percentages while the assumption was analyzed with the use of Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Findings showed that the main post-harvest challenges facing the farmers were high cost of transportation (95.7%), inadequate harvesting equipment and high cost of labour (93.6%), low quality packaging sacks and lack of access to improved processing equipment (90.5%). On income, 31.5% earned between 41,000 -60,000 while 30.5% earned 81,000 and above. PPMC analysis indicated that challenges faced during threshing and packaging had inverse significant relationship with income of the farmers. The study thus concluded that challenges faced during threshing and packaging adversely affected income of the farmers. Therefore, special extension intervention is needed to assist the farmers to overcome challenges facing acha farmers during threshing and packaging of acha in Plateau State.

Patterns of facility and patient related factors to the orthopedic and trauma admissions at the Kenyatta National Hospital: A qualitative assessment.

Inappropriate utilization of higher-level health facilities and ineffective management of the referral processes in resource-limited settings is increasingly becoming a concern in health care management in developing countries. This is characterized by self-referrals and frequent bypassing of nearest health facilities coupled with low formal referral mechanisms. This scenario lends itself to a situation where uncomplicated medical conditions are unnecessarily managed in a high-cost health facility. This situation compromises the ability and capacity of Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) to function as a tertiary referral health facility as envisioned by Kenya Health Sector Referral Implementation Guidelines of 2014, Kenya 201 constitution and KNH legal statue of 1987. The study objective was to assess the patterns of facility and patient related factors to the orthopaedic and trauma admissions at the KNH. This was a descriptive qualitative study design. The study was conducted amongst the orthopaedic and trauma admission caseload for 2021. Data collection was done through a) data abstraction from 905 patients charts admitted during February to December 2021 and b) 10 (ten) semi-structured interviews with 10 major health facilities that refer to KNH to understand the reasons for referral to KNH. Quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 21.0 to calculate the frequency distribution. Qualitative data from the data abstraction and transcripts from the KIIs were analysed using NVivo version 12. The major facility and patient related factors to the orthopaedic and trauma admissions at KNH were inadequate human resource capacity and availability (42.7%), financial constraints (23.3%), inadequate Orthopaedic equipment's and implants availability (20.0%) and inadequate health facility infrastructure (6.3%) while the major patient related factor was patient's preference (23.4%). In conclusion, to decongest KNH requires that the lower-level health facilities need to be better equipped and resourced to handle essential orthopaedic and trauma care.

Implementasi Ekopedagogi Dalam Pembelajaran Sekolah Dasar : Meningkatkan Kesadaran Lingkungan Dan Keterlibatan Siswa

This research aims to find out how ecopedagogy is implemented in elementary school learning to increase environmental awareness and student involvement. This article was prepared using the systematic literature review (SLR) method. Searches were carried out using Google Schooler. In the initial stage of the journal search, 235 journal articles were obtained with a time limit, namely from 2014 to 2023. The procedure for searching and selecting articles in this study used preferred reporting items for systematic reviews &amp; meta-analyses (PRISMA). Ecopedagogy discusses three main areas, namely technical ecoliteracy , critical ecoliteracy, and cultural ecoliteracy. The implementation of ecopedagogical integration in elementary school management which aims to instill environmental character values ​​from generation to generation can be carried out in several forms, namely integration in the curriculum and learning by including an understanding of ecology in the subjects or materials taught and the application of methods or media. Environmentally caring character education aims to instill values ​​and awareness of the environment in students. Case studies of the application of ecopedagogy in education show that it can be applied through digital media and multi-dominant learning to develop cognitive, psychomotor and environmental awareness. Barriers to implementing environmentally caring character education in schools include internal factors such as students' bad habits and lack of knowledge, as well as external factors such as inadequate learning support equipment and lack of cooperation between teachers and parents. Collaboration between teachers, students, parents, and the community is essential for successful implementation.

Phase unwrapping for phase imaging using the plug-and-play proximal algorithm.

Phase unwrapping (PU) is essential for various scientific optical applications. This process aims to estimate continuous phase values from acquired wrapped values, which are limited to the interval (-π,π]. However, the PU process can be challenging due to factors such as insufficient sampling, measurement errors, and inadequate equipment calibration, which can introduce excessive noise and unexpected phase discontinuities. This paper presents a robust iterative method based on the plug-and-play (PnP) proximal algorithm to unwrap two-dimensional phase values while simultaneously removing noise at each iteration. Using a least-squares formulation based on local phase differences and reformulating it as a partially differentiable equation, it is possible to employ the fast cosine transform to obtain a closed-form solution for one of the subproblems within the PnP framework. As a result, reliable phase reconstruction can be achieved even in scenarios with extremely high noise levels.

Remote area nurses' experiences of workplace safety in very remote primary health clinics: A qualitative study.

To explore Remote Area Nurses' experiences of the implementation of workplace health and safety policies and risk mitigation strategies in Australian very remote primary health clinics. This qualitative study used online semi-structured interviews, with participants purposively sampled to maximize variation in work location and service type. Data were analysed using a reflexive thematic analysis approach. Coding was carried out inductively, with NVivo 12 aiding data management. The interviews were conducted from 24 Februrary 2021 to 06 March 2021 with Remote Area Nurses from very remote primary health clinics in Australia. Fifteen Remote Area Nurses participated in the study. Thematic analysis revealed varied approaches to workplace safety among the different health services and regions. While the spread of 'never alone' policies in many clinics addressed one of the significant risks faced by Remote Area Nurses, gaps remained even for hazards specifically highlighted in existing work health and safety legislation. Meaningful collaboration with staff and the community, local orientation, preparation for the role and providing quality care were protective factors for staff safety. Understaffing, unsafe infrastructure and inadequate equipment were common concerns among Remote Area Nurses. Health services need to prioritize workplace safety and take a continuous quality improvement approach to its implementation. This will include ensuring safety strategies are appropriate for the local context, improving infrastructure maintenance, and establishing sustainable second responder systems such as a pool of drivers with local knowledge. Poor personal safety contributes to burnout and high turnover of staff. Nurses' insights into the barriers and enablers of current workplace safety strategies will aid policymakers and employers in future improvements. COREQ reporting guidelines were followed. A panel of six Remote Area Nurses collaborated in the development of this project.

Equitable Care for Patients With Disabilities: Considerations for the Gynecologic Health Care Professional.

All patients deserve high-quality health care. Patients with disabilities have historically experienced discrimination in health care and subsequently detrimental health outcomes. Health care professionals often lack confidence and preparedness in treating patients with disabilities effectively. Barriers such as communication difficulties, biased assumptions, and inadequate equipment hinder comprehensive care. These barriers to care lead to health inequalities and a diminished overall quality of life for individuals with disabilities. Existing clinical guidelines for care of this underserved population are lacking. This article establishes a comprehensive educational framework and accessible reference tools for gynecologic health care professionals to enhance their ability to offer inclusive and effective care to patients with disabilities. Insights in this article stem from expert consensus among clinicians experienced in this field and ongoing dialog with community-based disability care partners. We present actionable steps to cultivate an open, adaptable, and patient-centric method to actively engage patients and to provide suitable accommodations when needed.

Factors Influencing the Implementation of Infant Warming Devices Among Healthcare Workers in Malawian Hospitals.

Objectives. Preterm infants are at risk of hypothermia. This study described the available infant warming devices (IWDs) and explored the barriers and facilitators to their implementation in neonates in Malawi. Methods. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted among 19 health care workers in Malawi from January to March 2020. All interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, and managed using NVivo and analyzed using a thematic approach. Results. The warming devices included radiant warmers, Blantyre hot-cots, wall-mounted heaters, portable warmers, and incubators. Inadequate equipment and infrastructure and gaps in staff knowledge and capacity were reported as the main challenges to optimal IWD implementation. Caregiver acceptance was described as the main facilitator. Strategies to optimize implementation of IWD included continuous practical training and adequate availability of equipment and spare parts. Conclusion. Implementation of warming devices for the management of neonatal hypothermia is effective when there are adequate human and material resources.

Developing a Community-Based Disaster Relief Management System

This study aimed to enhance disaster relief operations in Tuguegarao City by proposing a more efficient management system framework. Utilizing interviews and thematic analysis, researchers in 2017 identified problems in emergency management, such as inadequate equipment, budget constraints, and issues with relief distribution. The study highlighted confusion and political bias in relief operations, leading to mistrust in the local government. In response, the researchers developed a community-based Disaster Relief Management System (CBDRMS) framework, inspired by Foucault’s power/knowledge analytics. This framework emphasizes transparency, communication, and good relationships among LGUs, NGOs, and recipients. The proposed online system includes a portal and a Facebook Page for data storage and communication, aiming to empower stakeholders and foster discourse for effective disaster relief management. The researchers believe that this approach can overcome barriers, leading to development and improved disaster response.

Determinants of Women Involvement in Agro Processing in Owerri Agricultural Zone of Imo State: Implication for Food Security

The study assessed determinants of women’s involvement in agro-processing in Owerri agricultural zone of Imo State. The objectives are: to examine the socio-economic characteristics of the women farmers involved in agro-processing, determine the extent of women’s involvement in agro-processing, and ascertain the reasons for their involvement in agro-processing and the constraints to agro-processing activities. Multi–stage random sampling procedure was used to select 90 rural women farmers for the study. Structured interview schedules through the use of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data. Of all the variables tested: age (2.451***), income (14.237***), marital status (3.259***), farming experience (5.976***), farm size (2.951***) and information sources (1.629*) had a positive relationship with involvement in agro-processing activities. All the respondents admitted that their involvement in agro-processing activities has increased their financial contributions to their families. The major constraints to women’s involvement in agro-processing include inadequate capital, high cost of manual labour and low level of infrastructure (100%), low access to cooperative benefits (77.8%), inadequate processing equipment (67.7%) and poor access to training programs (44.4%). The significance of the regression (F ratio =22.835***) shows that women’s involvement in agro-processing activities is affected by their socioeconomic characteristics. It is strongly recommended that concerted actions should be taken by the government and agricultural institutions to make women-centric policies in the areas of fund availability, availability of infrastructure and extension services.

Covid-19 pandemic? Mental health implications among nurses and Proposed interventions.

With its abrupt and huge health and socio-economic consequences, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a uniquely demanding, intensely stressful, and even traumatic period. Healthcare workers (HCW), especially nurses, were exposed to mental health challenges during those challenging times. Review the current literature on mental health problems among nurses caring for COVID-19 patients. This is a narrative review and critical evaluation of relevant publications. Nurses experienced higher levels of stress, burnout, anxiety, depression, frustration, stigma, and depersonalization compared to other HCW. Factors that increased this symptomatology included concerns about infection or infection of family members, inadequate staff protective equipment, extended working hours, insufficient information, a reduced sense of security, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The factors that improved the psychopathology included a general positive attitude, job satisfaction, adequate information and education, harmonious group relationships, post-traumatic development, emotional intelligence, psychological counseling, mindfulness-based stress reduction, stable leadership, guidance, and moral and practical administrative support. Recent studies clearly show that nurses, especially women, are the most vulnerable subgroup among HCW and are particularly prone to mental health impacts during the COVID-19 pandemic. The documented mental health vulnerability of frontline nursing staff during the COVID-19 pandemic requires preventive nursing management actions to increase resilience and to develop relevant defense mechanisms.

Management Systems for Metal Technology and Design Workshop Safety, Health and Environmental Hazards in Selected Secondary Schools in Zimbabwe

Learners using school workshops encounter numerous safety, health and environmental problems. Inadequate and ineffective facilities and equipment expose learners to serious health complications or injuries. Unguarded and uninsulated machine connections have the potential to injure learners. There is risk of serious property damage and injuries due to inconsistent application of safety, health and environments procedures. The Social Learning Theory informed the study anchored with ethnographic research design as located in the interpretivist paradigm. Interviews, observations and documents were data collecting methods. The findings revealed that inadequate teaching resources affected effective teaching and learning on safety, health and environmental practice. The study further revealed that malfunctioning electrical safety equipment exposed learners to injuries. The study recommended that schools provide all the necessary resources to prevent safety, health and environmental accidents. In addition, the study recommended that schools develop an Occupational Health and Safety policy and give someone responsibility for dealing with such issues. The study also recommended that the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education should include occupational health issues in the existing National School Health Policy.